Chinese classical art which

Cyanite porcelain.

Blue and white porcelain (blue and white porcelain), also known as white-ground blue and white porcelain, often referred to simply as blue and white, is one of the mainstream varieties of Chinese porcelain, belonging to the underglaze colored porcelain. Blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt oxide containing cobalt ore as raw material, depicted on the ceramic body, then covered with a layer of transparent glaze, by high temperature reduction flame firing. Cobalt material is blue after firing, with strong coloring power, bright color, high firing rate, color stability. Han Chinese working people have a long history of making porcelain, a variety of varieties. Primitive blue and white porcelain in the Tang and Song dynasties has seen the beginning of the mature blue and white porcelain appeared in the Yuan dynasty Jingdezhen Hutian kiln. Ming dynasty blue and white became the mainstream of porcelain. The development of the Qing Kangxi reached its peak. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, also created the blue and white five-color, peacock green glaze blue and white, bean green glaze blue and white, blue and red color, yellow ground blue and white, brother glaze blue and white and other derivative varieties. Jingdezhen out of Tang blue and white [1] Tang dynasty blue and white porcelain is in the blue and white porcelain in the indiscriminate period. People can see the specimens of the 1970s-80s Yangzhou unearthed more than twenty pieces of blue and white porcelain debris; Hong Kong Fung Ping Shan Museum collection of a blue and white striped compound; the United States Museum of Boston collection of a flower pattern bowl; Denmark, the Copenhagen Museum collection of a ichthyoplasmic pattern jar; Nanjing Museum collection of a dotted color Meiduo pattern vessel cover. By studying the tires, glazes, and colors of the porcelain tablets excavated in Yangzhou and analyzing the material and technical conditions of the Tang Dynasty Gongxian kilns, it was tentatively concluded that the origin of Tang blue and white was the Gongxian kilns in Henan Province. In recent years, a small number of blue and white porcelain specimens have been unearthed at the Gongxian kiln site, thus further confirming the origin of Tang blue and white porcelain in Henan Gongxian kiln. From Yangzhou unearthed blue and white porcelain, its green material colorful, with crystalline spots, low manganese and low iron copper cobalt material, should be imported from central and western Asia cobalt material. Tire more coarse and loose, beige-gray, poor sintering. The bottom glaze is yellowish in white, and the glaze is coarse. Between the glaze and the tire is applied with make-up clay. The shape of the vessel is mainly small pieces, including compound, bowls, jars, lids and so on. In addition to the Danish Copenhagen Museum collection of ichthyoplasmic jars, the rest of the pattern are floral pattern. Which is divided into two categories, one is a typical Chinese traditional flowers and plants, to Dianzhihua, plum blossoms and other small flowers for the most common; the other is in the rhombus and other geometric shapes interspersed with loose leaf pattern, for the typical arabesque motifs. From this point of view, and combined with the Tang Qinghua unearthed more locations (Yangzhou as an important port in the Tang Dynasty), can prove that Tang Qinghua porcelain mainly for export. Song Qinghua Tang Qinghua after the initial period, did not develop rapidly, but went into decline. As of July 28, 2012, people can see the Song blue and white flowers only from two tower base site unearthed more than ten pieces of porcelain. One is the foundation of the Jinsha Pagoda excavated in 1957 in Longquan County, Zhejiang Province,*** where 13 fragments of blue and white bowls were unearthed. The tower of the tower bricks on the absolute chronology of the Northern Song Dynasty "Taiping Xingguo two years" (977); another is the base of the tower in 1970 in Shaoxing City, Zhejiang Province Huan Cui tower, unearthed a piece of blue and white bowl abdomen of the fragments. The tower monument unearthed at the base of the tower proves that the tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265). These more than ten pieces of Song blue and white porcelain fragments are all bowl fragments. Some of the tires are thicker and some are finer. The decoration includes chrysanthemum pattern, circle pattern, string pattern and line pattern. The blue and white color before a thicker, black; after a lighter. The darker color, should be the outer cover transparent glaze is too thin. Zhejiang Province itself is rich in cobalt clay mines, these blue and white porcelain should be the use of local