General Knowledge of Chinese Characters

1. Chinese belongs to the Sino-Tibetan language family.

2. Chinese characters are symbols for recording the Chinese language, which originated at the end of primitive society about 6,000 years ago. Chinese characters were created by people engaged in social production and labor.

3. Chinese characters include three elements: form, sound and meaning.

4, the six books of the said, is the Han Dynasty (206 BC - 220 AD) scholars analyzed and summarized the laws of the structure of the six kinds of characters, Xu Shen, "Shuowen Jiezi" on the six books of the Ministry of the definition, and give examples of the greatest influence on later generations.　

5. The names and order of the "Six Books" are: 1) pictograms; 2) references; 3) ideograms; 4) sounds; 5) transcription; and 6) borrowings. The first four are methods of creating characters, and the last two are methods of using characters.

6. The number of words in Chinese characters increases gradually with the development of society, and there are most form-sound words in Chinese characters.

7. The Kangxi Dictionary of the Qing Dynasty*** contains more than 47,000 characters.

8. The structural forms of Chinese characters can be categorized into two types: monomorphic and amalgamated. Elephantine, refers to the word is mostly a single character; will be, the shape of the word is mostly a combination of characters. For example, sun, moon, up and down are monomorphic characters, and jing, yan, jiang and hu are combined characters.

9. From ancient times to the present day, Chinese characters have appeared in oracle bone inscriptions, gold inscriptions, seal scripts, official scripts, regular scripts, running scripts and other scripts. The Regular Script is now the prevailing handwriting and printing style.

10, reverse cut is the most commonly used method of phonetic notation in ancient China, the main feature is that the vowel of the previous character and the rhyme of the next character are spelled out to form the sound of one character.

11. There are four tones in ancient Chinese character sounds, which are: Ping, Shang, Dei, and 入. They are not the same as the four tones of modern Chinese.

12. Ancient Chinese people were required to write poetry in rhyme. "Rhyme" includes the main vowel and the end of a word. If the main vowel and the end of the rhyme are the same, then it is a word that rhymes with the same rhyme. Putting words that rhyme in a certain place is called rhyming.　

13. Ancient poetry rhymes based on rhyme books. The most important rhyming books are Cheyun, Guangyun and Zhongyuan Yinyun. The Peiwen Rhyme House is a rhyming dictionary edited in the Kangxi era of the Qing Dynasty, and we can still use it to find allusions and modify words in our poems.　

14. The earliest dictionary in China was Er Ya. The characters in Er Ya are categorized according to their meanings, and the whole book has nineteen chapters.

15. The first Chinese dictionary organized according to the form and radicals of the characters was Shuowen Jiezi, which is the main reference book for the study of Chinese philology. There are many researchers who studied this book in later generations, the most famous of which is Duan Yucai's Shuo Wen Jie Zi Zhu (Notes on Shuo Wen Jie Zi) of the Qing Dynasty.　

16. Dialect is the first book to record dialects in China, written by Yang Xiong of the Western Han Dynasty. The book divides Chinese characters into 540 radicals and ****analyzes more than 9,000 characters.

17. The first book on Chinese etymology was Shih Ming (释名), written by Liu Xi. Shih Ming>> tries to find out why each Chinese character was originally named.

18. Chinese dialects are generally categorized into seven major dialects: Northern, Wu, Xiang, Gan, Hakka, Cantonese and Minnan.

19, the four main ways of Chinese characters from complexity to simplicity: "generation", "change", "province", "Cheng ".

20, the written form of the Chinese language, in a fairly long period of history, there are "literary language" and "vernacular language" of the division, in 1919 after the "May Fourth" movement, the vernacular language to obtain the official written form of the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language, the Chinese language and the Chinese language. After the May Fourth Movement in 1919, the vernacular language acquired the status of an official written language.　

21. The ****same language of the modern Chinese nation is Mandarin, which is based on the Beijing dialect, the northern dialect, and the exemplary modern vernacular writings as its grammatical norms.

22, China's **** the same language, in mainland China is called "Mandarin", in Taiwan is called "Mandarin", in Singapore and other countries in the Chinese community is called "Chinese language In some countries, such as Singapore, Chinese communities call it "Mandarin". The three terms are different in name but the same in substance.　

