Psychological analysis of traffic unsafe factors and its countermeasures

Road Traffic Safety Risk Analysis Under the coordination of the World Health Organization and the World Bank, more than 65,438+00 experts (transportation, engineering, health, public security, education and non-governmental organizations) from all continents and departments in the world made joint efforts to form the World Report on the Prevention of Road Traffic Casualties. The report contains the latest research results of countries around the world in recent years. All countries in the world attach importance to the study of risk factors and formulate corresponding intervention measures accordingly. In the road traffic system, risk consists of four factors: ① exposure opportunities; (2) Potential probability of collision under specific exposure conditions; ③ Probability of damage after collision; ④ Damage results. This analysis is based on the famous "Hatton matrix model". In view of the above factors, the following methods can be adopted to prevent or reduce the severity and consequences of accidents and injuries: ① reduce the chance of exposure to dangerous factors; (2) prevent accidents; ③ Reduce the severity of accidents and injuries; (4) By improving the post-collision treatment, the consequences of accidental injuries can be reduced. Dutch scholars believe that traffic safety should be divided into traffic safety in developed countries and traffic safety in developing countries. Because the level of people, vehicles, roads and environment in traffic safety factors is related to the economic development of the country. When the number of cars in developing countries is gradually increasing and the relationship between people and cars is closer, the danger faced by the elderly and children is also increasing. In developed countries, drunk driving and illegal speeding are the main causes of accidents. The traffic safety countermeasures adopted by most countries are: ① speed limit; ② Improve the road traffic environment; ③ Protect the traffic vulnerable groups, especially the elderly and children; ④ It is forbidden to drink and drive. They also suggested that the government should fund a nationwide traffic safety survey, and universities should set up traffic safety institutions in automobile insurance companies, universities and automobile transportation industries to study traffic safety issues. Domestic scholars mostly analyze the causes of traffic accidents from three aspects: unsafe behavior of people (drivers and non-motor vehicle drivers, pedestrians and passengers), unsafe state of things (road factors and vehicle factors) and basic reasons (personal factors and environmental factors), so as to reduce road traffic safety risks from people, vehicles, roads, environment and management. In addition, many scholars in China believe that the basic measures to prevent and control road traffic accidents are "4E" measures, namely education, law enforcement, engineering, emergency care and first aid. The road traffic system is extremely complicated. It has become a consensus that comprehensive measures must be taken to reduce the harm of road traffic system and prevent accidents. In fact, the process of reducing the death rate of road traffic accidents is a process of simultaneous and coordinated development of people, vehicles, roads and environment, a process of improving the quality of the whole people, and a process of bringing highway management and automobile transportation management into the track of rule of law. Countermeasures for traffic unsafe factors 1. The preventive measures of road traffic loss include the management of drivers' three lines of defense, the application of vehicle active safety technology, the guarantee of mechanical reliability, the rationalization of road planning and the remediation of black spots. (1) Three lines of defense ensure that the factors affecting motor vehicle drivers' accidents are physical quality (physiological and psychological factors), driving ability (driving skills and driving behavior) and complex traffic environment. Therefore, from these three factors, the management of motor vehicle drivers is studied to form three lines of defense for traffic safety: driving suitability testing, safe driving ability training and comprehensive management of traffic environment. The theory of "three lines of defense" is based on a profound analysis of the causes of road traffic, focusing on motor vehicle drivers, ensuring that drivers have basic physical conditions, cultivating qualified driving ability and creating a safe external traffic environment through various technical means. The epidemiological study of the first line of defense found that a large number of road traffic accidents were caused by a few accident-prone drivers. Lack of good psychological quality is difficult to meet the needs of driving work in many cases, and the consequences will inevitably lead to frequent violations. In terms of psychological quality, it puts forward corresponding requirements for drivers' perception, attention, mood, personality and temperament. So as to eliminate accident-prone personnel in advance and achieve the purpose of pure source safety. Driving suitability test is to test some psychological and physical qualities of the subjects through a series of instruments and questionnaires, and then evaluate their overall ability to drive motor vehicles and eliminate unqualified ones. According to "Motor Vehicle Driver's Physical Condition and Its Assessment Requirements" (GBl8463-200 1), speed estimation, complex reaction, control function, night vision, deep vision and dynamic vision are taken as the standards to reflect driving suitability. ② People whose second line of defense meets the driving suitability standard have the most basic physical and psychological quality conditions for safe driving. To achieve the goal of safe driving, you must also have qualified driving skills and safe driving behavior. This line of defense is set for these two key points. The level of motor vehicle driver training institutions is uneven, and motor vehicle driver training has long been in the mechanism of integration of training and examination. Although there are reforms at present, it is still in the transitional period of socialized training. In the study review, the relevant laws, regulations and rules were not strictly enforced, which led to a small number of people with physical and mental defects driving. Studies have shown that drivers who are prone to accidents account for about 5%-8% in China, which shows the seriousness of traffic safety hazards. Therefore, it is particularly important to determine the strict qualification conditions of training institutions and implement safeguard measures. (3) The third line of defense The situation of mixed traffic in China is grim. Mixed traffic brings chaos to traffic order, and the speed difference between various means of transportation is large, which is easy to cause conflicts and also leads to heavy traffic safety management tasks. Therefore, the goal of the third line of defense for traffic safety subject protection is to keep the road smooth and shape the traffic environment for safe driving by limiting drivers' unsafe driving behavior. To create a safe driving traffic environment, four technical measures can be taken: first, the technical means of monitoring and recording driving behavior-vehicle driving recorder, driving behavior video recording system, motor vehicle illegal behavior automatic recording system, driver illegal scoring management system; The second is the technical means of traffic order management-traffic signal control system, traffic video monitoring system and traffic information release system; The third is the technical means of rapid response to traffic incidents-the "four-in-one" comprehensive response and disposal police linkage system of public security and health, the on-site investigation and command system of traffic incidents, and the vehicle monitoring and recording system of expressway; Fourthly, the comprehensive technical means of traffic management informatization-public security traffic command center. (2) Vehicle active safety technology Vehicle active safety technology refers to the technology of adopting advanced technology and equipment, rationally arranging internal and external structures and actively preventing, avoiding or reducing accidents in the process of automobile design and manufacturing. According to the accident analysis, the application of ABS can reduce traffic accidents by 7. 