cobalt material. They have no direct continuity with the Tang blue and white. Yuan blue-and-white mature blue-and-white porcelain appeared in Jingdezhen during the Yuan dynasty. The tires of Yuan blue and white porcelain were made with a binary formula of "china stone + kaolin", which increased the Al?O? content of the tires, raised the firing temperature, and reduced the rate of deformation during firing. The tires of most wares are therefore heavy and the shape is thick and full. The color of the tire is slightly gray and yellow, and the texture of the tire is loose. The underglaze is of two types: greenish-white and ovoid-white, with a strong sense of milkiness. The glazes used include both domestic and imported materials: the domestic materials are of the high-manganese, low-iron type, with a blue-grayish-blue color; the imported materials are of the low-manganese, high-speed iron type, with a greenish-emerald, rich color and rusty stains. In some wares, there are also domestic and imported materials and the situation. The main types of ware for daily use, for ware, tomb ware and other categories, especially the bamboo high-footed cup, with a seat, the most characteristic of the era of the tomb ware. In addition to jade pot spring bottom foot swing glaze, other objects bottom sand bottom unglazed, see flint red. Yuan blue and white decoration is characterized by the composition of the largest full, multi-level but not chaotic. Penmanship to a stroke is common, smooth and powerful; outlining rendering is bold and calm. The theme of the decoration of the subject matter of figures, animals, plants, poetry and other subjects. There are figures such as the figure of a high priest (the four loves) and historical figures; animals such as dragons and phoenixes, unicorns, mandarin ducks, and swimming fishes; plants such as peonies, lotus, orchids, pine, bamboo, and plums, ganoderma lucidum, flowers, leaves, and melons; and poems and writings are rarely seen. The petals of the painted peony are often left with white edges; the dragon pattern has a small head, a thin neck, a long body, three or four claws, a ridge on the back, and a grid of scales, which is robust and fierce. Auxiliary motifs are mostly curly grass, lotus petals, ancient money, seawater, back to the pattern, dozens of clouds, banana leaves and so on. Lotus petal pattern shape like "parentheses", lotus petals are often painted in the Taoist miscellaneous treasures; Ruyi cloud pattern is often painted in the sea of eight monsters or folded lotus, twining flowers, painted in the three steps of the cloud; banana leaf in the stalk for the solid (filled with green material); seawater for the combination of thick line and fine line depiction. Ming and Qing dynasty blue and white porcelain Ming and Qing dynasties is the blue and white porcelain reached its heyday and towards the decline of the period. Ming Yongle, Xuande period is a peak in the development of blue and white porcelain, known for the production of fine; Qing Kangxi to "five color blue and white" so that the development of blue and white porcelain to the peak; after the Qing Qianlong due to the development of pastel porcelain and gradually decline, although in the end of the Qing Dynasty (Guangxu) once in the middle, and ultimately unable to continue the Kang Xi dynasty. Generally speaking, this period of the official kiln production rigorous, exquisite; folk kiln ware is casual, free, the picture of strong writing. From the late Ming Dynasty onwards, blue and white painting gradually absorbed some elements of Chinese painting techniques. 1, early Ming Dynasty (Hongwu Dynasty 1368--1402), the blue and white wares include large and small plates, bowls, plum vases, jade pot spring vases, etc. The green materials used are mainly domestic ones. The green material used to domestic material, also does not exclude a small amount of imported material. Some of the blue coloring is light blue, some grayish. Some of the former have halo phenomenon. The layout of the decoration still has the legacy of the Yuan dynasty's multi-layered decoration, and the subject matter has not changed much, but many details have changed: for example, the middle stalk of the banana leaf is left white; the petals are left with white edges that are clearer than those of the Yuan dynasty; the peony leaves are deeper than the Yuan dynasty's plumpness; the chrysanthemum is painted as a "flat chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum painted as "flat chrysanthemum", the core of the flower to square pattern performance; dragon is still slender body, but in addition to the three, four claws, has appeared five claws, claws shaped like a wind turbine, the momentum is not as ferocious as the Yuan dragons and athletic. Auxiliary