Ancient legends about the ancient city of Lijiang

There is a lot of information below, read it slowly and don’t rush. . .

Basic information

(1) Country

The People’s Republic of China

(2) Provinces and regions

Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Lijiang Region, Yunnan Province

(

(3) Heritage Name

Lijiang Ancient City (including Dayan Ancient City, Baisha Residential Buildings Group, Shuhe residential building complex)

(4) Accurate location and geographical location marks on the map

Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, with the geographical coordinates of 99 East Longitude. °23' to 100°32', 26.34' to 27°26' north. Lijiang Old Town is located in the central part of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County. Its geographical coordinates are 100°14' north latitude.

(5) Management Department

Ministry of Construction of the People's Republic of China

Cultural Relics Administration of the People's Republic of China

Lijiang, Yunnan Province Urban and Rural Construction and Environmental Protection Bureau of Naxi Autonomous County

Cultural Bureau of Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province

Overview

Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County is located in the northwest of Yunnan Province, China. The geographical coordinates are 26°34' to 27°26' north latitude and 99° 23' to 100° 32' east longitude. It covers an area of ??7,648 square kilometers and has a population of 329,000 people living here. There are more than ten ethnic groups including Bai, Yi and Tibetan, among which 184,000 are Naxi, accounting for 57% of the total population.

Due to the transition from the Hengduan Mountains at the southern end of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to the northern Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Zone, Lijiang's climate is influenced by the winds of the South Asian Plateau, with distinct dry and wet seasons, little temperature change, beautiful surrounding scenery, and beautiful natural environment.

Lijiang's terrain slopes from northwest to southeast, descending in a stepped manner. The highest altitude is 3,396 meters on the main peak of Yulong Mountain, and the lowest altitude is 1,219 meters in the Jinsha River Valley. The height difference is as high as 4,337 meters.

As early as 100,000 years ago, there was late Paleolithic wisdom. The "Lijiang people" were active here. The discovery of cave paintings in the Jinshajiang River Valley and numerous artifacts of Neolithic, bronze, and iron tools prove that Lijiang was one of the important areas for ancient human activities in southwest China. According to historical records, during the Warring States Period ( 475 BC - 221 BC), Lijiang belonged to the Shu County of the Qin State, and Suijiu County was established in the Yuhan Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, it belonged to Tubo and Nanmo. In the Song Dynasty, it surrendered to the Dali Kingdom. In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271 AD), Lijiang was established. Xuanwei Division was originally called Lijiang. In the Ming Dynasty (AD 1368-16644), Lijiang Military and Civilian Prefecture was established; in the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1723), Lijiang Prefecture was established; during the Republic of China (AD 1911-1949), Lijiang County was established; in 1949 The Lijiang County People's Government was established in July 1961, and Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was established in April 1961.

The ancient city of Lijiang is located on a plateau at an altitude of 2,400 meters under Yulong Mountain. It was built in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty. (from the end of the 12th century to the middle of the 13th century AD), with a total area of ??3.8 square kilometers. The old chieftain's office was set up in the south of the city, and palaces and gardens were built around it. On a main east-west axis, there are buildings such as the stone archway, Danchi, main hall, side hall, Guangbi Tower, and Yuyin Tower. Xu Xiake, a great traveler in the Ming Dynasty, once marveled: "The beauty of the palace is as beautiful as that of a king."

The north of the city is the commercial district, with Sifang Street as the center. Four main roads extend in a meridian shape, and commercial shops are located on the streets.

The east of the city is where the old government offices were located, and there are existing Wenmingfang, Confucian Temple and Martial Arts Temple.

“The city depends on the water, and the water follows the city” is a major feature of Lijiang Dayan Ancient City. The Black Dragon Pool located in the north of the city is the main water source of the ancient city. The pond water meanders down from north to south until it reaches the Shuangshi Bridge and is divided into three streams: Shu, middle and west. Each tributary is further divided into countless small streams, which enter the walls, pass through the courtyards and walk through the gardens, forming a main street next to the river. , the scene of alleys facing the water and buildings built across the water. On the water network, there are as many as 354 stone and wooden bridges of different shapes, making Dayan Ancient City the highest bridge density in China.

