The artistic characteristics of ancient Chinese drama as seen in the Ming Legends. I hope I can be more detailed. Please everyone!

I. The profound art of Peking Opera.

Peking Opera is China's national opera, with a long history and long history, in its formation and development of more than 200 years, not only inherited the tradition of Kunqu Opera, Hui Opera and Han Opera, but also widely absorbed Peking Opera, Bangzi Opera, Qin Opera, Chuan Opera and other local operas, as well as the nutrition of the sister arts of opera, acrobatics, dance, and so on, and has become a kind of concentrated embodiment of the characteristics of the Chinese Opera art and the aesthetic psychology of the Chinese audience, and the most extensive coverage of the type of drama. The characteristics of Beijing opera, in addition to its "Huguang sound", "Zhongzhou rhyme" phonological system and a number of performance programs, its basic artistic characteristics and many other types of theater are common, summarized in the following four aspects:

(a) both programmatic and free.

These are the most important features of the show, and the most important ones are the following

The program is an important means of artistic performance in Chinese opera, which is unique to Chinese opera. On the opera stage, all performances must follow a certain program. The program of Peking Opera art can be said to be ubiquitous, and this program has been accumulated and formed through generations of actors in the long-term artistic practice, which originates from life and is higher than life. Excellent actors not only follow the program, but also can drive the program, use the program flexibly, and even break through the development and creation of the program. As the Soviet dramatist Stanislavski said, "The performance of Chinese drama is a kind of free action with rules." The rules he mentioned are the programs. Let's take a few examples of programs. For example, the "horse trip" is a performance program, also known as the "horse trip". The actor holds a whip in his right hand, and through rounding, turning, strangling the horse, beating the horse three times (indicating that the horse is being beaten and whipped) and other body movements, together with the rapid rhythm of the gongs and drums, it indicates that the horse is speeding up the scene. Another example is the "Rise of the Bastard", which expresses the scenario of a military general who is ready to go into battle with a full helmet and armor, and is mainly made up of a combination of basic movements such as three leg lifts, a cloud of hands, kicking the legs, straightening the sleeves, and tightening the armor, which gives an atmosphere of a battle that is about to begin. In addition, we are all familiar with "running round", "playing downfield", "splitting", "wrestling zombies", and so on. There are programs for eating, sleeping, drinking, reading, writing, opening and closing doors, joy, anger, sorrow and happiness. Actors familiar with and master these programs, and not be bound by the program, you can make full use of the program to create a rich personality of the stage art image.

(B) highly integrated, the beauty of all.

Opera is a comprehensive art, she is not like the opera is basically only song and dance; not like the ballet that only dance not song; not like the drama that only say not sing. Chinese opera is full of songs and dances, with plots and stories. Wang Guowei, a great scholar in modern times, gave the definition of opera as: to act out a story with songs and dances. The basic means of expression of opera is "singing, reading, doing and playing", which is called the "four virtues". These "four skills" are based on the program of traditional opera, constantly absorbing the dance, acrobatics, martial arts, music and drama, film expression methods, vividly and vividly express the movements and psychological activities of the characters in the play. For example, Yang Guifei in The Drunkenness of the Concubine set up a banquet at the Pavilion of Hundred Flowers to have fun with Emperor Tang Minghuang, but after waiting for a long time, she knew that Emperor Minghuang was driving to another palace, so she drank alone and got drunk, and danced and sang at the same time, which showed her drunkenness and feelings of hope and sadness in the best possible way. There is also "Zhaojun Out of the Frontiers", in which Wang Zhaojun dances and sings along the way, and her feelings of longing for home and infinite sorrow and indignation are portrayed to the fullest extent through her wide-open and wide-open dance movements. There is also Lady Macbeth, which is based on Shakespeare's famous play. Lady Macbeth helps her husband to kill the old king, and although she becomes the queen, she is greatly condemned and stimulated psychologically, and finally dies of schizophrenia. This play then absorbed a lot of other arts.

(C) virtual writing, the pursuit of resemblance.

