A Brief Exploration of the Folklore of Chewing Wine

? A Brief Introduction to the Folklore of "Chewing Wine Chewing wine? A Primer on the Folklore of "Chewing Wine"

Keywords: Chewing Wine, Bugis, Taiwan Aborigines

Abstract? Chewing wine? is one of the most primitive methods of making wine, in which human beings utilize the principle of salivary fermentation to make wine. In Chinese historical records, only the Bedoujis during the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties and the aborigines on Taiwan Island since the Ming Dynasty have used this unique wine-making technique. On the basis of material analysis, this paper discusses ? Chewing Wine? the process of the emergence, development and annihilation of the folklore.

? Chewing wine? is one of the most primitive methods of making wine. It is the principle that people use the saccharification of salivary enzymes to ferment and make yeast to make wine. This paper combines historical documents on the Bedouin and Taiwan aborigines? Chewing wine? This paper combines the historical records of the Bedouin and Taiwanese aboriginal folklore with those of the Bedouin and Taiwanese aboriginal folklore of chewing wine to make a preliminary discussion of the process of the emergence, development, and annihilation of the folklore, with a view to gaining a more realistic understanding of the level of production of the society at that time as well as of the people's material production and lifestyle. I'd like to apologize for any inconvenience this may cause.

First, the Bedouin tribe? The first is to make a decision on the way to the next stage of the program. Folklore

Bedji is one of the ancient ethnic groups in northeast China. In the evolution of history, the name of the main body of its ethnicity is constantly changing. In the pre-Qin period, it was called ? Su Shen? and in the Han and Jin dynasties, it was called "Yilou". Yilou? and from the Northern and Southern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was called "Yilou" (挹娄). The descendants of Yilou were called Yilou. The descendants of Yilou were called? Biji? Mogi? Mocap? (Mocarp), and in the late Tang Dynasty, the name Bohai? Bohai? and from the Five Dynasties to the early Ming Dynasty, it was known as the Bohai? Jurchen? (Bohai) in the late Tang Dynasty, the Wujin from the Five Dynasties to the early Ming Dynasty, and the Manchurian from the late Ming to the Qing Dynasty. Manchuria? Residing in the northeastern region of the Manchu ancestors Bedji, Moguju mainly engaged in animal husbandry, fishing and hunting and primitive agriculture. Therefore, their dietary customs both nomadic and farming ethnic characteristics, that is, meat and cereals eat both.