Lijiang folk houses are full of ethnic characteristics, with floor plans including three squares and one screen wall, four-in-five patios, front and back yards, and multiple courtyards. The houses are built according to the height of the terrain. Most of them are two-story, but there are also three-story houses. They are practical and beautiful.

As the main residents of the ancient city, the Naxi people have a long and rich traditional culture. The famous Dongba culture, Naxi ancient music, Baisha murals, etc. are important connotations of it.

As a famous historical and cultural city in China, Lijiang Dayan Ancient City embodies the unique living environment, local history and culture, and ethnic customs of the Naxi people. The cultural connotation that he has carefully explored provides valuable information for studying the history of urban architecture and the history of national development. It is a precious cultural heritage not only for China, but also for all mankind.

Characteristics

(1) Lijiang Dayan Ancient City

1. Historical evolution

(1) Major events in the development of the ancient city

At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Mu family in Lijiang moved its center of rule from Baisha to the foot of Lion Mountain and began to build houses and cities, called "Dayechang";

The first year of Nanwei Zuiyou (AD 1253) Years), the Mu family first supported Zong Aliang and joined Kublai Khan in the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of Shiyou (1254 AD), the Santan Civil Officer was established in Dayechang, and its organizational structure was subordinate to the Chahanzhang Civil Officer;

In the 13th year of Yuan Dynasty (1276 AD) ), the Chahanzhang civil officer was changed to the Lijiang Road Military and Civilian General Administration;

In the 14th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1277 AD), the Sanba civil officer was changed to Tong'an Prefecture, and the state governance is in today's Dazhou Study the ancient city;

In the fifteenth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1382), Ajia'ade, the magistrate of Tong'an Prefecture, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and established the Lijiang Military and Civil Affairs Office. Ajia'a was given the surname Mujing by Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang He was the hereditary prefect;

In the 16th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1383), Mu De built the "Lijiang Military and Civilian Office" at the foot of Lion Mountain;

In the 17th year of Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty (AD 1660), the Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion was established, with the Mu family still serving as the hereditary prefect; in the first year of Yongzheng in the Qing Dynasty (1723 AD), the imperial court implemented the "return of scholars to exile" in Lijiang, and the imperial court appointed exiled officials as prefects, and the Mu family For Tutong Beng;

In the second year of Yongzheng (AD 1724), after the first Lijiang Liuguan Magistrate Yang Bing took office, he built the Liuguan Magistrate’s Yamen, barracks, and professors at the foot of Jinhong Mountain in the northeast of the ancient city.

In the 35th year of Qianlong's reign (1770 AD), Lijiang County was added to the Lijiang Military and Civilian Government, and the county government office was built next to the South Gate Bridge of the ancient city; In the second year of the Republic of China (1912 AD), Lijiang abolished the government and left the county, and the county government office moved into the former Lijiang Prefecture Office;

In the 30th year of the Republic of China (1941 AD), the seventh administrative office of Yunnan Province was established in Lijiang The Commissioner's Office and the Lijiang County Government;

In 1949, the Lijiang Commissioner's Office and the Lijiang County People's Government were established.

In 1961, the Lijiang Naxi Autonomous County was established.

(2) City builders

At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, "Dayechang" was built by Mu's Xianzong Aliang;

In the Ming Dynasty, The construction of the ancient city of Lijiang was mainly carried out by the prefects of the Mu family in the past dynasties. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (AD 1672), the prefect Mu Zeng built the "Zhongyi Fang" which was granted permission by the emperor She;

Yang Bing, the first prefect of the Qing Dynasty, built the official government offices and offices according to the imperial system. Fucheng. Naxi folk houses are constructed freely and flexibly by residents according to family production and living needs, economic conditions and land use conditions.