23. The Hanyu Pinyin Program was officially announced on February 11, 1958, and it includes five parts: the alphabet, the list of consonants, the list of rhyming consonants, the symbols for tones, and the symbols for diacritics.

24. Article 19 of the General Outline of the Constitution of the People's Republic of China promulgated in 1982 clearly stipulates that "the State shall promote the use of Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country", providing a legal basis for the promotion of Putonghua.

25. There are 22 consonants in Mandarin, of which n can be used both as a consonant and a rhyme, while ng can only be used as a rhyme, not as a consonant.

26. In Mandarin, there are four tones: yinping, yangping, shangsheng and deheng.

27. Syllable is the easiest unit of speech to recognize in hearing, and it is also the most natural unit of speech. Generally speaking, a word in Chinese is a syllable, for example, "飘piāo" is a syllable and "皮袄pi'āo" is a syllable. two syllables.　

28. The syllables in Mandarin Chinese generally have three elements: consonant, rhyme and tone. A syllable can have a maximum of four phonemes and a minimum of one. For example, zhuāng (zhuang); ā (a).

29, from the situation of the rhyme head, the rhyme can be open, flush, combined, handful of four categories, usually collectively called four call.

30, "He likes to sing?" In this sentence, the pitch gradually rises. "He likes to sing." In this sentence, the intonation gradually decreases. This kind of intonation used to express meaning and feeling in a sentence is called intonation, or sentence intonation.

31. Chinese characters are a kind of script with a long history and a special system among the world's prevailing scripts. It is not an epigraphic script that shows the phonemes or syllables of the language by using alphabets, but Chinese characters belong to the ideographic script.

32. Modern Chinese characters can be divided into eight types of strokes: horizontal, vertical (ㄧ), apostrophe (丿), point (,),捺(ㄟ),挑,钩,折, and the calligraphic use of the character "永 "as a representative of the generalization of the eight main strokes, so that there is the "Eight Methods of the Character Yong", as it is called. The eight strokes of the word "yong" were used in calligraphy to summarize these eight main strokes, hence the term "yong zhi ba fa".

33. In modern Chinese characters, in addition to hundreds of unique characters, thousands of composite characters are formed by combining hundreds of parts in different orientations.

34. In 1981, the Chinese government published the Chinese Character Code Character Set for Information Exchange (Basic Set), which is an important standard for computerized Chinese character processing. The characters in the set are divided into two levels, 3755 first-level characters and 3008 second-level characters. These 6,763 characters can be regarded as the current number of modern general-purpose Chinese characters.

35The General Assembly of the United Nations unanimously adopted at its plenary session on December 18, 1973, the inclusion of Chinese as one of the six working languages of the General Assembly and the Security Council.

36. The ideographic nature of Chinese characters is specifically manifested in the methods of constructing characters, such as the image, the referent, the ideogram, and the form and sound. For example, "sun" and "moon" are pictograms, and "up" and "down" are referential characters. "Jiang" and "river" are pictograms, and "wu" and "xin" are ideograms.　

37. Pictograms are characters that describe the shapes of things, such as "moon" and "cow". The Chinese character "指事" is a word formation method that uses symbols or hints to represent a word, such as "上、下、本".　

38The use of two or more radicals to form a character, so that the meaning of these radicals will be synthesized into the meaning of the new character, which is called huiyi, for example, "Hugh, from" and so on.

39. A new character is formed from the radicals that indicate the meaning of the character and the radicals that indicate the sound of the character, this kind of character creation method is called morpho-sound, such as the character "洋（yáng）", which is derived from the sound of water (氵) and sheep, which means that the character "洋" has something to do with water, and the pronunciation is derived from the character "羊". The pronunciation is from the character "羊", so the form side of "洋" is "氵", and the sound side is "羊".

40, most of the modern Chinese characters are morpho-sound characters, but due to the evolution of ancient and modern speech and other reasons, most of the morpho-sound characters and the whole word sound is not exactly the same, for example, "about (yǖe)" and "fishing diào", the sound side with the same "勺(sháo)", but the pronunciations are different.　

41. Stroke order is the order of strokes when writing Chinese characters. The basic rules of stroke order in Chinese characters are: horizontal before vertical (e.g. "十"), skimming before pressing (e.g. "人"), from top to bottom (e.g. "花"), left to right (e.g. "林"), and so on. Lin"), from outside to inside (e.g. "同"), first in and then closed (e.g. "回"), first in the center and then on both sides (e.g. "小"). ").　

