Briefly describe the characteristics of the development of gardens in different periods of Chinese history

According to the relevant canonical records, China's gardening should begin in the Shang Zhou, which is called 囿. King Zhou of the Shang Dynasty "good wine and lechery, more dogs and horses and strange things, fill up the palace, more wide sand dunes court platform (Note: Xingtai, Hebei, Guangzong area), more beasts (flying) birds in which to take ......". King Wen of the Zhou Dynasty built the Spirit Catch, "seventy miles square, in which the grass and trees flourish, and the birds and beasts multiply.

The first "囿" is to put the natural beauty of the place in a circle, free animals and birds, for the emperor to hunt, so also known as the tour 囿. The son of heaven, the vassals have 囿, only the scope and specifications of the hierarchy of the difference, "the son of heaven 100 miles, the vassals 40". The Han dynasty is called the court.

The Han dynasty in the Qin dynasty on the basis of the early 囿, the development of garden-based imperial court palace, in addition to the layout of the garden for the emperor to play outside, but also held a congratulations, dealing with government.

The famous gardens that emerged during this period were the "Weiyang Palace" of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, the "Sixian Garden" of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, the "Shanglin Garden" of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, and the "East Garden" of King Liang Xiaowang. The "East Garden" (also known as Liang Yuan, Cu Yuan, Su Yuan) of Emperor Xuan Di, and the "Le You Yuan" of Emperor Xuan Di.

The Ming and Qing dynasties were the peak period for the creation of Chinese classical gardens. The creation of royal gardens was most active during the Kangxi and Qianlong periods of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, social stability, economic prosperity to build large-scale natural garden provides favorable conditions, "Yuanmingyuan", "Summer Resort", "Changchunyuan" and so on. "Canglang Pavilion", "Huoyuan", "Humble Administrator's Garden", "Send Changyuan" and other gardens are the masterpieces of the time.

At the same time in the late Ming Dynasty also produced a garden art creation theory books "garden metallurgy". They in the creation of ideas, still inherited the creative source of the Tang and Song dynasties, from the aesthetic to the creation of the garden mood are "small in the big", "Sumi Arabianopsis", "pot in the world" and so on as a creative technique. etc. for the creation of techniques.

Natural view, writing, poetry and painting became the dominant creative position, the architecture of the garden plays the most important role, become the main means of landscape.

The garden from the tour to live in the gradual development. Large gardens not only imitate the natural landscape, but also set of imitation of local attractions in a garden, the formation of a garden in a garden, a large set of small garden style.

Expanded:

Chinese and foreign gardens in the art of the style of the existence of the basic differences, that is, the Chinese Ancient gardens focus on reflecting the concept of "unity of man and nature", while Western gardens focus on the expression of man-made power. Western classical gardens represented by the French garden of regularity, advocating openness, popular neat, symmetrical geometric pattern, through the artificial beauty to express the human control of nature and transformation, showing the power of mankind.

It is generally a geometric pattern with a central axis: carpeted flower beds and grasslands, straight forest paths, neat pools, ornate fountains and statues, rows of trees (or trimmed into a certain shape of hedges), magnificent buildings and so on.

Through these layouts reflected the feudal ruling consciousness at the time, to meet the needs of its pursuit of ostentation or the holding of grand banquets and balls. Its most representative is the Palace of Versailles in Paris.

Classical Chinese gardens are typical of landscape gardens, people in a certain space, after careful design, the use of a variety of gardening techniques will be mountains, water, plants, buildings, etc. to be configured and assembled into an organic whole derived from nature and higher than the natural world, the beauty of the artificial and the natural beauty of the combination of ingenuity, so as to achieve although made by man, as if the sky is the limit.

This kind of gardening art of "learning from nature" embodies the naturalization of man and the humanization of nature, which makes Chinese gardens belong to the natural landscape type of writing.

Baidu Encyclopedia--Chinese Gardens