(3) Urban functions and residents

Lijiang Old Town is the settlement of the Naxi people and the carrier of preserving the traditional culture of the Naxi people. Since its establishment, it has been playing the role of a regional political and national cultural and education center, a Yunnan-Tibet trade hub, and a Sino-India trade hub.

At present, there are still 6,269 households and 25,279 people living in Lijiang Old Town. Among them, there are 16,999 Naxi people, accounting for 66.7% of the total population. 30% of the residents are still engaged in traditional ethnic handicrafts and commercial activities in the ancient city, focusing on copper and silverware making, fur and leather, textiles, and brewing.

2. Characteristics

(1) Site selection

The ancient city of Lijiang relies on the river to explore gorges and high mountain passes for defense. Tacheng Pass has Shimen Gate in the west, Jiuhe Pass in the southwest, Taizi Pass in the northeast, and Qiutang Gate in the south of the city.

The site selection of Lijiang Dayan Ancient City makes full use of the geographical environment and the water source of Black Dragon Pool. It is adjacent to Jinhong Mountain in the north, pillowed on Lion Rock in the west, and generally northwest facing Shunan. The Lion Rock is used to block the incoming waves in winter. Cold wind from northwest. Shunan is connected to the vast plains, welcoming the morning sun in spring and driving away the heat in summer. The buildings are built according to the mountains, cascading and rising.

(2) Street Square

The streets of Dayan Ancient Town in Lijiang are centered on Sifangyan and include Xinhua Street, Wuyi Street, Qiyiwei, Xinyi Street and Guangyi Street The five main streets are arranged in a meridian pattern. The streets are surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the space is sometimes closed and sometimes open, forming a road network that connects the whole city.

There are squares in the center of the main streets, with Sifang Street being the largest. Sifang Street is not only the center of Dayan Ancient City, but also the trade and commercial center of northwest Yunnan. The commanding height on its west side is Kegongfang, a three-story gatehouse with a unique style. Xixian is the West River, and the east is the Zhonghe River. There is a movable gate on the West River to use the height difference between the West River and the Middle River to flush the streets. This unique sanitary facility is rare both at home and abroad.

The streets and alleys of the ancient city are all paved with red breccia (known as Wuhua stone among the people). It has the characteristics of no mud in the rainy season and no fly ash in the dry season. The patterns on the stone are natural and elegant, and the texture is delicate. Very harmonious with the entire urban environment.

(3) Water system

Black Dragon Pool is the main water source of Dayan Ancient City in Lijiang. Starting from this, clear water flows through thousands of households through linear network of river channels and ditches. It forms a complete water system with scattered wells and springs to meet the city's fire protection and residents' domestic water needs.

a. River channel:

Heilongtan, located at the foot of Xiangshan Mountain, has dozens of water outlets, with water output ranging from 1.918 to 4.430 cubic meters per second, and the pool area is nearly 40,000 square meters. The pool water flows from north to south and divides into Shuhe, Zhonghe and Xihe under the double stone bridge. The three tributary wells then divide into countless small streams, flowing through alleys and houses, entering walls and houses, and flowing throughout the city. The streets and rivers of the ancient city are closely integrated, and the streetscape and waterscape complement each other. The widest part of the river is 3 to 6 meters, and the narrowest part is less than 1 meter.

b. Spring pools:

The spring pools in Dayan Ancient City include Black Dragon Pool, White Horse Dragon Pool and Yishang Ganze Spring. White Horse Dragon Pond is located at the southern foot of Lion Mountain and on the west side of the ancient city. It is also known as Shiru Spring. It has a water surface area of ??nearly 100 square meters and a water output of 0. 023 cubic meters/second. The spring water is sweet and pure and has never dried up. Ganze Spring is located at the foot of Jinhong Mountain in front of the ancient city of Cambodia. The water surface area is tens of square meters and the water output is O. O1 cubic meter/second, the water quality is very pure.

c. Wells:

There are many wells scattered throughout the ancient city of Dayan, most of which are in the form of "three-eye wells". "Three wells" means a well is divided into three wells, and the three wells are connected in order: drinking water hole, vegetable washing water hole and washing water hole.

