Questions about place

Country name: Russian Federation (The Russian Federation), referred to as Russia.

The national flag: consists of three parallel rectangles of white, blue and red from top to bottom. The three colors of white, blue and red are called Pan-Slavic colors.

National emblem: On November 30, 1993, Russia decided to adopt the national emblem of the era of Ivan the Terrible before the October Revolution, with the double-headed eagle as the pattern. The pattern of the national emblem is: a red shield with a golden double-headed eagle, the eagle's head is decorated with three crowns of Peter the Great; the eagle's talons hold a scepter and a golden ball symbolizing imperial power; the eagle's chest is A small red shield with a warrior on a white horse in the shield.

National anthem: Music: Alexandrov/Lyrics: Mikhalkov

National anthem lyrics:

“Russia, our sacred motherland,

Russia, our lovely homeland

Strong will, great glory

is your eternal treasure! Be proud, our free motherland,

The alliance of fraternal nations has been passed down from generation to generation,

The ancestors have given the people wisdom!

Be proud, our motherland! Proud of you!

From the southern seas to the Arctic territories

Our forests and fields are everywhere.

You are the only fertile soil blessed by God!

Be proud, our free motherland,

The alliance of fraternal nations has been passed down from generation to generation,

The ancestors have given the people wisdom. !

Be proud, motherland!

Infinite ideal realm, broad living space

The times have opened up the future for us. /p>

Loyalty to our motherland gives us strength

The past, now, and forever!

Be proud, our free motherland.

The fraternal national alliances have been passed down from generation to generation.

The ancestors have given the people wisdom!

Be proud of your motherland!” (Xinhuanet Moscow, January 1, 2001! Japan (Japan) Performances and other activities bid farewell to winter)

Defenders of the Fatherland Day: February 23 (originally known as the Soviet Union’s Army Day in 1918, but changed to Defenders of the Fatherland Day in 1992.)

< p> "Space Day": April 12 (decided by the Soviet Union in 1962 to commemorate Gagarin's first space voyage).

"Spring and Labor" Day: May 1-2 (since 1992, the annual May Day International Labor Day has been changed to Spring and Labor Day).

Anti-Fascist Victory Day (also known as Victory Day in the Patriotic War): May 9 (1945).

Declaration Day of Russian Sovereignty: June 12 (1990).

Flag Day: August 22.

Harmony and Reconciliation Day: November 7 (On November 7, 1996, Russian President Yeltsin signed an order for Harmony and Reconciliation Day, changing the original "Great October Socialist Revolution Memorial Day" (1917) November 7) is designated as the Day of Harmony and Reconciliation).

Head of State: President Vladimir Putin. He served as Acting President of Russia on December 31, 1999, and was elected President of the Russian Federation on March 26, 2000.

Head of Government: Prime Minister Mikhail Kasyanov, who became Prime Minister of the Russian Federation in 2000.

Capital: Moscow (moscow), population 8.3892 million (January 1, 2000).

Population: 144.9 million (as of December 1, 2000). There are more than 130 ethnic groups, the main ethnic groups are Russian, Tatar, Ukrainian and Chuvash, of which Russians account for 82.95%. Other ethnic groups include Bashkir, Belarusian, Moldovan, Chechen, Germanic, Udmurt, Bari, Kazakh, Avar, Jewish, Armenian, Buryat, Ossetian, Kabardino, Sakha, Dalkin, Komi, Azerbaijan, etc. The population distribution is extremely uneven, with an average of 52-77 people per square kilometer in the developed western areas, with up to 261 people per square kilometer in some places, and less than 1 person in the tundra belt of the northeast. The ethnic composition of the Caucasus is the most complex, with about 40 ethnic groups living here. Most residents believe in Orthodox Christianity, followed by Islam. Russian is the official language, and each country has the right to stipulate its own national language, which can be used together with Russian. The major ethnic minorities have their own languages ??and scripts. Mainly believe in Orthodox Christianity, as well as Islam, Buddhism, etc.

Physical geography: 17.0754 million square kilometers (accounting for 76% of the former Soviet Union’s territory), ranking first in the world. Located in eastern Europe and northern Asia, most of its European territory is the Eastern European Plain. It borders the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Baltic Sea to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. It borders Norway, Finland, Poland, China, Mongolia and North Korea, and is adjacent to Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.

Brief history: The ancestors of the Russians are the Rus tribe of East Slavs.

At the end of the 15th century AD, Grand Duke Ivan III established a centralized state, the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In 1547, Ivan IV proclaimed himself "Tsar" and his country was called Russia. From the 16th to the 17th century, various ethnic groups in the Volga River Basin, the Urals and Siberia successively joined Russia, making it a multi-ethnic country. Ukraine and Russia merged into a unified country in the mid-17th century. In August 1689, Peter I officially came to power. After the Northern War from 1700 to 1721, Russia gained access to the Baltic Sea, turning Russia from a landlocked country to a coastal country. In the 17th century it defeated the invasion of Polish and Swedish feudal lords. In 1812, Russia destroyed the invading Napoleonic army. In December 1825, aristocratic revolutionaries held an uprising in Petersburg (the Decemberist uprising) and were suppressed. In February 1861, Russia abolished agricultural rights. The Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (the predecessor of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union) was established in 1898. Under its leadership, the Russian workers and peasants experienced the first Russian Revolution in 1905 and the bourgeois democratic revolution that overthrew the Romanov dynasty in February 1917. (the February Revolution), achieved the great victory of the October Socialist Revolution on November 7, 1917, and established the world's first socialist country. The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was established on November 7, 1917 (October 25 in the Russian calendar). Shortly after the founding of the Republic of China, after three years of arduous civil war, it smashed the armed intervention of 14 imperialist countries and the armed rebellion of the landlords and capitalists, and defended the Soviet power. On December 30, 1922, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Soviet Union was formally established, with the Russian Federation joining together with Ukraine, Belarus and the Transcaucasian Federation (including Azerbaijan, Armenia and Georgia).

On June 12, 1990, the First People's Congress of the Russian Federation adopted the "Declaration of National Sovereignty of the Russian Federation". On December 21, 1991, the leaders of the 11 communist countries of the former Soviet Union decided in Almaty, the capital of Kazakhstan, that the former Soviet Union's seat on the United Nations Security Council would be inherited by Russia. On December 25, the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Soviet Federation and the Soviet Union decided to change the official name of the country to "Russian Federation" (Russia for short). On April 16, 1992, Russia's 6th National People's Congress decided to change the country's name to "Russia", thereby restoring the historical name; on the 17th, it finally decided to use two official country names of equal status, "Russian Federation" and "Russian Federation". Russia".

Politics: The Constitution adopted on December 12, 1993 is Russia’s first constitution after independence. It stipulates that Russia is a democratic federal legal country with a democratic and democratic system, and establishes a presidential system of national leadership. system. The parliament, called the Assembly of the Russian Federation, consists of the Federation Council (upper house) and the State Duma (lower house), with each term lasting four years.

Military: In addition to the regular army, the armed forces also include border defense, internal affairs, security, government communications, civil defense and railway forces. The armed forces are jointly commanded by the Parliament, the President, and the government in accordance with the authority specified in the Constitution. The President is the supreme commander of the armed forces.

Diplomacy: The principle of foreign policy is to defend national interests but not to seek confrontation. Russia has repeatedly proposed that it advocates the establishment of a multi-polar world, opposes a world centered on the United States, and opposes NATO's eastward expansion.

On December 27, 1991, China and Russia signed the "Minutes of Talks" in Moscow, officially establishing relations between the two countries.