1%. 1995, China has incorporated 66 standards related to automobile safety, environmental protection and energy conservation into the compulsory automobile standard system, including 37 active safety standards, 4 passive safety standards, 4 fire standards and 13 environmental protection and energy conservation standards. At present, the main safety technologies are: preventive safety technology, accident avoidance technology, fully automatic driving technology, collision safety technology, disaster prevention technology and vehicle basic technology. The development system includes: collision detection and protection system, distance keeping system, accident avoidance system when driving route changes, lane keeping system and adjustment system, ultrasonic parking device, warning system of driving blind area, night vision system, etc. The popularization and use of active safety technology has greatly protected the driver's seat belt. The relevant state departments should refer to the corresponding safety standards and technical regulations in Europe, America or Japan and revise the automobile safety technical regulations according to the actual situation. (3) Mechanical reliability guarantee: In 2004 and 2005, there were more than 0/02 fatalities/kloc, including 68 buses, accounting for 66.7% of the total. Among them, 9 accidents were caused by mechanical failures such as brake failure, accounting for 13+08. In 2006, traffic accident deaths caused by mechanical failure accounted for 8.99% of the total number. Vehicle performance is an important factor affecting road traffic safety. Poor vehicle safety technology will cause bicycle accidents. Such as brake failure, poor braking, mechanical failure, lighting failure, and vehicle loading is too high, too wide, overloaded, and goods are not firmly tied. In addition, when the vehicle is driving, it will suddenly get tired over a certain distance, leading to traffic accidents. Among them, the puncture is the most serious, and the traffic accidents caused by sudden puncture of vehicles during driving account for about 30%-40% of the total traffic accidents. In practical application, automobile reliability guarantee is divided into three levels: design, manufacture, management and use. The design and manufacturing work is operated by scientific research institutes and manufacturers, and jointly managed by the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Public Security and the Ministry of Communications. The market quasi-person system shall be implemented, and vehicles allowed to be put on the market shall be released regularly, and production licenses and vehicle certificates shall be issued. The vehicle management office of the public security organ shall register and issue the license plate with the joint announcement catalogue, vehicle certificate, source certificate and comprehensive safety inspection certificate of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Public Security, and the vehicle shall obtain the right of way. (4) Rationalization of road planning and remediation of black spots According to past experience, most accident-prone spots are caused by improper road design. Therefore, in the stage of road design, it is necessary to objectively evaluate the road safety characteristics, find the unsafe factors in road planning and design in time and correct them, and seek safer design standards or design schemes to make the designed roads more in line with the requirements of traffic safety. The cause of the accident is related to the road, and the traffic management department should take measures to improve the road conditions and maintain the roads and facilities in time to keep them in good use. The traffic control department should pay special attention to the investigation of accident black spots. 2. Measures to reduce road traffic losses Measures to reduce road traffic losses include the application of passive vehicle safety technology, the improvement of road safety protection measures, and the emergency rescue system for accidents. (1) Vehicle passive safety technology Vehicle passive safety technology refers to the technology of avoiding or reducing the injury of drivers and passengers through the protection system in the vehicle during or after the traffic accident. According to the survey results of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the effect of automobile protection system is shown in Table 4. Therefore, passive security technology and active security technology are the same, and the state should enforce and increase technical regulations and standards. Table 4 Effect of automobile protection system (expected life-saving) (2) Road traffic safety facilities Due to the reasons of economy and traditional management system, the phenomenon of imperfect, inappropriate or insufficient traffic safety facilities in China is more serious. Especially in western and mountainous highways, many dangerous sections are not equipped with any protective facilities, or the strength of protective facilities is seriously insufficient, and the anti-collision ability of bridge guardrail itself is not enough; The immediate facilities are not perfect; The setting of traffic signs is unreasonable, and the number of traffic signs is generally small. In recent years, the proportion of accidents in the form of car crashes remains high, which has a lot to do with the imperfect traffic safety facilities, especially the unreasonable design and insufficient strength of anti-collision facilities. In order to prevent and reduce traffic accidents, we should innovate the management system of road traffic safety facilities. The specific measures are: the public security traffic control department participates in national and local road traffic planning, formulates road traffic management policies and other important work, gives full play to the guiding role of public security traffic management in road traffic planning, and carries out detailed traffic organization work to lay the foundation for the construction and management of road traffic safety facilities. The public security traffic management department shall, according to the road traffic planning, formulate the national and local road traffic safety facilities development planning and overall planning, organize the formulation of road traffic safety facilities construction management standards, and specifically implement the road traffic safety facilities construction management according to the requirements of road traffic organizations. At the same time, strengthen the design, construction and maintenance of road traffic safety facilities in dangerous and accident-prone areas and do a good job in daily monitoring.