(4) Bridges

There are 354 bridges on the Yuhe River system in the ancient city of Lijiang, with an average density of 93 bridges per square kilometer. The forms include covered bridge (wind and rain bridge), stone arch bridge, stone slab bridge, wooden plank bridge, etc. The more famous ones include Suocui Bridge, Dashi Bridge, Wanqian Bridge, Nanmen Bridge, Ma'an Bridge and Renshou Bridge. They were all built in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and have unique architectural styles, making Lijiang Old Town a bridge city.

(5) Residential buildings

The residential buildings in Lijiang Old Town are a concentrated expression of the Naxi architectural art and architectural style. It is formed on the basis of the Naxi people's original well-gan style Benlang house form, absorbing and integrating some of the advantages of Han, Bai, Tibetan and other ethnic architectures. It has distinctive local characteristics and ethnic characteristics in layout form, architectural art and other aspects. style.

a. Plan layout and architectural features;

Residential buildings are generally two-story wooden structures about 7.5 meters high, and there are also a few three-story buildings with bucket-type structures, basilized walls, and tile roofs. , with a verandah (i.e. Duzi). According to the different structure forms and verandahs, it can be divided into seven categories: bungalow, Minglou, Yubulou, Qidulou, Manlou, Menlou, and Yumianlou. The layout forms include three squares and one screen wall, four in five patios, front and back yards, one entrance with two courtyards, two squares at the corner, quadrangle courtyard, multi-entry set of courtyards, multi-yard combination, etc. Among them, three squares and one screen wall and four in five patios are typical . Three bays and one screen wall, that is, one bay for the main room, two bays for the left and right wing rooms, plus the screen wall opposite the main room, form a three-sided courtyard. The four-in-one courtyard refers to a closed four-in-one courtyard consisting of four houses: the main house, the lower house, and the left and right side rooms. In addition to a large patio in the middle, there are four small patios or leaky rooms in the four corners. Three squares and one screen wall, four in one and five patios are the most basic and common forms of Lijiang folk houses. Other layout forms are their variations, evolutions, developments and combinations. The structure of Lijiang folk houses is very flexible. There are hanging mountains and the main stress-bearing parts of the wooden frame. There are "reining hooks", "footings", "piercing beams", "thousand pounds" and other components with a pulling effect. The entire The frame tilts the column heads inward and the column roots outward at a 1% inclination, which enhances the stability of the frame. At the connection nodes of the frame, "two-button tenon", "big-head tenon", and "flat tenon" are used respectively according to the force conditions, and flexible nodes such as hidden tips are set up to facilitate earthquake resistance. The parapet is strong and practical, with a heavy bottom (shiba) and a light top (wooden board). Lijiang's residential buildings are criss-crossed in terms of body composition and outline shapes. The outline is beautiful; the exterior facades are mostly made of stone, with plastered walls, brick inlays at the corners, and green tile roofs. The colors are harmonious and the appearance is simple.

b. Partial features of residential courtyards:

Lijiang residential areas attach great importance to the decoration of the house, focusing on gate towers, screen walls, verandahs, door and window partitions, patios, beam imitations, etc. There are three types of gatehouses: brick arch, wooden lintel flat arch and wooden frame. The brick arch gatehouse is mostly in the style of three drops of water with a high center and low sides. The wooden lintel flat-arch gatehouse is a three-dishui archway supported by wooden lintels and covered with bricks. Most of the wooden frame gatehouses have double-slope roofs, and the eaves are decorated with multi-layer flower boards and flower covers. There are generally two types of screen walls in residential buildings: the three-drop style and the one-word style. The small screen walls in the interior verandahs are mostly decorated with marble. The doors and windows of the house are decorated with wood carving patterns, such as black birds, flowers, music, chess, calligraphy and painting, and stone utensils, etc., which are products that combine function and art. In addition, the wooden, stone and tile parts such as beams, square heads, railings, column bases, leg feet, cornices, and roof ridges are also decorated. For example, the beam head of a large lintel is carved into an animal head, commonly known as a "lion head", and the base is also carved into a drum shape, bottle shape, etc.