42. In 1956, the Chinese government announced the Chinese Character Simplification Program, which involves Chinese characters called "simplified characters", and the old forms of these characters or other variant characters are called "traditional characters".　

43. Wrong characters are characters that do not form part of a Chinese character, and a wrong character is a character that is written as if it were part of a Chinese character, such as "成绩" written as "成积", and "积" as "别字".

44, the radicals are the basic units of the characters, such as the composition of the "billion", "亻" and "乙 "两个. The radicals are the radicals that categorize the characters and are the first characters of the dictionary, such as "亻" (立人旁) in the character "亿".

45. Words are the smallest units of language that can be used independently.

46. Phrases are grammatical combinations of words and words.

47. Words are made up of morphemes. The morpheme in a word that represents the basic meaning is called the root of the word; the morphemes that are added to the root of the word to represent additional meanings are called affixes. For example, "table" in "table" is the root and "子" is the affix.

48. Words contain two parts: speech and meaning, and the meaning of a word is the meaning of the word. Words with only one meaning are called univocal words.

49. A word with more than two meanings is called a polysemous word. A polysemous word is a word with more than one meaning, and there is often a connection between several meanings.

50. Words that are phonetically identical and have no connection between their meanings are called homophones.

51.Words with the same or similar meaning are called synonyms.

52. Antonyms are two words with opposite or relative meanings. For example: life-death movement-stillness have-none decentralized-centralized commonplace-elegant frugal-wasteful.

53. Foreign words, also called loanwords, are words borrowed from foreign languages, such as "humor", "romance", "model" and so on.

54 Some words are used only in certain or certain dialects, such words are called dialect words, such as those used in Minnan and Hakka.

55. Idioms are a kind of fixed phrases with the color of written language, stable in meaning and solid in structure. Most idioms consist of four words, such as: waste sleep and food, fools move mountains, mending the prison after a sheep is lost, and a clean slate.　

56, idioms are the short and stereotyped idioms of people's spoken language. The main feature of idioms is simple and vivid, popular and interesting. For example: back door, God knows, can't wait, three seven twenty-one.

57, hiatus is a kind of verbal language, composed of two parts, the first part of the riddle, the latter part of the riddle, the latter part is often not said, let people guess the meaning of it. Such as: fishing for a needle in a haystack ---- nowhere to find, small onions mixed with tofu - a clean slate.

58, proverbs are people summarize the life experience of the sentence, expressed a rich meaning, the structure of the proverbs neat, often compared to the composition of the sentence, such as: there is nothing difficult under the sun, only afraid of the people who have a heart; snow cover three beds in winter, the next year, pillow buns sleep.　

59, the word that indicates the name of a person, place or thing is called a noun. For example: Confucius, teacher, China, countryside, airplane, table, wheat, watermelon and so on.

60, words that express the meaning of action behavior, development and change, mental activity, etc. are called verbs, such as: say, happen, love, go, read, consider, cultivate, support, etc.

61.Words that indicate the shape, nature or state of things are called adjectives, such as: big, smart, clean, red, etc.

62, words that indicate number and order are called number words. The base word indicates the number of how many, such as "one, two, three, four"; ordinal number words indicate the order before and after, usually by the base plus "first", such as "second, third".　

63, quantifier, also known as the unit word, said the unit of calculation; object quantifier, said the unit of people and things, such as a, only, double, vice, etc.; dynamic quantifier, said the unit of action behavior, such as times, trips, all over the world, ton and so on.　

64, number words and quantifiers are often used in conjunction to form a quantity word. The quantity words that express the unit of things are often used before the noun, such as "a book, a pair of shoes, a pair of glasses"; the quantity words that express the unit of action, behavior are often used after the verb, such as "a trip, to come, eat a meal, to go once".　

65, the words that have the function of indicating and replacing are called pronouns. It can be divided into the following three subcategories:

①The word that replaces the name of a person or an object is called a personal pronoun, the first person pronoun singular "I", plural "we"; the second person singular "you"; the honorific "you"; the second person singular "you"; the second person singular "you"; the second person singular "you"; the second person singular "you". " for the second person singular, "you" for the honorific, and "you" for the plural; the third person singular, "he", "she " or "it" in the third person singular and "they" in the plural.

