The Impact of Ancient Chinese Academies on Chinese Education

Shuyuan is a special form of educational organization in Chinese history, which began in the middle of the Tang Dynasty, initially, Shuyuan was used as an official academic institution, mainly to help the emperor to understand the history and canonical books, to recommend the wise and put forward some suggestions. By the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty really formed a system, and then until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, gradually developed into a private creation of the main, gathering book study, lecturing and teaching a unique form of educational organization. After more than 1,000 years of development, the academy of the rise and fall, sometimes flourish and sometimes decline, but it as a system, a cultural organization, in the process of long-term teaching practice on the inheritance and development of the traditional mode of education, for us today's higher education reform is still a certain reference significance.

I. Characteristics of Shuyuan Education in Ancient China

1. From the point of view of its nature, Shuyuan is a product of the combination of governmental and private schools, which inherits the fine traditions of the governmental and private schools, but is not exactly either one of them.

First of all, the academy is a kind of cultural and educational institution founded and presided over by Confucian scholars, therefore, the academy is open to the lower class, and its students and disciples are not restricted by status and geography, and it has a strong color of common people, whereas the official school, which takes the children of the governmental families as the object of education, is mainly oriented to the upper class. Therefore, from the founding of the academy, the enrollment of the object to seem, the two are fundamentally different. Secondly, the private school was founded by Confucius in the Spring and Autumn Period. Both it and the academy were founded by the private sector and were open to the lower class. But on the other hand, the private school is generally in a state of spontaneity, and has not formed a set of complete education system, while the academy is an organized, more structured education system.

Thus, the Shuyuan was not an official school but had some elements of it, and it was not a private school but borrowed some of its practices. The Shuyuan, through the abandonment of both, gradually formed a unique educational system that lasted throughout all periods and aspects of its existence and development.

2. From the viewpoint of the education system, the Shuyuan is a multi-level comprehensive education system that encompasses both basic education and higher education and makes a better articulation between the two.

The single level of education is an obvious flaw in the traditional Chinese education system, which is manifested in the serious disconnect between higher education and basic education. Successive dynasties have had very different attitudes toward the two, suppressing basic education in order to develop higher education, in which case basic education was mostly founded by private individuals on their own initiative, and its role and influence were extremely limited. However, basic education plays an important role in the cultural development of society as a whole and in the improvement of national quality. With the improvement of social civilization, the promotion of basic education has become an inevitable trend of historical development, and the academy has emerged precisely in response to this trend. It broke the disconnection between higher education and basic education, and formed a multi-level education system including both, thus further promoting the rational development of education, especially the importance of basic education, and breaking the traditional concept of education in the government has produced a wide and profound social significance.

3. From the point of view of the educational function, the academy will be closely linked to education and teaching and academic research, and the two complement each other. Teaching focuses on the development of students' personalities, and advocates teaching and learning

Shuyuan began as a collection of books, and later, due to the transformation of the official academic institutions to private academic institutions, the teaching function grew significantly. With the widespread dissemination of science, the academy became a specialized academic research center, and later dynasties have retained this tradition, centering on teaching and academic research.

The characteristics of teaching in the academy are mainly based on students' independent learning, supplemented by teachers' teaching, and master teachers based on their own experience of learning

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Summarizes many of the principles, procedures, and methods of reading to help students improve their learning. Students are required to keep a reading diary to record their own learning experiences, and to be good at questioning and encouraging arguments.

At the same time, the academy practiced free lecturing, free listening to lectures, and a combination of lectures and discussions. In the Ming Dynasty, a lecture system was formed. In the lecture emphasizes the equality of learning, thus improving the cultivation of learning, to achieve the purpose of mutual learning and improvement, this kind of interaction between teachers and students teaching method is very helpful for students to promote their personality and cultivation, on the other hand, the lecture system also provides an opportunity for academic exchanges, so that the academy to break down the gateway, the integration of the strengths of each family, so, Hu Shih believes that "China's academy of the degree of the degree of the academy, can be compared to the foreign university research institute. foreign universities and research institutes." [1]

4. From the management, the academy adopts a democratic management mode, revealing a "humane" spirit First of all, as the academy organization and manager of the mountain, usually also has a high level of academic and teaching experience of experts or lecturers, less management personnel from the teaching, greatly promoting exchanges between the academic. Firstly, as the manager of the academy organization, the head of the academy was usually an expert or a lecturer with high academic level and teaching experience. Secondly, from the beginning of the Song Dynasty, students practiced self-governance and participated in the management and teaching of the academy.