c. Residential courtyard design:

The courtyards of ancient city residences are paved with cobblestones, five-flowered stones and other raw materials. The patterns are determined according to the size of the courtyard or the homeowner’s preferences. The content involves flower mullet insects, eight yin and yangs, and folklore. , mythological stories, etc., with simple techniques and rigorous layout. Houses with large areas and many courtyards generally consist of two squares, a screen wall, a flower bed, a pool, etc.

(2) Residential Building Groups around Dayan Ancient City

1. Baisha Residential Building Group

The Baisha Residential Building Group is located 8 kilometers north of Dayan Ancient City. It was the political, economic and cultural center of Lijiang during the Song and Yuan Dynasties.

The residential buildings in Baisha are distributed on a north-south main axis, with a trapezoidal square in the center and four lanes leading from the square to all directions. Residential shops are set up along the street, and a clear spring is introduced into the square from the north, and then integrated into the residential community, which is very distinctive. The famous Bangbang Festival of the Naxi people in Lijiang also originated here. According to traditional customs, the main hall (on the east side of Baishawei, there are ancient buildings such as the Dharma Protector Hall) is opened to worship the gods on the 20th day of the first lunar month. On that day, people from all ethnic groups in Lijiang came to worship. The market trade was mainly wood products and bamboo utensils, and everything was available. The formation and development of the Baisha residential complex laid the foundation for the subsequent layout of Lijiang Dayan Ancient City.

2. Shuhe Residential Building Group

Shuhe Residential Building Group is located 4 kilometers northwest of Lijiang Ancient City. It is a small market around Lijiang Ancient City. Shuhe River is surrounded by mountains and rivers, and the residential buildings are well-proportioned. There is a pool of spring water on the street called "Jiuding Longtan", also known as "Longquan". The water in the spring is clear and there are countless fish swimming in it. The water overflowing from the spring meanders beside the street. In addition, the Qinglong River passes through the center of Shuhe Village, and the Qinglong Bridge built in the Ming Dynasty spans it. Qinglong Bridge is 4 meters high, 4.5 meters wide and 23 meters long. It is the largest stone arch bridge in Lijiang. There is a small square guard 32 meters long and 27 meters wide built on the side of the bridge. It is surrounded by pavements and toilets along the water. Its shape is similar to Sifang Street in Lijiang Ancient City, and it can also be used to divert water to wash the streets. Shuhe is famous for its developed culture, education and handicraft industry. There is a large-scale Shuhe Middle School in the village. Many people make a living by engaging in leather processing and other handicrafts. It is a famous cobbler village. There is a saying that "Shuhe cobblers can travel all over the world with one awl".

(3) Rich national culture

1. Important cultural relics and historic sites:

(1) Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion and Mujiayuan in the Ming Dynasty: Lijiang Military and Civilian Mansion in the Ming Dynasty Fuya and Mujiayuan are located in the southwest of Dayan Ancient City in Lijiang. They were first built in the 15th year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (AD 13). Fuya is distributed on a 286-meter-long east-west axis, with Jinshui Bridge, Zhongyi Square, Round pool, main hall, Guangbi Tower, Shouxing Tower, Danchi, Yiwen Pavilion, Yuyin Tower, Sanqing Hall (between Yuquan), up to Shishan Imperial Garden, once you enter several courtyards, they are majestic and majestic. On the north side of the government office, there is a residence with three courtyards, commonly known as Mujiayuan. The Lijiang Military and Civilian Government Office was looted by soldiers during the Xianfeng and Tongzhi years of the Qing Dynasty. There is now a Wen Pavilion, a Guangbi Tower, and a stone archway with lions.

