The Development Course of National Industry in China

The development course of national industry;

1, Time: 19 In the 1960s and 1970s, with the entry of foreign capital and the development of the Westernization Movement, some ethnic industries in China were established in coastal cities and trading ports along the Yangtze River. After the founding of New China, the development of China's famous national industries gradually came to an end, and many national industries were changed to public ownership.

2. The first development peak: after 1895. Due to the influence of treaty of shimonoseki, foreign capital poured in. In order to solve the financial difficulties, the Qing government gradually abandoned the policy of "restraining business" and encouraged the establishment of factories, and the national capital expanded rapidly (although the scale was still small)

3. "Golden Age" and "Short Spring":191After the Revolution of 1911, the government of the Republic of China made a lot of efforts to set up industries in the first few years, and the vast number of businessmen and patriotic overseas Chinese actively invested under the inspiration of the revolution. In addition, with the outbreak of World War I, foreign enterprises relaxed their repression and crowding out of China's national industries, and the demand for many export commodities increased greatly during the war. Internal and external factors promote the rapid development of national industry.

4. Reasons for the initial development of national industries:

(1) The Westernization Movement developed national industry because the country was backward and beaten, and the development of national industry and commerce was always carried out under the national theme of saving the nation from extinction.

(2) The failure of the Sino-Japanese War marked the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement and exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government. In order to expand financial resources, pay huge compensation and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government was forced to relax the restrictions on private factories. Therefore, there is an upsurge of setting up industries in China.

5. Influencing factors:

(1) 1937 All-round Anti-Japanese War broke out. The great destruction of the war swept away the national industries that had no time to move inward urgently, and many enterprises were occupied by the Japanese and Puppet. In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, due to the wartime system, economic control was strengthened, and some bureaucrats took the opportunity to extort money, making it difficult for national industries to have a good development environment.

(2) After World War I, the capitals of various countries made a comeback, and many national enterprises were under great pressure and even went bankrupt. Some wartime export hotspots disappeared and national industries fell into depression.

6. Achievements of transformation: After the founding of New China, most of the modern industries born in counties in the border areas of Jiangxi, Fujian and Guangdong have been transformed into state-owned enterprises through the confiscation of bureaucratic capital by the people's government and the transformation of capitalist industry and commerce 19.

Since the end of the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, the modern industry born in the border region has rapidly realized the ownership transformation, and has become the economic entity owned by the people's government and the main body of the public ownership economy in New China. These industrial economies with higher public ownership weakened their due influence on rural economic development under the later urban-rural division and planned economic system.

Extended data:

1, Westernization Movement and Government-run Modern Industry

On the background of westernization movement. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement swept across the south of the Yangtze River, and the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing and Tianjin. Some people of insight in the ruling group realized the importance of learning advanced western technology under the stimulation of internal and external troubles.

2. The rise of modern national industry.

From 65438 to 1960s and 1970s, under the stimulation of foreign-funded enterprises and the influence of Westernization School, the first batch of modern industries with private investment appeared in China. Famous enterprises include: Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory, Guangdong Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, Tianjin Yilaimou Machine Factory, etc.

With the appearance of modern national industry, China's national capitalism and national bourgeoisie were born, and at the same time, the proletarian ranks in China gradually developed. New economic factors and new class forces are playing an increasingly important role in disintegrating feudal relations of production and political system. 19 After the 1960s, early bourgeois reform ideas appeared among some intellectuals.

3. The preliminary development of modern national industry.

From the Sino-Japanese War to the outbreak of the First World War, the development of national industry reached its first climax. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the imperialist powers strengthened their capital export to China, which further destroyed the natural economy of China and created some objective conditions for the development of national industries. In order to expand the tax source and solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories. People of insight, represented by Zhang Jian, called for "setting up factories to save themselves" and "saving the country through industry".

Starting from 190 1, the Qing Dynasty carried out the "New Deal" and established the Ministry of Commerce to reward industry and commerce; In order to resist the imperialists' plundering of the rights and interests of railways and mines, the people of China launched a movement to recover their rights and interests, which triggered another climax of revitalizing industry in the early 20th century.

With the initial development of modern national industry, the national bourgeoisie, as a new political force, began to step onto the historical stage, and successively carried out the Reform Movement and the Revolution of 1911.

4. Further development of modern national industries.

From 19 12 to 1922, especially during the first world war, the development of China's national industry appeared a "golden age" and a "short spring".

The reasons for the further development of modern national industries are as follows: the Revolution of 1911 overthrew the autocratic rule of feudal monarchy and cleared some obstacles for the development of national industries; The establishment of the Republic of China improved the political status of the national bourgeoisie and stimulated their enthusiasm for investing in modern industry.

Nanjing Provisional Government and Beiyang Warlord Government promulgated a series of decrees to encourage industrial development, which created some favorable conditions for the development of national industries. The emergence of industrial groups represented by the Industrial Construction Association of the Republic of China.

The mass anti-imperialist patriotic struggle has effectively promoted the development of national capitalism; The government advocates the use of domestic products; During World War I, European imperialist countries temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China, which objectively provided favorable external conditions.

The further development of modern national industry. Light industries such as textiles, flour and cigarettes have developed rapidly, and heavy industries represented by chemicals have also developed to some extent.

5. The remarkable development of modern national industry.

From 1927 to 1936, Nanjing National Government witnessed the short-term development of modern national industries. The reason is that the national bourgeoisie centered on Shanghai actively set up industries; China people's anti-imperialist patriotic movement is growing. The actions of the broad masses to resist foreign goods and advocate domestic products provide opportunities for the development of national industries.

In order to consolidate its rule, the national government took measures such as nationalization of railways, unified finance and tax system reform, and launched the "national economic construction movement" and the tariff independence movement, which was conducive to the development of national industries; 1935 The "currency reform" implemented by the National Government played a certain role in stimulating the recovery of production. However, the bureaucratic capital has been usurped by the state power, and the national industry and commerce have been devastated and oppressed by the bureaucratic capital more and more seriously.

6. Modern national industries are in trouble.

From the end of 1930s to the end of 1940s, modern national industries were in trouble and shrinking day by day. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the Japanese army's unprecedented brutal plunder and destruction caused a devastating blow to the national industry in the occupied areas. The massive inward migration of ethnic industries has also promoted the development of ethnic industries in southwest and northwest China and changed the spatial layout of ethnic industries.

At the same time, however, the policy of "controlling economy" implemented by the national government led to the rapid expansion of bureaucratic capital, which was hit by capital infiltration and exclusion, and the national industry and commerce suffered huge losses. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the Kuomintang took over the occupied areas, and "party officials" embezzled national enterprises in the name of confiscating "enemy and puppet assets"; The Kuomintang launched a civil war against the people, which greatly undermined economic development; The hyperinflation policy of the national government has dealt a fatal blow to the national industry.

There are many local taxes and levies, which bring a heavy burden to the industrialists and businessmen; Bureaucratic capital relies on state power to oppress national industries; The economic aggression of the United States against China is one of the important reasons leading to the predicament of national industry.

References:

National Industry _ Baidu Encyclopedia