Substituting Pinyin for the Related Background of Chinese Characters

(1) Chinese Pinyin is People's Republic of China (PRC)'s romanization scheme of Chinese characters, which was studied and formulated by the Chinese Pinyin Scheme Committee of the former China Language Reform Commission (now the State Language Commission) during the period from 1955 to 1957. This pinyin scheme is mainly used to mark the pronunciation of Putonghua and Chinese as the phonetic symbol of Chinese characters. The National People's Congress1958 February 1 1 approved the announcement of the plan. 1982, which became the international standard ISO 7098 (Chinese Roman alphabet spelling). Some overseas Chinese areas, such as Singapore, use Chinese Pinyin in Chinese teaching. In September, 2008, Taiwan Province Province, China decided to change the Chinese Pinyin translation policy from "universal Pinyin" to "Chinese Pinyin", and all parts related to Chinese-English translation will require the use of Chinese Pinyin, which will be implemented from 2009. Chinese Pinyin is a tool to assist Chinese pronunciation.

(2) The invention of Chinese Pinyin is the result of extensive discussions among experts and the masses. It is not an invention of one person, but a collective wisdom. 1949 10 formulated the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, and as soon as the China Character Reform Association was established in Beijing, it immediately began to study the scheme of Chinese Pinyin. From this time to the official announcement of the plan in 1958, a series of discussions were held around the function of the plan, the principles of making the plan and some details. After repeated argumentation, the design scheme was easy, and the workers and relevant departments in China paid a lot of efforts and went through an extremely serious exploration process. First of all, the formulation of Chinese Pinyin scheme has gone through the discussion stage. 1. Discussion on stroke scheme of Chinese characters. At the end of 1949, activists who have long been committed to the reform of Chinese characters began to formulate a unified pinyin scheme. 1952 In February, after the establishment of the China Character Reform Research Committee, the work of making a pinyin scheme was formally put on the agenda. China Character Reform Research Association has set up a Pinyin Scheme Group with 12 members:, Ma Xulun, Wu, Hu Qiaomu, Luo Changpei,, Ding Xilin, Lu Zhiwei, Wei, Chen, and. At the inaugural meeting of China Language Reform Research Committee, Ma Xulun conveyed President Mao Zedong's instructions. Therefore, it was decided at the meeting to formulate a national phonetic alphabet program. However, there is no unified understanding of national forms. 1952 In March, the Pinyin Scheme Group held its first meeting to discuss what is the national form. After argumentation, most people think that the so-called national form mainly refers to how words accurately express their own language. The new scheme should be based on Chinese and take into account minority languages. For the letter form, most people tend to strive for beauty, easy to identify, easy to write from left to right, and not bound by Chinese characters. There are three opinions: li jinxi advocates a slight revision of phonetic symbols; Ding Xilin and Chen advocated the creation of new letters; Wu, Wei Tai, and others advocate breaking the boundaries, not limited to phonetic symbols, but using existing Chinese characters and some foreign letters. Since then, the Pinyin Scheme Group has held several meetings to discuss several principles of making Pinyin letters, such as whether to make some necessary changes to phonetic symbols under the principle of nationalization of Pinyin letters; Whether pinyin letters should be phonemed and how to realize this phoneme; Whether to mark, where to mark, etc. At the same time, the work of design scheme was started. 1952 In August, the China Language Reform Research Committee held its second plenary meeting. Ma Xulun conveyed Chairman Mao's new ideas about pinyin scheme. 10, the pinyin scheme group proposed a set of Chinese character stroke pinyin schemes, including 24 initials and 37 finals. At the beginning of 1953, Chairman Mao reviewed the Chinese Pinyin Scheme drawn up by the Pinyin Scheme Group. He thinks that although the pinyin method of this set of pinyin letters is simple, the strokes are still too complicated, and some of them are more difficult to write than phonetic alphabet letters. Pinyin characters do not need to be made into complex squares, which is inconvenient to write, especially links. It is precisely because the strokes of Chinese characters are chaotic that cursive script is produced. Cursive script is a broken cube. In any case, the pinyin characters should be simple, using the simple strokes and cursive strokes of the original Chinese characters, and the strokes should basically be in one direction (single side), not complicated, and the scheme should be consulted more, and it must be really simple and easy to implement. (1) According to Chairman Mao's instructions, the Pinyin Scheme Group held a meeting and decided to draw up the Pinyin Letter Scheme in groups, and draw up one or more drafts for screening before October 1st. At the meeting, members still had different views on the state form: one view was that anything that can spell out the characteristics of Chinese with a set of letters is a state form; Another view is that it should be based on the strokes of Chinese characters, and the letter form must be close to Chinese characters in order to be called a national form. The meeting also discussed whether the scheme needs phonemes or syllables. After two months' efforts, Wu, Ding Xilin and the Secretariat worked out pinyin schemes respectively. In June, the Pinyin Scheme Group held its eighth meeting, reviewed five schemes and decided to conduct an in-depth study on the basis of Wu's scheme. At the ninth meeting held in 10, the Pinyin Scheme Group basically agreed with the principle of the three-spelling system of Wu Scheme, and put forward some suggestions for revision. Wu will further revise the plan according to the discussion. At the same time, it was decided to draw up another double-spelling scheme, so as to compare it with the three-spelling scheme and make the final choice. 