(2) Yuquan Ming and Qing Architectural Complex

The Yuquan Ming and Qing Architectural Complex is located in Heilongtan Park, including the Ming Dynasty building Fuguo Temple Wufeng Tower, a key cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province: Lijiang The county's key cultural relics protection units are Wenmingfang, Shishi, Yiwen Pavilion, Jiejie Linmen Tower, Guangbi Tower, Deyue Tower, Dragon God Temple, etc., among which the Wufeng Tower is the most distinctive

Fuguo Temple Wufeng Tower

Wufeng Tower (formerly known as Fayunjian) is located at the north end of Heilongshan Park. It was built in the 29th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1601 AD). It was moved from Zhishan Fuguo Temple to Heilongtan in 1974. , was announced as a key cultural relic protection unit in Yunnan Province in 1983. The building is 20 meters high. It is a three-layered structure with a Y-shaped base, three stacked balconies, and octagonal roof balconies. The three floors are divided into twenty-four cornices. From any angle, you can see the flying wings. The horns are like five colorful phoenixes spreading their wings, hence the name Wufeng Tower. There are thirty-two pillars in the whole building, of which the four center pillars are each 12 meters high. The upper part of the pillars is built using the bracket technique, and the top of the building is covered with gold. The ceiling is painted with Tai Chi diagrams, flying god kings, dragons and winds, and other patterns. The lines are smooth and the colors are gorgeous. They have the architectural art styles of Han, Tibetan, Naxi and other ethnic groups. They are rare treasures and typical examples of ancient Chinese architecture.

(3) Baisha Religious Building Complex

Including Liuli Palace, Dashi Debt Palace, Dadingjian, King Kong Palace and Wenchang Palace. Among them, Liuli Palace and Dashiji Palace were announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units in Yunnan Province in 1965, and are now recommended as key cultural relics protection units in China.

(4) Baisha murals

Baisha murals are distributed in Baisha religious buildings such as Liuli Hall, Dabaoji Palace, and Dadingjian. They were painted in the early Ming Dynasty (early 13th century). ), 44 of which exist.

The content of the murals is mainly about preaching religious doctrines, as well as the social life of the Naxi people in the Ming Dynasty. It integrates Buddhist Sutra, Tantra and Taoist themes. The artistic style combines the traditional techniques of Han culture with Tibetan and Naxi In the painting style of other ethnic minorities, the colors are delicate and smooth, the colors are colorful, and the techniques of gold layering and gold gilding are used to make the gold wall more brilliant; the characters are realistic in shape, with different postures, outstanding personalities, lifelike, and ready to appear. Among them, the murals in Dajiji Palace are the largest and most complete. The largest picture, "Tathagata Lectures", is 3.67 meters high, 4.98 meters wide, and covers an area of ??18.29 square meters.

2. The Mysterious Naxi Dongba Culture

The Naxi people have created a unique national culture since ancient times, which is named after it is mainly preserved in the Dongba religion of the Ganaxi people.

Dongba culture mainly includes Dongba characters, Dongba scriptures, Dongba paintings, Dongba music, Dongba dances, Dongba ritual instruments and various sacrificial rituals.

(1) The only living hieroglyph in the world:

Dongba Wenyu is a primitive hieroglyph with a total of 1,400 single words and is still in use today. , so it is known as the only hieroglyphic still alive in the world and is regarded as a precious cultural heritage of all mankind. It has attracted the attention of international academic circles since the 1870s.

French scholar Barker introduced 370 Dongba characters for the first time in his "Research on Mozé" published in 1913. American scholar Locke made important contributions to the collection and research of Dongba writings. The "Naxi Hieroglyphics Spectrum" and "Mozhi Hieroglyphics Dictionary" compiled by Chinese scholars also represent the high level of the research field of Dongba characters.

(2) The Dongba Sutra, an encyclopedia of ancient Naxi society

The Dongba Sutra is a sutra written in Dongba script. Approximately 40,000 volumes exist. Among them, there are about a thousand different titles. In addition to China, the United States, Britain, France, Japan, Germany, Canada, Austria and other countries have Dongba Sutra collections. Only the Dongba Sutras are collected in the library of the U.S. Library of Congress and Harvard University. There are more than four thousand volumes.