decoration of the Ruyi cloud head from the Yuan dynasty of the three steps of the cloud changed to two steps of the cloud; lotus petal pattern within the more painted Buddhist eight treasures (Yuan dynasty more painted Taoist miscellaneous treasures). Bowls, small plates more painted clouds, painted only in the upper part of the outer wall of the object. Ware bottom foot more flat cut, sand bottom without glaze see kiln red. Did not appear in the year mark, with the mark of the ware is also very little. Related: Ming Hongwu blue and white porcelain 2, yongle, xuande (1403-1435) of blue and white porcelain presents a high level of craftsmanship. The green material used in this period, to Su clay Boqing mainly, mostly see "rust marks". There are also some domestic green material. But even the domestic material, the color is quite good. Vessel types include plates, bowls, pots, jars, cups and so on. In particular, there are some monks cap pots, ribbon flat pots, flower pouring and other non-Chinese culture, reflecting the cultural exchanges and integration with foreign regions and ethnic groups during this period. Decorations are often seen in a variety of twining or folding branches of flowers and fruits, dragons and phoenixes, seawater, sea monsters, swimming fish and so on. Tire is more delicate and dense than before. The glaze is fat and moist, and orange peel patterns are often seen. Compared with the wares of the two dynasties, Yongle's wares are lighter and thinner, more beautiful, the blue and white color is more colorful, the rust marks are heavier, the decoration is more sparse, the depiction is more delicate, the bottom glaze is whiter, and the wares are mostly without a mark, and the only mark is the four characters of seal script, "Yongle nian zhi," Yongle nian zhi. Xuande ware body is heavier, more tightly decorated, the bottom glaze is slightly green, with a more, with four or six characters of the year, and "Xuande paragraph cloth all over the body," said. In general, xuande blue and white number of large, varieties, influence, so there is "blue and white first push xuande" said. Links: Ming Yongle blue and white porcelain, Ming Xuande blue and white porcelain 3, Zhengtong, Jingtai, Tianshun (1436-1464) three dynasties, as a result of political turmoil, natural and man-made disasters and other factors, resulting in economic decline. And from the beginning of the Zhengtong repeatedly ordered the "ban on the manufacture of official porcelain", so the number of porcelain in this period is relatively small, known as the history of ceramics "blank period". In general, this period is mainly bottles, jars, bowls, cups, plates and other types. The green material used is still part of the "Su Qing". Some of the blue color, and Xuande ware similar, some light, and Chenghua ware closer. The glaze is mostly gray. The body is thicker and heavier. Bottom foot trimming is not delicate, there is a sense of dun thick; see more shallow wide flat sand bottom, some have sticky sand phenomenon, some see flint red. Zhengtong bottles, jars mouth for the straight neck shape, and Xuande ware consistent; Tianshun time is like a trapezoidal narrow shape, similar to the Chenghua time. The bodies of the vase and jar are shoulder-rich, rounded, and with a slightly flared foot; the body of the vase is longer than that of the Xuande. The decoration is based on a single stroke, with figures, flowers, dragons, phoenixes, peacocks, and so on. The background of the figures is mostly painted with large clouds. Bottles and jars are decorated with seawater or banana leaf patterns, and the banana leaf stalks are left white, and the leaf surface is wider, like a small tree. Recognition of the orthodox is fuji paragraph; Jingtai began to recognize from the heart of the device to the bottom of the device, in addition to the word fuji, there are "Taiping years made", "Taiping", "Daming years made", etc.; Tianshun have chronological paragraph, Sanskrit paragraph, etc.. Links: Ming Zhengtong celadon, Ming Jingtai celadon, Tianshun celadon 4, Chenghua (1465-1487), Hongzhi (1488-1505), Zhengde (1506-1521) three dynasties in the middle of the Ming Dynasty. Chenghua and Hongzhi before the middle of the use of equal green, hair color light and elegant. In the late Hongzhi and Zhengde period, the hair color was gray and blue. However, there are individual objects in this period of colorful, rusty spots. Chenghua more light painting blue. Decorative layout of the early sparse, the late dense, more than painting three fruits, three friends, nine autumn, Gao Shi, baby play, dragons through the flowers and so on. Flowers and leaves like the palm of the hand open; leaves more teeth edge, flowers and leaves are no yin and yang positive and negative; fish