Virtuality is an important artistic path of Chinese opera, and it is also an important difference between her and other art forms such as drama and movies. Western theater is realistic, based on imitation, and strives to be close to showing reality. Chinese opera, on the other hand, is realistic, based on virtualization, substituting reality with emptiness, combining reality with emptiness, and pursuing resemblance. It uses only a few props, mainly through the performance of the actors to portray the characters and express the story. For example, when a boat is wading in the water, there is neither a boat nor water on the stage, and the actor indicates the boat with an oar, relying entirely on the performance to give people the feeling of traveling in a boat. For example, Xiao En and Xiao Guiying in "Fishing and Killing Family" have a boat ride. The actors each hold a wooden oar, one high and one low, one together and one down to indicate getting on and off the boat; one in front of the other, one behind the other, one to the left and one to the right to indicate that the boat is traveling in the wind and waves. Again, such as the performance of horseback riding, there is no horse on the stage, the actor holding a whip, the whip said horse, left leg slightly raised, right leg lightly across, whip raised, said on the horse; whip and dance ("trip horse") said riding Mercedes Benz; hold the whip does not dance, said to lead the horse. Modern Peking Opera "Wisdom to take the tiger mountain" in the play Yang Zirong "tiger on the mountain" a is a whip that riding a green maned horse riding in the forest and snowy plains. There are cars and sedan chairs, on the stage with two car flag instead of, and the play of the door, window, stairs, etc., all rely on the performance of the actors, so that the audience feel the real existence of these things.

Peking Opera "picking up the jade bracelet" is a young girl Sun Yujiao in front of the house met the young man Fu Peng, mutual love, Fu Peng went to drop a jade bracelet as a token, this matter is precisely Liu matchmaker to see the story. In the play, Sun Yujiao's performances of shoe-soling, driving chickens, feeding chickens, going out, coming in, and picking up the jade bracelet focus on the virtual and evocative performance characteristics of the opera.

(4) Extreme exaggeration, beautiful.

Opera is the art of exaggeration, opera stage character modeling and image of the action is very exaggerated, this exaggeration follows the principle of creation of beauty, extremely appreciated. For example, the make-up of opera actors is the most exaggerated and decorative, especially the make-up of the net line is unique, such as red face on behalf of loyalty and courage, justice, such as Guan Yu, Jiang Wei, etc.; black face on behalf of the fierce, upright or courageous, such as Bao Gong, Zhang Fei, Li Kui, etc.; yellow face on behalf of fierce, brutal, such as Duan Wei, Ji bureaucrats, etc.; orchid, green on behalf of the courageous, tough, brash, violent, such as the horse martial arts, single Xiongxin, etc., and purple on behalf of the courageous, courageous, and bold, such as the special masters, the special masters, and the special masters, and the special masters. The purple color stands for calm courage and boldness, such as Zhu Zhu and Chang Yu Chun; the white color stands for insidiousness and treachery, such as Cao Cao and Dong Zhuo; and the gold and silver colors stand for gods and monsters, such as Erlang Shen and the Money Leopard. The singing of the Pure Line is also very exaggerated, with big voices, yellow bells and big louds, majestic, staccato and exciting. For example, Bao Zheng, who painted his black face to indicate his integrity, perseverance and fierceness, and a moon bud on his forehead to symbolize that he breaks the yin by night and the yang by day, Bao Gong's singing is also very distinctive and infectious.

The artistic characteristics of Beijing Opera are briefly summarized in the above aspects, and the following briefly introduce several local plays to see what characteristics they have.

Second, fresh and smooth evaluation of the opera.