The "Dongba" Sutra is rich in connotation and is precious information for studying the Naxi people's ancient philosophical thoughts, religious folk customs, social history, ethics, ethnic relations, literature and art, and phonetic writing. For example, the Dongba Sutra includes "Rules for Dance of the Gods", "Rules for Dance of Shiluo Ritual", "Origin of Dance", "Origin and Origin of Dance", etc. These are the only dance scores written in hieroglyphs in the world, and they can still be followed according to the scores. Dance.

(2) Dongba painting:

Dongba painting can be roughly divided into three types: wooden sign painting, playing card painting and scroll painting. Among them, scroll painting is the most famous. The "Sacred Road Picture" is a representative of Dongba paintings. It is about 14 meters long and 30 meters wide. The whole painting is divided into three sections: representing heaven, earth and hell. There are more than 370 written texts. The figures of individuals, gods, monsters, ghosts and more than 70 strange birds and monsters have rough lines, simple shapes, yet vivid and pleasing to the eye.

(4) A wide variety of Dongba sacrificial rituals:

There are more than fifty kinds of Dongba sacrificial rituals. Among them, the larger ones include offering sacrifices to heaven, offering sacrifices to sight, offering sacrifices to wind, praying for longevity, etc.

(5) Numerous Dongba magical instruments:

There are about thirty kinds of Dongba magical instruments, the most important of which are: Five Buddha Crowns, Dharma Hats, Dharma Staffs, Zhanlang (copper plate bell), Dagu (leather tambourine), and French knife. The musical instruments used as accompaniment when chanting sutras in Dongba include: "negative negative banke" (white conch, trumpet), "banke." (plow horn), "ershao" (gong), etc.

3. Zhouhuan Religious Buildings in Lijiang Old Town

There are also many distinctive religious buildings scattered around Lijiang Old Town. These religious buildings include Chinese, Tibetan Buddhism, Taoism and other religions, among which the The Five Great Temples and Beiyue Temple are the most famous.

Reason for applying for inclusion in the world list

Lijiang Old Town is a famous historical and cultural city with high comprehensive value and overall value, which embodies The local history, culture and national customs reflect the essential characteristics of social progress at that time: the flowing urban space, the vitality of the water system, the unified style of building groups, the suitable scale of residential buildings, the friendly and pleasant spatial environment, and the unique style of the nation. Artistic content, etc., make it different from other famous historical and cultural cities in China. The valuable characteristics of ancient city construction such as respecting nature, seeking practical results, being frank, and being compatible also reflect the unique human creative spirit and progressive significance in urban architecture under specific historical conditions. . Lijiang Old Town is a traditional settlement of ethnic minorities of great significance. Its existence provides valuable information for the study of the history of human urban construction and the history of human nation development. It is a precious cultural heritage and a treasure of China and the world. It is in line with Reasons for adding to the "World Heritage List" a (Ⅴ)

(1) Lijiang Ancient Town's status among famous Chinese cities

Lijiang Ancient Town has a long history, is simple and natural, and has the appearance of a water town. , the appearance of a mountain city, as an ethnic minority city with a long history, it integrates the essence of Han, Bai, Yi and Tibetan ethnic groups from the overall urban layout to engineering and architecture, and has the unique style of the Naxi ethnic group. In 1986, the Chinese government designated it. Being listed as a national historical and cultural city confirms the status of Lijiang Ancient City among famous cities in China.

(2) Lijiang Ancient City fully embodies the achievements of ancient Chinese city construction.

It is different from China. As any royal city, the ancient city of Lijiang has not been affected by the Central Plains city construction of "nine miles square, three gates on the side, nine longitudes and nine latitudes in the country, and nine tracks along the way". There is no regular road network in the city, no strict city walls, and the layout of the ancient city. Three mountains form a screen and a river connects them; the use of water systems includes three rivers running through the city and flowing water in every house; the street layout has a "meridian" setting and a "curved, secluded, narrow, and broad" style; the buildings are well-proportioned and connected to the mountains and rivers. The design art is extremely rare in the existing ancient cities in China. It is the result of the re-creation by the Naxi ancestors based on the national tradition and environment.