and algae of the aquatic grass floating like kelp; mountains and rocks like a key-like no concavity and convexity; rim is relatively simple, bowls, plates, cups, etc., along the mouth, the circle foot is decorated only with strings; dragons more kui dragons, long nose like an elephant trunk; crosses pestle and pestle, arabic, and other islamic contents of the decorations are often seen. Tire delicate white, glaze is very fine and moist jade-like, but slightly green. Vessel type jar, vase, wash, marigold tray, plate, cups, bowls, etc., furnace for the three milk feet tube or drum-shaped furnace. In addition to the "day" word jar, there are "Ming Chenghua year system" six words single, double rows of paragraphs; Figure marks mainly Fang Sheng, silver ingots and so on. Hongzhi wares early and middle roughly the same as the Chenghua, even more delicate and soft than the Chenghua. Later and Zhengde ware close. The leaf pattern is fine and dense, the Sanskrit pattern increased, the dragon pattern is slender and soft, the figure is free. Marks for six characters, four characters in regular script are available. Zhengde still use domestic material, the first period with equal green, hair color gray-blue. Late began to use back to the blue. Some halo. The shape of its wares, tire, glaze and Hongzhi close, bubble dense. Deep-bellied bowl, with a seat and other popular. Later, more large vessels. Decorations are common phoenix through the flowers, fish algae, lion hydrangea, garden baby play, tree stone railings, Lotus eight treasures, etc., painting is thicker than the Hongzhi. Bowls and plates under the center of the bottom of the spoil, bowls appear chicken heart bottom. Bottom of the vessel see more kiln red, sticky sand, jump knife marks and other phenomena. The year of the four characters and six characters in regular script, individual with the word "made". Links: Ming Chenghua blue and white porcelain, Ming Hongzhi blue and white porcelain, Ming Zhengde blue and white porcelain 5, late Ming Jiajing (1522-1566), Longqing (1567-1572), Wanli (1573-1620) in the three dynasties, the longest time to the Jiajing, so the color of the artifacts of this dynasty Different, the early and Zhengde ware similar to the hair color gray and blue. However, the unique feature of this period is the use of back to the blue material. Decoration in addition to the traditional still popular, Taoist color decoration increased in large numbers, such as clouds and cranes, eight immortals, gossip, Taoist eight treasures and so on. Flower group of words for the unique pattern. In addition, there are baby play, high priests, fish and algae, etc.. Infant play figure of the doll head forehead protrudes obviously. Tire, glaze are small ware fine, large ware coarse. There are more large vessels. Octagonal, quadrangular, hexagonal, rounded on the way down the gourd bottle and other shaped ware is common. Chaozhu box for this dynasty unique type. The mark "system", "made" are used, to "system" word mostly. The bottom of the heart of the book "Jinyu Jiaojiao altar with" for the sacrificial vessels. There are also Dongshutang, Dongluoguan and other hall names. Longqing dynasty due to the short period of time, and therefore the ware is also less, large ware, with the year mark ware is even less. The green material with back to the green, color stability, pure, blue in purple (not like the Jiajing ware as purple as strong). The decoration is similar to that of the Jiajing period. Because of the mainly small pieces of ware, the tire, glaze is more delicate. More hexagonal, octagonal and other shapes. The official kiln wares have "Da Ming Longqing Nianzuo" and "Longqing Nianzuo" two kinds, do not see the "system"; the people's kiln wares have "Longqing Nianzuo" or "system" mark. "or" system "four-character paragraph; auspicious paragraph with Wan Fu You Tong, Fukushou Kangning, etc., praise paragraph with the rich and noble good ware and so on. Wanli early with back to the green, in the middle and late with stone green and Zhejiang material. More light painting in blue and white. Decoration in addition to the traditional, but also popular brocade open light decoration; decoration layout dense, the theme is not clear; in addition to the word for fortune and longevity as decoration is also common. Bottles are more often seen hollowing, set of living rings and other crafts. In addition to the traditional type, the new wall bottle. The tire is coarse, glaze white and green. The mark is often seen "wanli year of daiming", but also "wanli year of daiming system", "wanli year made"; more pseudo-tokyo, Xuande, chenghua, jiajing. In general, the level of craftsmanship than the previous regression. Links: Ming Jiajing blue and white porcelain, Ming Longqing blue and white