The earliest record of its chewing wine is in the Wei Shu? Bedji biography": ? There are corn and wheat, and the dish is a sunflower. The water is salty and condensed, salt on the trees, there are also salt ponds. There are also salt ponds. There are many pigs and no sheep. Chewing rice and brewing wine, drinking can be drunk. The Northern History? The Northern History of China (北史?勿吉传) also reads: "They ploughed with each other. Coupled with the plow, the soil more corn, wheat, vegetables, there are sunflower, the water is salty, salt on the bark, there are also salt ponds. Its livestock more pigs without sheep, chewing rice for wine, drink also drunk. Can be seen, the North and South Dynasties when Bedji people have settled and operate rough agriculture. Crops are corn, wheat, are drought-resistant, cold-resistant and for the traditional crops in the Heilongjiang basin. Combined with archaeological discoveries, equivalent to the Bedji period of Heilongjiang Suibin Tongren site of the lower culture, unearthed iron adzes, knives, iron sickle and other advanced agricultural implements. Advances in farming technology and the use of iron tools, so that food crops to eat surplus for ? Chewing rice brewing wine, drink can be drunk? provided the material basis. The Sui Shu? Echinococcus biography" recorded: "There are carriages and horses, tenants are coupled. There are carriages and horses, tenant is coupled plowing, car is pushed by foot? Chewing rice and brewing wine can make you drunk. In the Old Tang Book? Mocapuanzhuan (The Biography of Mocapuan) records: "The livestock of Mocapuan is suitable for pigs. Their livestock is suitable for pigs, and the rich have hundreds of mouths to feed on their meat and clothe themselves in their skins. They eat their meat and wear their skins. The rich people would eat their meat and wear their skin, and then brew minced meat for wine. The New Tang Book? Blackwater Panicum Capricorn" recorded: "There are many boars in their livestock, and they have many cows and sheep. There are a lot of boars, cattle and sheep. There are carts and horses, the field coupled to plow, the car is pushed by foot. There are corn and wheat. Soil more sable rats, white rabbits, white eagles. In the salt spring gas vaporization thin, salt condensation tree upside down. Chewing rice for wine, drink can be drunk. These materials show that the North and South Dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties, Bedji, Mogu people not only eat pork, but also grain is also one of their main food. At this time they have adopted? coupling plowing? method of farming. According to the brewing principle, in the use of grain brewing, because the starch in the grain can not work directly with yeast, so it must first go through the process of saccharification, that is, the starch is broken down into malt sugar, and then fermented into alcohol. Saccharification and liquefaction are the two main procedures indispensable to the brewing process, which forms the brewing method of cork. As early as in the Qin and Han Dynasties, the technology of brewing in the Central Plains had reached a high level, as shown in Zheng Xuan's commentary on the "Rites of the Zhou". In Zheng Xuan's annotation of "Zhou Rites", there is "Tian Guan Wine Zheng". The number of wine-making has not yet been quoted, but also the skill of Gonggu. Not only pay attention to the production of wine, but also in the brewing process and method are very careful. And the Bedji tribe? Chewing wine? method is that they use their mouths to chew? The method of chewing wine is that they use their mouths to chew the wine. or? The rice is crumbled and contains saliva. The method of chewing wine is that they use their mouths to chew the rice, which is crumbled and contains saliva, and the enzyme salivary enzymes can be fermented, which can be used as the wine quill, and when stored in the vessel, the wine will be brewed in time. It is not difficult to see that they already knew that they needed to do wine qu, but will not be processed, only through the accumulation of life experience, the use of chewing to do qu method.

Later, the book "Khitan State Records", "The Book of Yuan Turtle", and Xu Mengxin's "Three Dynasties of the Northern League", etc., all recorded that Capricorn state? the custom of chewing rice for wine, "Tongdian", "Tongzhi", "Documentation" and other books? The biography of Bedi Ji? The custom of chewing rice for wine is described in the book Chewing rice for wine? The custom of chewing rice for wine? There are continuous records, but they are not beyond the scope of "Wei Shu" and "Northern History". Continuous records show that at that time, chewing wine method was popular in Bedji, Panicum capricorn people's life. But due to the Bedji, fodder Capricorn people at that time scattered all over the place, and ? Euphrasia each had their own strengths and were not unified? This primitive state of each of them, independent production, life shows its closed nature. At the same time, it lacked its own written records, so it led to the simplicity of the method of chewing alcohol in the documentary records. This is also closely related to the geographical environment and dietary structure of its existence.

First, the distribution area of Bedji and Mocap. According to the "Wei Shu": ? In Goguryeo North? According to the two Tang books, its land? East to the sea, west of Turkic, south border Goryeo, north neighbor room Wei? Equivalent to the east of the present Sea of Japan, west to the present Russian Jiya River, China's Nengjiang River near the ancient room Wei, Khitan land adjacent to the south of the present Songhua River and the Tumen River at the ancient Goryeo land border, the north of the Sea of Okhotsk and the Kuje Island, including the vast area. The climate is characterized by a mesothermal monsoon. The winter is long and cold, the summer is short and cool, and the spring and fall seasons are very short. Because of? Wine? Drinking less is and blood line qi, strengthen the spirit of the cold, to dispel sadness, to ward off evil spirits in addition to obscenity?J, and Bedoki, Mocapra in the cold zone, the wine of the? line gas, strong God, cold? The role is more important.