(3) Lijiang ancient city folk houses have distinctive characteristics and styles among Chinese folk houses. One of the types

Towns and buildings themselves are the materialized forms of social life. Compared with government offices, temples and other buildings, residential buildings can better reflect the economy, culture, customs and religious beliefs of a nation and a region. In terms of layout, structure and shape, the folk houses in Lijiang Old Town organically combine the ancient architecture of the Central Plains and the excellent traditions of Bai and Tibetan folk houses according to their own specific conditions and traditional living habits, and are well equipped with earthquake resistance, sunshade, rainproofing, ventilation and decoration. It has carried out bold innovation and development in this regard and formed a unique style. Its distinctive feature lies in the fact that there is no unified composition of the body. It clearly shows the creativity of being close to mountains and rivers, making wisdom out of poverty, hiding cleverness in clumsiness, and natural and simple creativity. It also had a huge impact on the development of the Naxi nation over a long period of time and in a specific region.

Lijiang folk houses are a rare and important heritage for studying the history of Chinese architecture and culture.

(4) Lijiang Old Town is an organic unity of natural beauty and artificial beauty, art and practical economy

Lijiang Old Town is a model of the overall well-preserved ancient city style. The ancient city built on the basis of three mountains has formed an organic and complete unity with nature. The tile-roofed houses of the ancient city are lined up in rows, and the green mountains around it tightly surround the ancient city. The simple and vivid shapes and exquisite and elegant decorations of the houses in the city are the crystallization of Naxi culture and technology. The art contained in the ancient city comes from the Naxi people's profound understanding of life, reflects the wisdom of the people, is the product of the exchange and integration of local ethnic cultures and technologies, and is an important part of the precious architectural heritage of the Chinese nation.

(5) The ancient city of Lijiang contains rich traditional ethnic culture, embodies the prosperity and development of the Naxi nation, and is an important historical material for studying the development of human culture

The prosperity of the ancient city of Lijiang has already With a history of more than 800 years, it has gradually become the economic and cultural center of northwest Yunnan, providing good environmental conditions for the development of national culture. The Naxi people who live here together with other ethnic minorities have created a splendid national culture. Whether it is the ancient city’s streets, squares, archways, water systems, bridges, or residential decorations, courtyard sketches, threshold couplets, plaques, or stone inscriptions, they all permeate the cultural accomplishment and aesthetic taste of the Naxi people, and fully reflect the local ethnic religion, aesthetics, literature, etc. The cultural connotation, artistic conception and charm of the exhibition show the profound and rich content of history and culture. In particular, traditional culture and art such as Dongba culture and Baisha murals with rich connotations have left a splendid chapter in the history of human civilization.

(6) About the authenticity of Lijiang Old Town

Lijiang Old Town covers everything from the overall layout of the town to the form of residential buildings, as well as building materials, craft decoration, construction technology, environment, etc. The ancient features have been well preserved. First of all, the roads and water systems have been maintained in their original state. The five-flowered stone pavement, stone arch bridge, wooden plank bridge, and Sifang Street Business Plaza have been preserved. Residential houses are still being restored and constructed using traditional techniques and materials. The style of the ancient city has been protected to the maximum extent by the local government, and all construction activities are controlled and guided by the rock grid. Lijiang Ancient Town has always been created by the people and will continue to be created. As a residential area, the ancient city's partial additions or "new buildings" that deviate from its original form and structure are being gradually demolished or renovated to ensure that the artistic or historical value of the ancient city itself can be fully developed.

The above-mentioned ancient city of Lijiang is a famous historical and cultural city with comprehensive and overall value. Only by being included in the World Cultural Heritage List and protected can it be passed down to the world for a long time and its uniqueness can be better utilized. world significance.