porcelain, Ming Wanli blue and white porcelain 6, the end of the Ming dynasty (1620-1627), Chongzhen (1628-1644) due to the political turmoil, resulting in the withering of all industries, ceramics industry is also depressed and cold. Tianqi nineteen years later, the court that no order to make the official kiln, so few of the Tianqi year mark ware, to the "Da Ming Mingqi Nianzhi" is the main, there are also "Tianqi Nianzhi" paragraph. Civilian kilns in a variety of charts, hall name paragraph, auspicious paragraph, praise paragraph increase, such as jade hall good ware, Wan Fu You equal; more pseudo-supporting paragraph, Yongle, Xuande, Chenghua, Tianshun, Zhengde, Jiajing and other dynasties, which pseudo-supporting the Tianshun paragraph of the only Tianqi. Decoration is still mainly traditional decoration, but the Taoist content of the decoration is less than the Wanli, the painting is crude. The decoration of this period is more sparse, with a heavier sense of life. Tire heavy, loose tire, irregular shape, the bottom of the sticky sand, collapse bottom, jump knife marks have become the characteristics of the era. Chongzhen no official mark ware. Ware type is not much, to bowl stove is common, in addition to bowls, cups, bottles, goblets and so on. Green material has stone green, Zhejiang material, etc.. Coarse hair color is more scattered, fine stabilized. In addition to the traditional themes, decorative motifs, especially the Gao Shi figure. Infant play figure child head big feet small proportion is not harmonized. Landscape figures (gaoshi) in the autumn grass, bracket clouds, small sun, etc. are typical features. The tire texture is coarse and sparse. Glaze white glittering green, some gray. Links: tomorrow's blue and white porcelain, Ming Chongzhen blue and white porcelain 7, the early Qing dynasty Shunzhi (1644-1661) dynasty time is not long, but it is a key period to carry on the previous and the next, for the peak of the later Kangxi period laid a solid foundation. Shunzhi blue and white wares are mainly characterized by the following aspects: fewer vessel types, mainly furnaces, goblets, bottles, large and small plates, bowls, jars and so on. Tire in general more rough, large ware such as furnace, large plate, goblet and other heavy body, small ware such as small plates, bowls, etc. Tire is lighter and thinner. However, there are also individual objects with fine, dense tire, can be seen in the form of glutinous rice. Bottom glaze more white flash green, some also slightly gray, thin glaze. The blue and white material should be zhejiang material and stone green two and use, resulting in the color of some green and green, some green and blue. Among them, the furnace of the blue and green color, the other artifacts of the color of the hair more gray and blue. Decorated with flowers, birds, landscapes, caves and rocks, autumn grass, boats on the river, monsters, beasts, bananas, clouds and so on. Large plate like to paint a blue and white coil at the mouth edge, and then painted in the circle of the main body of the decoration; small plate more than one side of the plate painted a paulownia leaf, the other side of the book, "paulownia a leaf fall, the world all autumn" and other similar poems. Bottles, goblets, jars and other large vessels also like to use the blue and white lines for the decoration of the separation. The painting method is a combination of outlining, painting, rendering and line drawing. Painting brushwork is casual, although more neat than in the late Ming, but still have not seen the rigorous, meticulous style of Kangxi. The layout of the picture is fuller, especially large plates, jars, bottles, goblets and other types of objects. Begin to appear chapped and light color scale changes, but not yet mature. Bottles, goblets and more flat sand bottom. Plates, bowls, jars and other bottoms see more shrinking glaze points, the bottom foot sticky sand is more common. The bottom of the bowl more jump knife marks. Civilian kiln wares, official kiln wares less, and there are very few wares with the year mark. Related: Qing Shunzhi blue and white porcelain 8, Kangxi (1662-1722) dynasty time span, the type of ware is rich, high level of craftsmanship. The use of zhejiang and zhuming material, blue and white color in the early more gray, after the middle of the blue, bright and bright. Painting method early to a single line of flat paint-based, rough momentum; after the mid-term outlining, rendering, chapping and so on and with fine painting, and the blue and white color scale (the so-called "blue and white five colors") and highly respected. Decorated with a variety of subjects, landscape figures, dragons and phoenixes, flowers and birds, insects and animals, poetry, Bogu, etc., which is the