5. From the viewpoint of teacher-student relationship, the teachers and students of the academy got along well with each other and promoted each other

The harmonious teacher-student relationship was one of the important reasons for the outstanding achievements of the ancient academy education. The famous teachers of the academy were not only academically accomplished, preaching, teaching and solving problems for the students, but also able to set a good example for the students with their own practical actions. The fundamental reason why the academy can form such a harmonious teacher-student relationship is that most of the ancient academies adopted the way of eating and living together. In daily life, the teachers of the academy taught by example and cared for the students, and the relationship between teachers and students was deep and sincere. This good atmosphere is not only conducive to teaching activities, but also able to develop students' personalities. Zhu Xi attaches great importance to the cultivation of teacher-student relationship, he and the students get along well with each other, during his lifetime by the students' respect, after his death, the students are still on his long remembered, in order to inherit the teacher's career, his disciples build their own academy or teaching in the academy, widely recruited students, in order to succeed the gentleman. Second, the ancient academy of China's current higher education reform inspiration 1. to carry out the diversified main body of the school mode

The task of education is to improve the quality of the whole nation, and the realization of this goal depends only on the strength of the government is far from enough, it also needs the support of the community, enterprises, groups and individuals and other aspects. Private education is one of the indispensable components of a perfect education system, therefore, while vigorously developing public education, we should actively support the development of private education, prosperity of education and cultural undertakings, to inject new vitality into public education and improve the overall quality of education.

2. Integration of multi-level education system

For a long time, China's basic education focuses on the rate of advancement, while higher education is concerned with the selection of outstanding talents, thus disconnecting the entire education system. Ancient academy system of China's traditional education system of government and private schools, higher education and basic education to separate the pattern of change, gave the contemporary higher education a clear mirror. [2] From the perspective of the future development trend, the integration of multi-level education system, do a good job of basic education and higher education articulation and balanced development of the new era of education development needs, is a prerequisite for the development of contemporary higher education. First, the establishment of the two education systems unified personnel training goals, the second is the articulation of the two school philosophy concept of education, education, education, education in the first place, the third is the scientific arrangement of the content of education and teaching, higher education to reflect the development of modern education laws, focus on cultivating the learning ability of the students, pay attention to the individual choice of the students and the individuality of the manifestation of the student. 3. Clearly the relationship between teaching and research, so that the two promote each other *** with the development of

Higher education is the implementation of higher education organizations, teaching and research are the two basic functions of modern universities. But at present, Chinese colleges and universities generally exist "an indisputable fact: emphasis on scientific research and light teaching" [3] teaching has become an accessory to the activities of institutions of higher learning, teaching as a kind of hard to prove and measure the hidden things, often neglected, but teaching is always the main theme of the work of the school. As Newman said, "If the purpose of the university is scientific invention and philosophical discovery, then I do not see what it wants from its students." [4] Therefore, we should be inspired by the Shuyuan model and clarify the relationship between the two. (1) Teaching must be regarded as the central activity of universities, while research is given an important place. (2) Colleges and universities should put forward different requirements for teachers in teaching and scientific research according to their personalities, ages, and disciplines, without making a one-size-fits-all approach. (3) A scientific evaluation mechanism for teaching and scientific research should be established to influence the school running and teachers' behavior. 4. Implementation of student-oriented teaching

The teaching of the academy is based on students' individual reading and research, and teachers are responsible for explaining the difficulties and doubts of students in the teaching process

. In the rapid development of science and technology today, no one can no longer hope to form a treasure trove of original knowledge in their youth that is sufficient for a lifetime of enjoyment because the rapid development of society requires a constant updating of knowledge. [5] A creative teacher should be able to help the student to advance rapidly on the path of self-learning, to teach how to cope quickly with a large amount of information, and to act more as a guide and counselor than as a simple tool for the mechanical transmission of knowledge. [6] The cultivation of students' learning ability by the shugyo is consistent with the reform of the cultivation of students' own ability in our colleges and universities today, and deserves to be inherited and carried forward.

5. Carrying forward the spirit of freedom, democracy and openness

The lecture system of the academy implies a kind of "inclusive" educational thought. To maintain its vitality and vigor, higher education must be open to the outside world, including the society and the international community, as well as to the targets of education, so that more people can have the opportunity to receive higher education. The liberal and democratic atmosphere in the lecture system is also relevant to the teaching process of professors. 6. Efforts to establish a new type of teacher-student relationship

In recent years, the teacher-student relationship in colleges and universities has emerged as a phenomenon of concern, some students do not respect teachers enough, and some teachers lack of caring for their students, and even the emergence of the "you teach your books, I'm on my class" However, teachers in a college or university plays a key role, in the teaching and research level. However, teachers play a key role in a college or university, and are of great significance in improving the level of teaching and research as well as the education of students' ideology and moral character. Therefore, colleges and universities should strive to establish a new type of teacher-student relationship, specifically manifested in the following points: (1) teachers and students coordinated, group cooperation. (2) Teachers and students are equal and democratic, teaching and learning. (3) Respect for teachers and students, harmonious relationship. However, due to the problem of time, in the daily teaching of the curriculum, teachers and students have little opportunity to communicate with each other, not to mention an understanding of the characteristics of each student, the development of students' personality. Therefore, an effective way is to arrange more opportunities for teachers and students to **** with each other like the ancient academies, to cultivate the feelings between teachers and students.

7. Adopt a humanized management method

The current paternalistic management method in colleges and universities seriously suppresses students' initiative and creativity, which is not conducive to the development of students' personality. As a training ground for advanced talents, the management of colleges and universities should be based on student self-management, giving full play to the initiative of students, the implementation of democratic management, through the election of a small number of students recommended to participate in the day-to-day management of the school as a student representative. At the same time, teachers involved in school administration and management should not be detached from the actual teaching, more into the actual teaching sessions to understand the student's thinking, so as to make scientific decisions.