Paiju opera is the second largest opera in China, and in the 1960s its influence almost exceeded that of Peking Opera, with its popular repertoire and cantatas being popularized by almost every family in the north and south of the Yangtze River. The opera originated in the Tangshan area of Hebei Province, and was initially called Lotus Flower Drops, then transformed and created by masters such as Cheng Zhaocai and Yue Mingzhu, and absorbed the nutrients of "Bun Bun" (Northeast China's Two-Man Opera), and then finally formed into the Evaluation Opera after the September 18th Incident. There are several characteristics of the opera, one is the common people, popularization, elegance and vulgarity **** appreciation. Over the past one hundred years, it has always maintained the freshness and purity from life, and its singing is smooth and lively, with true feelings and interests, such as "Liu Qiao'er" in the "Liu Qiao'er from the early childhood promised to be matched with Zhao's family" paragraph, sung by Liu Qiao'er dissatisfied with her father's arranged marriage for her to fight for the freedom of marriage, and her own in the labor assembly selected the man of her choice, the mood of yearning for a better life later on. Liu Qiao-er is not satisfied with her father's arranged marriage for her and fights for freedom of marriage. The singing sounds like talking, very natural and friendly. The second characteristic is the use of Putonghua. This is very special and unique in Chinese opera, and it is also the most significant difference between Pingju Opera and Peking Opera, Yueju Opera, Huangmei Opera, Yu Opera, etc. Thirdly, the performance is flexible, both exaggerating and exaggerating. Third, the performance is flexible, both exaggerated and life-like. For example, in Yang San Sister's Complaint, there is a scene called "Donkey Running". In the play, Gao Gui and his nephew Gao Zhanying gave the idea of killing Yang Ersie, Yang San Sister for her sister's complaint, Gao Gui and his premonition of the case to be issued, carrying his wife Fei fled to the customs to avoid, this is the performance of their escape.

Third, the high-pitched and exciting Hebei opera.

Hebei opera originated in Baoding, Hebei Province. It is characterized by high excitement, good at showing generous and tragic emotions, the influence of Hebei Opera in northern China in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China was once on a par with the Beijing Opera, and a few actors and actresses even went into the court, for the Empress Dowager Cixi sang the "Hall". 1948 around the time of a trough, many actors and actresses changed to learn Beijing Opera or opera. Now Hebei opera in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei has a wide range of influence, representative repertoire of "Butterfly Cup", "Qin Xianglian", "Wang Baochuan", "Jinshui Bridge" and so on.

Fourth, the beautiful and friendly Huangmei opera.

Huangmei Opera, also known as "Huangmei tune", popular in Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and other regions, originated in Hubei Huangmei around the tea song, and later formed a folk opera, popular for a long time in the area around Anqing, the growth and development of Huangmei Opera and a representative of the character is inseparable from that of the famous artist Yan Fengying. Yan Fengying has made outstanding contributions to the vocal and performing arts of Huangmei Opera, and her performances of 〈〈Tianxian's Match〉〉, 〈〈Woman Emperor's Son-in-law〉〉, 〈〈The Cowherd and the Weaving Maiden〉〉, 〈The Husband and Wife Watching the Lanterns〉〉, and so on, have been popular all over the country, and have made the Yellow Plum Opera a nationally recognized opera by the local minor operas. The performance of Huangmei Opera is close to life, the singing flavor is fresh, the melody is beautiful, natural and smooth. Huangmei Opera and commentary have a point in common are good to hear, good to remember, good to learn.

Fifth, the rough and bold Sichuan opera.

Sichuan Opera originated in Sichuan, which is formed by the fusion of the imported Kun Cavity, Gao Cavity, Huqin, Bouncing Opera, and the local Sichuan Lantern Opera. Sichuan opera is characterized by a strong sense of life, humor, and powerful, rough and bold singing.

The performance of Sichuan Opera is also unique, its water and oil, robes, fans, handkerchiefs are very exquisite performance, especially worth mentioning its "face" art, which is known as the world's best. This trick is absolutely confidential to the outside world.

Sixth, the unique flavor of the Yu opera.

Commonly known as Henan opera, the local language of Henan as the tone, both reading and singing, have a very strong local flavor of Henan. Yu opera originated in Henan and is popular in Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Shanxi, Hebei and Anhui. Yu Opera is easy to understand and is good at expressing the small tastes of life. Famous Yu Opera artists include Chen Suzhen, Chang Xiangyu, Cui Lantian and Ma Jinfeng, all of whom have unique singing styles. Yu opera often staged plays are "the big sacrifice pile", "Mu Guiying hanging commander-in-chief", "Mulan", "playing the golden branch", "Chaoyang ditch", "red lady", etc., especially Chang Xiangyu's 〈Mulan〉〉, Ma Jinfeng's 〈Mu Guiying hanging commander-in-chief〉〉, and the modern drama 〈Chaoyang ditch〉〉, which is the most influential.