most characteristic of the era is the ice plum, farming and weaving, sword and horse people, double horns peony, and so on. The white edges of the designs are more obvious than those of the other dynasties. The tire is dense, fine and white, in the shape of a glutinous rice cake. The glaze is hard, tightly combined with the tire, see the orange peel or brown eyes, early white flashing green, bright white after the middle. Ware type in addition to daily use, ornamental porcelain increased in large quantities, the typical ware cover jar, phoenix-tailed zun, goblet, elephant leg vase, brush pot, and so on. The foot of the artifacts also has a very strong period characteristics: faceted ware more than two-layer table bottom; pen container more jade bik bottom; foot early more than two sides of the oblique cutting of the more pointed "carp back" bottom, after the mid-term basically rounded "loach back" bottom; large plate class more than double-ringed bottom, the bottom of this bottom from the end of the Ming Dynasty and the Shunzhi appeared. The end of the Ming Dynasty and Shunzhi appeared, popular until the middle of the Kangxi period. Various types of mark, the early use of Ganzhi paragraph, the annual paragraph in regular script, after the middle of a variety of hall name paragraph, chart record paragraph, flower bets popular, and popular until the Yongzheng. Imitation of paragraph, pseudo-toe paragraph is also more common, especially to imitate the Jiajing paragraph is predominant. Links: Qing Kangxi blue and white porcelain 9, Yongzheng (1723-1735), Qianlong (1736-1795) period of blue and white ware more imitation of the Ming Yongle, Xuande Suma Li Qing, but no imported materials, to the end of the pen stained with rust stains. The second is the imitation of Chenghua's pale blue and white. Imitation of Ming artifacts in addition to the tire, glaze, green material and other aspects of the difference, the shape is also an important point of difference: Ming ware tire interface is up and down, Qing ware is before and after the connection. Yongzheng fine craftsmanship, repairing the tire to pay attention to, the folk kiln ware is rough, have spinning tire marks. Qianlong, especially in the late process began to go downhill, in addition to inheriting the varieties of the previous dynasty, there are innovative varieties of blue and white Linglong porcelain. The content of the decoration is also more diverse than the Yongzheng, but in general to the main auspicious motifs. Recognition in addition to the annual paragraph, the Yongzheng more common to see a variety of treasures, four flowers, animal-shaped paragraph, etc., the hall of fame less than the Kangxi. Qianlong hall name paragraph and more than the Yongzheng, the annual paragraph more seal script, there are also four flowers paragraph. Links: Qing Yongzheng blue and white porcelain, Qing Qianlong blue and white porcelain 10, Jiaqing (1796-1820) after the blue and white porcelain gradually downhill. Pre-Jiaqing wares are basically the same as the Qianlong, but the process is rough, heavy and clumsy modeling, thin glaze and gray, greenish. Daoguang (1821-1850), Xianfeng (1851-1861), Tongzhi (1862-1874) period of wares are generally similar: blue and white hair color floating, the texture of the tire is coarse and loose, thin glaze, tire glaze is not tightly bonded, the decoration to the main auspicious motifs. Links: Qing Jiaqing blue and white porcelain, Qing Daoguang blue and white porcelain, Qing Xianfeng blue and white porcelain, Qing Tongzhi blue and white porcelain 11, Guangxu (1875-1908) when the blue and white porcelain was once revitalized, imitation of the KangXi ware level is higher, but the tire body is lighter, the white glaze is thinner and astringent, repairing the tire is not fine enough. Other wares are similar to the Tongzhi in both glaze and shape. Blue and white with color is common. In addition to the year mark, there are "Changchun Palace system", "Kunning Palace system", "Cunxiu Palace system" and so on; pseudo-topography see "Kangxi system ", "if the deep collection" and so on. Links: Qing Guangxu blue and white porcelain 12, Xuantong (1909-1911) began to appear chemical green material. Related: Qing Xuantong blue and white porcelain Qing material introduction back to the green back to the green, produced in the western region, Xinjiang, Yunnan and other claims. This material hair color blue and purple, if used alone is muddy scattered not collected, so more mixed with the stone green. Ming dynasty Jiajing to Wanli pre-materials used. Which is divided into on the green: mixed into the Shi Ziqing 10%, for mixing water (fill color), hair color green bright; in the green: mixed into the Shi Ziqing 40%, for color (outline), the pen road is clear