Second, pig farming, pork and raw food and cold drinks diet structure. Before the Yuan Dynasty, the direct ancestors of the Manchu people in their animal husbandry about pig farming records are almost endless in history. It was recorded in the book of the Later Han Dynasty, "The Biography of Yilou", that Yilou's biography" recorded: ? He was good at raising boars, eating their meat and wearing their skins. The Book of Jin? The Book of Jin (晋书), a biography of the Eastern Barbarians, records that （The people of Sushan have many pigs, eat their meat, and wear their skins. They eat their meat with their feet, and when they get frozen meat, they sit on it to warm it up. The Wei Book, the Northern History of? Bedji people? Mainly store pigs. Tang dynasty black water Panicum capricorn is mainly to put pigs for a living. Raw food and cold drink habits, such as? Their meals are brewed with minced wine, beans for sauce, half-raw rice for rice, impregnated with raw dog's blood and onions and leeks of the genus? In winter and summer, all the people drink cold water. This dietary structure of the Bedji and their descendants involves the question of how to aid digestion. Since they lived in the northeast, barren and cold and closed, they made a homemade kind of help appetizing and digestion? Paste Rice Tea? , i.e., they fried Jik rice and washed it down with water. This kind of? Not heavy tea? life led to the custom of drinking alcohol. Early Manchu people drink? Rice wine? in Manchu, which was known as "Mier wine". Zhanchong efforts? which was their favorite homemade wine, or yellow wine, also known as "Sake". Sake? It is also known as Sake (清酒). Yuan wine? The "Huzhong East Patrol Day Record" has recorded the brewing method of this kind of wine: "Cooking grain for the rice, and to the cork, and a short time to the cork. Cooking grain for rice, and to the cork, in a moment into brewing, brewing and drinking, taste a little sweet, drink more not drunk. The Ningguta Chronicle also records that Manchu families in general could brew their own rice wine. Brew their own rice wine. This kind of wine and good brewing custom is its ancestors? Chewing rice to make wine? This custom of brewing wine is a kind of inheritance of the custom of chewing rice and brewing wine of their ancestors, and it is also the custom that they have for? The cold climate is the result of positive adaptation. The cold climate is the result of positive adaptation.

Second, the Taiwan aborigines' custom of "chewing wine" is a habitual inheritance. The Chinese people have a long history of drinking wine and are very familiar with it.

In the motherland island of Taiwan, the aboriginal people living in the mountains also popularized the "chewing wine" folk custom. The first is the "Wine Chewing" custom, which is the same as the "Wine Chewing" custom.

Secondly, it is with certain religious colors. For example, after the fall harvest season of a year, first of all, a person of good character and appearance is elected? The first is to ask her to chew rice for the song. Please ask her to chew rice for the song,? and murmur under her breath. Then they steamed rice or mashed rice with rice soup and water and hid it in an urn, which gave out a fragrant smell of wine. The smell of wine will be fresh and fragrant in the urn. After that, it can be opened and drunk. This kind of wine can be opened and consumed. Chewing and brewing homemade wine, commonly known as? Gudai. This kind of wine is sweet and delicious, unique flavor, is the ancient tribal rituals, group drinking necessary? It was a must for ancient tribal rituals and group drinking. The Qing Dynasty's Yu Yongkang (魯枝词), who said that the women of Fangui were skillful in relieving themselves, had the following praise: ? Who said that the Fangui skillfully unpacked, since the raw rice chewed into syrup. Bamboo tube for the urn hanging above the bed, guests to open the tube to persuade guests to taste.

Third, Taiwan's geographical location and special climate. Because it is located between 15?25 degrees north latitude and 120?125 degrees east longitude, it has a very high temperature and a very low cold temperature. More summer and less cold, constant ten of seven. Zhong Ding family, animal charcoal, ermine fur useless, fine people without clothes, no brown, can also die years. Flowers bloomed at irregular intervals, and the leaves of the trees remained unsettled for a long time. Spring is often dry, and fall is often rainy. Therefore, in a hot, wet and dry climate, the wine? Ward off evil spirits and remove filth? The actual role of the wine becomes more important.

Third, the annihilation of the folk custom of chewing wine

Regarding the custom of chewing wine, it is difficult to find traces of it, either among the Manchu today or among the aborigines in Taiwan. There are both internal and external reasons for its disappearance.

