On the systematic categorization of philosophy?

The question of how to categorize the content of philosophy has been the subject of many different opinions since ancient times.

1, Aristotle's (Proleptic School) classification. At that time, philosophy included all disciplines and was divided into three categories:

1, theoretical disciplines: mathematics, physics, metaphysics;

2, practical disciplines: political science, ethics;

3, creative disciplines: poetics, rhetoric;

4, attached, instrumental disciplines: logic.

2, the classification of the Stoics in late ancient Greece.

I, logic;

II, physics;

III, ethics.

All three of these parts were wider in scope than the present terms refer to. He likened the whole of philosophy to a field; logic is the enclosure of this field; physics, or natural philosophy, is the soil of the field; ethics is the fruit that grows in the field. This trichotomy comes from the philosophical schools before Aristotle, especially Plato's philosophy: the earliest Ionic school in ancient Greece had already founded natural philosophy, equivalent to what the Stoics called physics; Socrates founded moral philosophy, or ethics; Plato absorbed the ideas of his predecessors and added the philosophy of discursive or logical philosophy, or what ancient philosophers called dialectic, which is equivalent to what the Stoics called logic. Plato absorbed the ideas of his predecessors and added a discursive or logical philosophy, what the ancient philosophers called dialectics, equivalent to what the Stoics called logic. Although Plato did not understandably divide philosophy into the above three categories, his ideas and writings, however, are destined to be clearly divisible according to this trichotomy.

3, the classification of the medieval theologian Thomas Aquinas. Just according to Aristotle's one of the three categories of theoretical disciplines divides philosophy into three parts: physics, mathematics and theology (metaphysics).

4, Dikar, the founder of modern Western philosophy, divided philosophy into three categories, more inherited from the Stoics.

One, metaphysics, which he likened to the roots of a large tree;

two, physics, which is the trunk of the tree;

three, the specific disciplines, including ethics, which are the branches.

5, the classification of the modern German philosopher Wolff, whose taxonomy has had a great influence in later times.

I, theoretical philosophy (metaphysics): ontology, cosmology, psychology, theology.

Two, practical philosophy: ethics, politics, economics

(Introduction: Logic)

6, Hegel's categorization of philosophical systems basically inherited the Stoic trichotomy.

One, logic, not formal logic, but logic merged with metaphysics;

two, natural philosophy;

three, spiritual philosophy.

7, Croce's classification by the Italian neo-Hegelian philosopher:

I, theoretical philosophy: aesthetics, logic;

II, practical philosophy: economics, ethics.

8, the classification generally popular in the history of Western philosophy:

Part I, ontology (including or excluding cosmology), the question of the nature of existence

from the nature of ontology: idealism, materialism, neutralism, unitarianism, etc.

from the number of ontologies: monism, dualism, pluralism;

from the question of the origin and generation of the universe: mechanistic, mechanistic, and pluralist;

from the question of the origin and generation of the universe: mechanistic, mechanistic, and pluralistic;

from the question of the origin and generation of the universe: mechanistic, mechanistic, and pluralistic. origin, the question of generation: mechanistic or deterministic, teleological.

The second part, epistemology, the study of the sources of human knowledge, the scope of its capabilities, its limits, and its criteria of truth and falsity.

From the cognitive capacity: solipsism, skepticism, empiricism; or: gnosticism, agnosticism;

From the source of knowledge: rationalism, empiricism, criticalism;

From the criterion of the authenticity of the knowledge: reflectivism, coherence, pragmatism, and so on.

The third part, the theory of value.

Including ethics, aesthetics.

References:

Framework of the High School Philosophy System

Materialism, Epistemology. Dialectics, Values, Historical Materialism

Inquiring into the nature of the world and grasping the wonders of thinking belongs to materialism, the concept of connection in material dialectics and the concept of development in material dialectics Substance and core of material dialectics Consciousness of innovation and social progress belongs to dialectics, and the journey of searching for truth belongs to epistemology.

Marxist-Leninist philosophy Materialistic dialectics Dialectical materialism Epistemology Historical materialism

Creative thinking, the role of reasonable imagination in understanding Principle content: Reasonable scientific imagination, based on the known facts, according to the known laws, and give full play to the potential of human thinking, is extremely beneficial to people's understanding of the world and transformation of the world. Creative thinking requires people to be guided by scientific theories, to face the reality, and to dare to raise new questions and solve new problems. (Philosophical basis for innovation: materialism (adhere to the respect for the objective laws and play the unity of subjective initiative, adhere to the unity of seeking truth from facts and emancipation of the mind) dialectics (things are constantly evolving, the essence of development is the emergence of new things and the demise of old things. Only innovation can realize the development of things. To adhere to innovation, break the rigidity of thought, conformity and the old concept of the status quo> epistemology (the whole world in space and time are infinite, therefore, people should be in practice on the basis of deepening understanding, expanding understanding, knowledge forward>) methodology: we are required to overcome the old thought of sticking to the book, conformity, and set up a sense of innovation and creative thinking must be based on the dialectical materialist thinking method as a starting point to think about the problem. The method of thought as a starting point to think about the problem.

The principle of the dialectical relationship between practice and understanding Principle content: practice determines understanding, practice is the source of understanding, the fundamental driving force for development, the test (cause practice is a bridge between the subjective and the objective), the ultimate goal; understanding of practice has a counter effect, the correct understanding of the promotion of the development of practice, the wrong understanding of the impediment to the development of practice. Methodology: adhere to the viewpoint of practice first; adhere to practice is the only standard for testing truth; adhere to the unity of theory and practice; adhere to scientific theory as a guide. Against: against subjectivism detached from reality; against blind practice and empty theory. Apply: practice produces true knowledge; there is no revolutionary theory without revolutionary practice (Engels) Hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory.

[Principles of Outlook on Life and Values] Principle of Historical Materialism

Principle of the Dialectical Relationship between Social Existence and Social Consciousness Principle content: social existence determines social consciousness, and social consciousness is a reflection of social existence; social consciousness has a dynamic and counterproductive effect on social existence, and correct social consciousness promotes the development of social existence, and conversely hinders it. Methodology: Adhere to the scientific concept of development that keeps pace with the times, strengthen the Party's leadership of social ideology, and insist on arming people with scientific theories. Opposition: Oppose the idealistic view of history and the use of erroneous ideas as a guide. Apply: emphasize the construction of social culture, strengthen the construction of civic morality, strengthen the construction of integrity under the market economic system; adjust the macro policy at the right time.

The Principle of the Guiding Role of Values Principle Content: Different values have different guiding roles for individuals and society. Second, different values, people in the understanding of the world and the transformation of the world activities in different directions. Thirdly, values play an equally important role in guiding life choices and life paths. We must establish and adhere to correct values and play the guiding role of correct values. All values that conform to the laws of the development of things and to the fundamental interests of mankind are correct. In our country, adhering to the highest standard of conforming to the regularity of the development of things and the fundamental interests of mankind is completely consistent with adhering to the Party's basic line and the specific standards of the "Three Represents" and the "Three Beneficials". Methodology: We are required to establish and adhere to scientific values and give full play to the guiding role of correct values. Against: the wrong idea of neglecting the cultivation of values.