1in the first half of 954, the China Language Reform Research Committee sent Wu's revised plan to relevant departments for comments. 1July, 954 15, when the fourth plenary meeting of the China Character Reform Research Committee was held, the Pinyin Scheme Group put forward five draft national forms of Pinyin Scheme. Among them, four are double spelling and one is triple spelling for discussion at the meeting. At the meeting, it was decided that the members would study separately after the meeting and then hold a meeting to discuss it. But after the meeting, it is impossible to determine a satisfactory plan, because these "draft plans" all need 40-60 letters. It is very inconvenient to use in learning. The newly constructed Chinese character stroke letters are different from Chinese characters to some extent, which is not so easy for the masses to accept. With the help of cursive script, it is easy to write horizontally and vertically, but it is difficult to be concise and easy to recognize. In particular, the spelled characters can not keep the characteristics of square Chinese characters and lose the meaning of the so-called "national form". From the beginning of 1952 to the end of 1954, the China Character Reform Research Committee presided over the trial-production of the national form, that is, the Chinese character stroke pinyin writing scheme, but it has not achieved satisfactory results. In practice, people gradually feel that it is not ideal to express nationality with pinyin letters of Chinese characters, which is difficult to meet the needs of modern social development. 1954 After the establishment of the China Character Reform Committee in February 1955, the Pinyin Scheme Committee was established in February 1955, with Wu as the deputy director and members: Wei Wei, Ding Xilin, Luo Changpei, Lu Zhiwei, Wang Li, Ni Haishu, Ye Laishi and Zhou Youguang. 2. Discussion on various pinyin schemes put forward by the masses. While the China Character Reform Research Committee is committed to the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, many people who are enthusiastic about the character reform in the society are also concentrating on exploration and research, trying to work out a more perfect scheme of Chinese Pinyin through their own efforts. By 1955, China Character Reform Committee and its predecessor, China Character Reform Research Committee, had received 655 pinyin schemes submitted by 633 people from all walks of life. The China Character Reform Commission selected 264 schemes from 655 schemes, and compiled two volumes of "Compilation of Chinese Pinyin Character Schemes Sent by the People of China" as the formulation of Chinese Pinyin. Important reference materials for the scheme. Therefore, it can be said that it is not only a research team of a state organ that formulates the scheme of Chinese Pinyin, but also the vast number of Chinese character reform enthusiasts from all walks of life all over the country have participated in the formulation of the scheme. 1953 1 1 month's China Language published a report on the arrangement of pinyin schemes sent from various places, which was signed by the secretariat of China Language and Character Reform Research Committee. The report classifies the collected schemes into seven categories in alphabetical order: (1) From the perspective of Chinese characters, it can be divided into two categories: one is Chinese characters with radical strokes or few strokes, and the other is Chinese characters with basic strokes. (2) Use of foreign letters: Latin letters are mainly used, most of which are borrowed from Slavic letters, and some are mixed with Pinyin letters and Chinese strokes, and Latin letters are modified or Chinese characters or Pinyin letters are changed into Latin letters or Slavic letters. (3) Phonetic symbols: some are planting grass phonetic symbols. (4) Shorthand: Use shorthand symbols as letters. (5) Azimuth letters: The sound value is determined by the position of the letters. For example, AA A can be ㄣㄢ.(6) Numbers: Arabic numerals are used instead of letters, such as "People's Republic of China (PRC)" writing "429-321607-317129-324-/kloc-0". (7) Patterning: Letters are composed of several basic lines. From the perspective of syllable structure, it can be divided into four ways: (1) phoneme: that is, taking phoneme as the unit. (2) semitone: imitating phonetic symbols (trisyllabic system). (3) Double spelling: this category is divided into two types, one is the sound media; One is the combination of vowels. (4) Syllabic letters: one letter represents one syllable. These schemes consider problems from different angles, and each has its own unique views. We can say that we have touched every corner on the question of what the Chinese phonetic alphabet should look like. In fact, we have carried out comprehensive exploration and experiments, and conducted the most extensive comparison and screening. While discussing the national form, the Pinyin Scheme Group of China