and distinct. Zhejiang material Zhejiang material, also known as Zhejiang Qing, produced in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, Jinhua area. Domestic material in Zhejiang material is the most superior, its hair color green and green, the Ming Dynasty Wanli middle to the Qing Dynasty, Jingdezhen official kilns blue and white ware are used in this material. Equal green equal green, also known as Pei Tang Qing, produced in Jiangxi Le Ping. Ming "blank period" late and Chenghua, Hongzhi, Zhengde early use. This material is light color, bright green, stable, especially to make the Chenghua blue and white wares famous for a while. Stone green stone green, also known as stone green, produced in Jiangxi Gaoan, Yifeng, Shanggao area. When this material is used alone, the color of the blue and white is gray or even black, and it is commonly used in the second generation of Ming and Qing dynasty kilns, while it is used in official kilns to harmonize the use of blue and white. Zhuming material is produced in Xuanwei, Huize, Yiliang and other counties in Yunnan, with Xuanwei being the best. This material is bright and pure color. Kangxi blue and white mostly used this material. The above domestic cobalt material is mostly high manganese. Su Ma Li Qing Su Ma Li Qing, that is, Su Nai Ma Qing, Su Bo mud Qing, Su Nai Bo Qing, etc.. The origin of its name, said to come from the Persian "Sulaiman" translation. The origin of this cobalt material in the Persian Kashan Quamza village, the villagers believe that a person named Sulaiman discovered this cobalt material, so the material is named after his name. Another theory is that, Su Nian Ma Qing should be Su Ma Li Qing, is the translation of the English smalt, meaning dark blue or painting with dark blue powder pigment. This material is low manganese and high iron cobalt material, so the blue color is heavy green, "rust marks", commonly known as "tin light". Yuan Qinghua part and Ming Yongle, Xuande official kilns used in the green material are this, origin are in ancient Persia or Syria today. Chemical green material chemical green material, that is, with the chemical product cobalt oxide preparation of green material. Color purple blue, pure, colorful, but frivolous and lack of adhesion, the price is also cheap. The blue and white wares made with this material lack the beauty of natural blue and white material. The type of recognition of ancient Chinese blue and white porcelain, painting and decorating elegant, porcelain bottom of the text, pattern recognition of a wide range, each period of recognition have distinctive characteristics of the times. According to the form of blue and white porcelain mark, the type of view, can be divided into five categories: chronological paragraph, auspicious words, hall name paragraph, praise paragraph and decorative paragraph. Chronological paragraph [2] in blue and white porcelain, with writing, engraving, printing and other methods to mark the porcelain firing age of the paragraph, known as chronological paragraph. The author of the country's ancient porcelain mark, to chronicle the main, chronological paragraph and divided into the emperor's year and the year of the year and the year of the year to show the stem and branch of the dry paragraph two categories. During the Yongle period of the Ming dynasty, in the blue and white porcelain began to appear in the chronological paragraph, seal script font flowing and smooth, decorated with lotus petals on the side. The Xuanjing mark is dignified and strong. The Chenghua reign mark has an iron stroke and a silver hook, and the glaze has a cloudy aura. The Jiajing reign mark is thick and heavy, with a show hidden in the strength. Previously, the Ming dynasty chronological paragraph summarized as: "Xuande paragraph more, Chenghua paragraph fat, Hongzhi paragraph show, Zhengde paragraph respectful, Jiajing paragraph mixed" five words. Qing dynasty Kangxi paragraph font neat, blue and white material color bright. Yongzheng section of the regular script is strong and powerful, the format is exquisite. Qianlong, Jia, Daoguang paragraph is mostly in seal script, the font is arranged closely, like a seal mark. In recent times, the "Jiangxi Porcelain Company" paragraph more, elegant regular script, which also has the English paragraph "CHINA", is the modern sign of the export of porcelain, is the earliest use of blue and white in the English paragraph. Folk kiln blue and white porcelain chronological paragraph is very little, there are "Daming years made" and so on, the font is sloppy. Writing is very casual. The production of blue and white porcelain is the most famous. Historically, with the Muslim style pattern of porcelain known as "back to the green", belongs to the export porcelain. [1]