②It is called question pronouns, such as "who" and "which".

③It is called a demonstrative pronoun to refer to a person or thing, such as "this", "that", "here", "there". " and so on.

66, adverbs are often used in front of verbs, adjectives, indicating the degree of action behavior, scope, time and other meanings, commonly used adverbs are: very, very, are, have been, suddenly, in the end, simply and so on.　

67, onomatopoeia is a word that imitates the sounds of nature, such as: the river is flowing; the bees are buzzing.

68. Exclamatory words are words that express exclamations or calls or answers, such as "alas, ah, ouch, hum" and so on.

69.Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, clauses and sentences, such as "and, and, not only, or".

70, structural auxiliaries are mainly "the", "ground", "get", "the, ground" The two parts of the modifying, qualifying relationship, "get" indicates a complementary relationship, such as: brilliant sunshine; slowly; happy to jump up.

71. Dynamic auxiliaries are "着", "了", and "过", which indicate the state of action. "With" means that the action is in progress, "had" means that the action has been realized, and "had" means that it has happened before. For example: he is walking (is walking); he has gone (has left here); he has come (has come here).

72, the tone of the main auxiliaries "of, the, it, bar, it, ah, ah, ah", indicating the statement, question, prayer, exclamation and other tone of voice, are used at the end of the sentence.

73, there are four main uses of sentences:

①tell someone something, this kind of sentence is called a declarative sentence;

②ask someone something, this kind of sentence is called an interrogative sentence;

③request someone something, this kind of sentence is called an imperative sentence;

④express their own strong feelings, this kind of sentence is called a question sentence;

4. (④) to express one's strong feelings, these sentences are called exclamatory sentences.

74. A period is used at the end of a statement. To affirm something, use the word "yes"; to negate something, use "no", "no", "no" and so on. For example, he is a smart kid; he didn't tell me.

75, the question mark at the end of the sentence. According to the situation of expressing doubt, it can be divided into four categories: right and wrong question, specific question, choice question, positive and negative question.

76, right and wrong question: this kind of question is often used in the tone of voice words "?", can be answered with a nod of the head, shake the head of the way, or with the affirmative, negative for the answer. Such as: this thing you know?

77, the special refers to ask: with the question pronouns "who, what, which, how" and other questions, ask for these question pronouns to answer, such as: who asked him to come?

78, choose to ask: put forward two (or several) views, I hope to choose a reply, commonly used "is" and "or" echo, you can also use the tone of voice words "what? ". For example, do we play basketball or volleyball? Do you want to learn Chinese medicine, or do you want to learn Western medicine?　

79, positive and negative questions: affirmative and negative juxtaposition of the way the question, the requirement to answer in the affirmative or negative. For example, are you from Beijing?

80, the end of the sentence of the imperative sentence can have "bar", "ah" and other tone words. Prayer sentences are also commonly used exclamation point (!), "command, request," and so on. The exclamation point (!) is also commonly used in imperative sentences, and there are different tones such as "command, request, discourage, prohibit". For example, throw away the cigarettes!　

81, exclamation point (!) at the end of the sentence, expressing some kind of feelings.

81, exclamation point (!) at the end of the sentence to express some kind of feelings. Such as: it's so beautiful!

82, the verb "is" as a predicate sentence, called "is" sentence. The basic format is: subject + "is" + object. For example, you are our good friend. The format of a negative "is" sentence is: subject + "is not" + object. E.g. She is not a doctor.　

83. A sentence in which the verb "to have" is used as a predicate is called a "have" sentence. The basic format is: subject + "have" + object. For example, she has a car. The negative form of a "have" sentence is: subject + "have not" + object. e.g. She doesn't have a car.

84. "Put" means to exert some kind of action on someone or something and to emphasize that it produces some kind of result or effect on someone or something. For example, you put your opinion.

85. The word "be" indicates that someone or something is affected by an action that produces a certain result, which can also be expressed in colloquial language by "call" or "let". For example, Mr. Liu's painting was bought; my bicycle was borrowed by Xiao Fang. Negative sentences use "didn't (have)" before "was", as in: the painting was not bought.