The internal reason lies in the fact that the yeast processed by the salivary enzyme utilized in the chewing wine method is not as good as the specialized cork wine-making function. That is? Flavor thin purity is not high. In addition, the Bedji descendants have historically established the Bohai State, Jin and Qing regimes, to varying degrees, to accelerate its own evolution to a more civilized state.

In the exogenous analysis of the first examination of the Bedouin, Mocuo spoke.

First, the interaction with the outside world, especially by the influence of the advanced culture of the Central Plains. Since the Han and Jin, Yilou has been recorded tribute to the Central Plains. Important tribute has 2 times. And the official dealings with the Northern Wei Dynasty: Yanxing asked (471?475) to send B force expenditure envoy; and in the first year of Taihe (477), nine years, ten years, thirteen years, seventeen years and Jingming four years? The tribute was unceasing. In the Northern Qi Dynasty, the tribute was still uninterrupted. At the beginning of the Kaihuang period of the Sui Dynasty, an envoy was sent to contribute? At that time, due to its proximity to Khitan, it was often plundered. They listened to Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, who said, "Do not attack each other. Do not attack each other. s warning, and were also rewarded with feasts in the palace. The iron tools unearthed at the site of Bedoki, as mentioned earlier, indicate that the Bedoki and Mogok societies developed rapidly under the influence of the advanced culture of the Central Plains. The brewing technology of the Central Plains should have an impact on its chewing method.

Second, the Bedoki descendants since the beginning of the female Zhen, the addiction to wine and a large number of demand. Before King Taejo, the female Zhenren had become addicted to wine. History of King Zu Ugu Nai (1021?1092)? Addicted to wine and sex, drinking and eating over people? Such as civil marriage, son-in-law line? Worship ceremony, to wine and food to, less than ten cars, more than ten times. Drinking guests good wine? First of all, the silver cup to drink, the poor to wood? At one time the female real rulers for the control of drinking, even fierce Anmouke people only? Meet the festival and festival day, allow to drink will be? Jin Dynasty, because the demand for wine has increased greatly, has not been used to chew the wine brewing method.

Third, the people of the Central Plains migrated to the northeast. The Three Kingdoms? Guanning biography" recorded: "Ning lived in Liaodong, wells to draw water. Ning lived in Liaodong, well drawers or men and women mixed? The people of the Central Plains have been transplanted throughout the ages, and the people of Qilu and Youyan are the most numerous. ［There are three reasons for the rituals and customs of the province: the old customs of the first people; and the new customs of the Central Plains. If it is adjacent to the south, the custom is close to Qilu; if it is adjacent to the west, the custom is close to Youyan; if it is adjacent to the northeast, there are fewer transplants, so it is often possible to preserve its old customs. With the new immigrant population, the advanced brewing techniques of the Central Plains will naturally be passed on, and the chewing method will gradually be eliminated.

The wine-chewing folklore of Taiwan's aboriginal people was extinguished directly under the mandatory policy of the Republic of China (ROC) in the early days of its operation of the island. The draft of the General Records of Taiwan recorded: ? Taiwanese people are more addicted to wine, worship God Yan guest, mostly with old wine. Brewed by the art, taste sweet and mellow, aged is especially good, so the day old wine. The red of old wine is used for marriage, taking its auspiciousness. In the countryside, there are groundnuts for wine, its flavor is lighter. Mountain cells are brewed with millet, family and friends get together, all drunk for joy. Foreign good wine, a wide range of sales. Tobacco and alcohol are monopolized by ***. The only common products available for sale were the clear liquors, red wines and beers produced by the monopoly bureau. In order to monopolize the operation of liquor, the Republic of China *** strictly forbade the mountain people to brew liquor privately, and in order to develop the resources of the mountains and forests, it repeatedly forced the aboriginal people of Taiwan to move out of the mountains, forcing them to integrate into the life of the modern society. This was undoubtedly decisive in its wine-chewing folklore? revolution?

IV. Conclusion

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Although the wine-chewing folklore has been obliterated in mainland China and Taiwan, the above analysis is enough to prove the survival wisdom of the ancestors and give profound enlightenment to future generations.