Character Reform Research Committee is also arguing in the society about what letter form the Chinese Pinyin Scheme should adopt, "internationalization" or "national form". Many workers directly engaged in text reform also joined the discussion. Some people think that the national form is a phonetic symbol related to Chinese characters, which is created according to the Chinese character form. At the same time, it is also pointed out that people are more likely to accept this form of letters emotionally, so it is expected to spread rapidly among the masses. However, most people advocate using Latin alphabet as Chinese phonetic alphabet. They believe that the national form is mainly manifested in language, and the written form is another matter. Reform writing is not reform language. If the new writing symbol system can better serve Chinese, it will only consolidate the national form without destroying it. In this regard, Zhou Youguang wrote an article entitled "What is a national form". He believes that the broad form of national characters includes two aspects: symbolic form and language form. Language form is the main feature of a nation. Change is not easy, change is gradual step by step. Symbols have different forms, which are easy to change, and sometimes they can be completely changed in a short time. The formation of national forms often takes a period of habit formation. The so-called established practice is the formation of habits. After training, Hu Qin can be transformed into national music, Qipao can be transformed into Hanfu and foreign letters can be transformed into national letters. After the formation of the national form, it entered a fixed period. At this time, people regard national forms as "unchangeable" things. But after a period of time or a long time, the old form became outdated, and the new form was cultivated and matured, so the national form changed. Zhou Youguang believes that there is no permanent state form. He pointed out that important figures in history have been widely or narrowly circulated internationally. International circulation makes the written symbols originally dedicated to one nation become the common written symbols of several nationalities, thus resulting in the international form of written symbols. The national and international forms of characters (symbols) coexist and transform each other. After international circulation, national characters (symbols) become international characters (symbols), and international characters (symbols) adapt to the characteristics of national languages and become national characters (symbols). With a few exceptions, the national characters of modern countries are all international characters adapted to the characteristics of their own languages. Among several international alphabets, Latin alphabet is the most common. The value of pinyin letters lies not in rarity, but in practicality; It is not that it has a unique traditional form, but that it has the same form to promote cultural exchanges. The form of Chinese characters is not suitable for the requirements of modern letters, and arbitrary creation cannot be regarded as a traditional form. Today, the most common Latin alphabet in the world is the international collective creation gradually perfected by dozens of nationalities in the practice of the past 3,000 years. We might as well adopt it instead of starting a new stove. At that time, some people advocated designing a pictophonetic character with ideographic characters and pinyin to imitate the structural pattern of pictophonetic characters in Chinese characters. This issue is also discussed. Most people who participated in the discussion thought that ideographs (hieroglyphics) were unable to classify and mark all the complicated things in the world, especially the characters often broke through the norms of ideographs in practical application, and it was difficult to achieve the expected results. A large number of pinyin schemes from the people and the discussion on pinyin characters in the society have played a positive role in promoting the development of Chinese pinyin schemes. 3. The National Language Reform Conference discussed various pinyin schemes put forward by the Cultural Reform Commission. At the National Conference on Chinese Character Reform held in 1955 10, Ye Laishi, Secretary-General of China Cultural Reform Commission, reported on the work of developing Chinese Pinyin schemes in recent years, and put forward the first drafts of six Chinese Pinyin schemes for soliciting the opinions of the delegates. At this time, the proposed scheme is not only a Chinese character stroke scheme, but also a Slavic alphabet scheme and a Latin alphabet scheme. At that time, the Latin alphabet scheme submitted to the meeting for discussion was called the first draft of Chinese Pinyin Scheme (Latin alphabet), and all the pinyin schemes formulated before that were developed into pinyin schemes. The "first draft" includes: (1) letters; (2) tone;

(3) Pinyin is generally invented to better learn Chinese and unify pronunciation standards.

China has a vast territory, a large population, different customs and diverse languages. In order to facilitate communication and learn Chinese in a unified way, considering that there may be many versions of Chinese, Pinyin was invented to standardize learning. Only in this way can we really eliminate the obstacles of communication.

The invention of pinyin is mainly to solve the problem that there is no standard pronunciation in the literacy part of enlightenment education, and the education process must be passed on from mouth to mouth.

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