86. Sentences that express the difference in traits or degrees between two people or things are called comparative sentences. There are many ways to express comparison in Chinese, using the prepositions "than" and "with", and the verbs "like" and "less than " and so on. E.g. He is taller than me; I am not as tall as him.　

87. A sentence consisting of two or more single clauses with a complete meaning and a certain intonation is called a compound sentence, and the single clauses it contains are called clauses. There is a certain connection between clauses and clauses, and this connection is expressed by certain grammatical means (order and correlatives). E.g. Our plan can be changed only under special circumstances.　

88. According to the relationship between clauses, compounds can be divided into two main types: joint compounds and paratactic compounds. A joint compound sentence is made up of two or more clauses joined equally, and the relationship between the clauses is juxtaposed and cannot be divided into primary and secondary. E.g. He drank tea while watching TV. A partial compound sentence is made up of a partial sentence and a positive sentence. The positive sentence is the main meaning of the whole sentence, and the partial sentence explains and restricts the positive sentence from all kinds of relations. For example, the wind was too strong, so the race was rescheduled.　

89. There are different kinds of relations between clauses and clauses in a joint compound sentence, and the common ones are juxtaposition, succession, progression and choice. For example:

Ali's Chinese characters are not only written quickly but also neatly. (Progressive relationship)

This is the bedroom and that is the study. (Parallelism)

Will you leave tomorrow or the day after tomorrow? （

I'll come to your place as soon as I get out of class. （

90. There are also different kinds of relationships between partial and positive compound sentences, the common ones being causal, transitive, conditional, and concessive. For example:

Although he has been very busy lately, he exercises on time every day. (Transitive relationship)

The plane was late due to bad weather. (cause and effect relationship)

Even if you don't want to participate, it's okay. (Concession Relationship)

We're going to discuss it whether you come or not. (conditional relationship)

91. Punctuation is an indispensable aid in written language which helps the reader to understand the meaning of the text correctly. Statement tone with a period "." , questioning tone with a question mark "?" For an exclamation, use the exclamation mark "!". , the imperative tone can be used with an exclamation mark or a period, depending on the strength of the tone.

92, dash "--" can be used to indicate Speaking interruptions or sudden change of tone, such as: today I was going to go, but --; can also be used to indicate the prolongation of sound, such as: they are not the same. Express the prolongation of the sound, such as: they can not walk on twenty or thirty paces away, suddenly heard behind the "dumb -" a shout. A dash can also indicate a comment, such as: today is the biggest traditional festival of the Chinese people - the Spring Festival.　

93, in the use of language, some animals, plants or inanimate things written like people, called "anthropomorphism". For example, the moon smiled and bent its back.

94, the metaphor is usually said "to compare", it contains three components: the body, metaphor and metaphor.

95, the metaphor word "like, such as, if, as if" and so on is a metaphor, such as: the teacher like the gardener.

96, without the use of similes, but with "is, as, into, into" and so on to link the body and the metaphor is a metaphor, also known as metaphor, such as: the teacher is the gardener.

97, the direct use of metaphor instead of the body of the sentence is called metaphor, such as: we love the gardener.

98, couplets, also known as pairs, is hanging or carved in the door and other places of the coupling, divided into the upper and lower two couplets, written vertically, the right for the upper couplet, the left for the lower couplet, the upper and lower couplets must be equal to the number of words, roughly couples.　

99, dictionaries and dictionaries are often necessary to explain the doubts, provide knowledge of the information tools.

100, "Chinese Dictionary" is a large-scale language tool to explain the shape, sound and meaning of the Chinese characters as the main task, is by far the largest collection of Chinese characters in the dictionary, according to the Ministry of the first row check.

101. The Xinhua Zidian, which uses the Hanyu Pinyin alphabet and Zhuyin alphabet for phonetic notation, has become one of the most widely circulated small dictionaries since its publication.

102. The Modern Chinese Dictionary is a medium-sized dictionary that focuses on recording Mandarin vocabulary for readers of intermediate level and above.

103、The Dictionary is a tool for reading ancient books, which contains a wide range of words and encyclopedic terms in addition to ancient and modern words.

104, "Cihai" is a comprehensive encyclopedic dictionary that can satisfy the needs of many parties and collects both language words and terms of social and natural sciences, and the entries are arranged according to the head of the department.