What are the basic knowledge of finance?

What are financial derivatives? What kinds does it include?

Derivative products are free Chinese translations of English. Its original meaning is derivative, derivative. Financial derivatives usually refer to financial instruments derived from basic assets. Because many financial derivatives transactions have no corresponding subjects on the balance sheet, they are also called "off-balance sheet transactions". The same characteristic of financial derivatives is margin trading, that is, as long as a certain proportion of margin is paid, the full amount can be traded without actually transferring the principal, and the settlement of contracts generally adopts the way of cash spread settlement. Only contracts performed by physical delivery on the due date require the buyer to pay all the loans. Therefore, financial derivatives trading has leverage effect. The lower the margin, the greater the leverage effect and the greater the risk. There are many kinds of financial derivatives in the world. Active financial innovation activities constantly introduce new derivatives. Financial derivatives mainly have the following classification methods

(1) According to the product form. It can be divided into four categories: forward, futures, options and swaps.

Forward contracts and futures contracts are both forms of transactions in which both parties agree to buy and sell a certain amount and quality of assets at a certain price at a certain time in the future. Futures contracts are standardized contracts formulated by futures exchanges, which stipulate the expiration date of contracts and the types, quantity and quality of assets to be bought and sold. Forward contracts are contracts signed by buyers and sellers according to their special needs. Therefore, the liquidity of futures trading is high and the liquidity of forward trading is low.

A swap contract is a contract signed by two parties to an internal transaction to exchange certain assets with each other in a certain period of time in the future. He said, more accurately, the swap contract is a contract signed by both parties to exchange cash flows that they think are of equal economic value in a certain period in the future. Interest rate swap contracts and currency swap contracts are more common. If the swap currency specified in the swap contract is the same currency, it is an interest rate swap; If it is a foreign currency, it is a currency swap.

Option trading is the trading of buying and selling rights. Option contracts stipulate the right to buy and sell a certain kind, quantity and quality of primary assets at a certain time and at a certain price. Option contracts include standardized contracts listed on exchanges and non-standardized contracts traded over the counter.

(2) According to the primary assets, it can be roughly divided into four categories, namely, stocks, interest rates, exchange rates and commodities. If subdivided, the stock category includes the stock index formed by specific stocks and stock combinations; Interest rates can be divided into short-term interest rates represented by short-term deposit rates and long-term interest rates represented by long-term bond rates; Currency category includes the ratio between different currencies: commodity category includes all kinds of physical commodities. See table 3- 1 for details.

Table 3- 1 Classification of Financial Derivatives Based on Original Assets

Object | Main assets | Financial derivatives

Interest rate | short-term deposits | interest rate futures, interest rate forwards, interest rate options, interest rate swap contracts, etc.

| Long-term bonds | bond futures, bond option contracts, etc.

Stock | stock futures, stock option contracts, etc.

| stock index | stock index futures, stock index option contracts, etc.

Currency | all kinds of cash | currency forward, currency period, currency options, currency swap contracts, etc.

Commodities | All kinds of physical commodities | Commodity forward, commodity futures, commodity options, commodity swap contracts, etc.

(3) According to the transaction method, it can be divided into on-site transaction and off-site transaction.

On-site trading, also known as exchange trading, refers to the trading mode in which all supply and demand sides concentrate on the exchange for bidding trading. The characteristic of this trading method is that the exchange collects the deposit from the trading participants, and is also responsible for liquidation and performance guarantee. In addition, due to the different needs of each investor, the exchange designs standardized financial contracts in advance, and investors choose the contracts and quantities closest to their own needs for trading. All traders are concentrated in one place, which increases the density of transactions and generally forms a highly liquid market. Futures trading and some standardized option contract trading all belong to this trading mode.

OTC, also known as OTC, refers to the way in which both parties directly become counterparties. There are many forms of this transaction, and products with different contents can be designed according to the different needs of each user. At the same time, in order to meet the specific requirements of customers, financial institutions selling derivatives need to have superb financial technology and risk management capabilities. Over-the-counter transactions constantly produce financial innovations. However, because the liquidation of each transaction is carried out by both parties, the participants in the transaction are limited to customers with high credit. Swaps and forwards are representative derivatives of OTC transactions.

According to statistics, among the positions of financial derivatives, according to the transaction form, the positions of forward transactions are the largest, accounting for 42% of the total positions, followed by swaps (27%), futures (18%) and options (13%). In terms of trading objects, interest-related financial derivatives represented by interest rate swaps and interest rate forward transactions have the largest market share, accounting for 62%, followed by currency derivatives (37%) and stock and commodity derivatives (1%). During the six years from 1989 to 1995, the scale of financial derivatives increased by 5. There is little gap between various trading forms and various trading objects, and the whole is expanding at a high speed.