Comparative Analysis on the Development Differences of Three Economic Zones in China

According to the distribution of natural resources and the development of social economy, there are objectively three different economic zones in China: the eastern coastal zone, the central zone and the western zone.

The eastern coastal areas include Liaoning, Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan, and there are 12 coastal provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions (excluding Taiwan Province Province). The area accounts for 13.6% of the country, and the population accounts for 42% of the country. China's main industrial bases-central and southern Liaoning, Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou are all concentrated here, and most of the important agricultural bases-Huanghuaihai Plain, Yangtze River Delta and Pearl River Delta are also distributed here. From a national perspective, the eastern coastal areas have a high level of economic and technological development, a good foundation of industrial, agricultural, transportation and communication facilities, a relatively developed commodity economy, traditional economic ties with overseas countries, well-informed information and convenient external transportation. Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Shantou, Xiamen and Hainan are five special economic zones that are open to the outside world, and there are 0/4 coastal port cities such as Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai, and economic open zones such as the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, the coastal areas of Fujian and Guangxi, the Liaodong Peninsula and the Shandong Peninsula.

The focus of economic development in the eastern coastal areas is to strengthen the technological transformation of traditional industries and existing enterprises, vigorously explore new industries, develop knowledge-intensive industries and high-end consumer goods industries, and make products develop in the direction of high-quality, refined and sophisticated. Accelerate the construction of special economic zones, coastal open cities and economic open zones, give full play to the role of foreign introduction, internal contact and external radiation, and gradually make this area a base for China's foreign trade, marine development, training and transporting advanced technology and management talents to the whole country, transmitting new technologies to the whole country, and providing consulting and information.

The main problems facing the economic development in the eastern coastal areas are the shortage of energy and transportation, the shortage of raw materials, the shortage of fresh water resources in northern provinces and cities, the environmental capacity and pollution in some densely populated areas and urban areas, and the flood control in the lower reaches of major rivers in flood season. This requires adjusting the industrial structure, improving the transportation network, strengthening the horizontal contact with the central and western regions, vigorously developing the tertiary industry and intensive commodity and foreign exchange-earning agricultural production, and integrating the Yangtze River Delta and Bohai Rim.

The central region includes nine provinces, including Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan, accounting for 29% of the country's total area and 35.6% of its population. This area has obvious advantages in energy and various mineral resources. Northeast China has the largest natural forest area in China, and Inner Mongolia has vast natural pastures. Agriculture in most provinces is relatively developed, and it is an important grain, oil, cotton and sugar producing area in China. In the future, the central region should speed up the processing of energy and raw materials, mainly the development and construction of electricity, coal, oil, non-ferrous metals, phosphate rock and building materials. At the same time, vigorously develop agriculture, promote the steady growth of grain and other cash crops, and gradually build the central region into an important production base of energy and raw materials, a number of important mechanical and electrical products and a production base that can provide a large number of commercial grain and other agricultural and sideline products.

The main problems existing in the economic development of the central region are that the railway transportation capacity can not meet the needs of coal transportation in Shanxi energy base, a large number of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau, excessive deforestation in the Northeast, hidden flood crisis caused by continuous siltation of the riverbed in the lower Yellow River, floods in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and sandstorms along the Great Wall. Therefore, while speeding up the construction of energy and raw material industries and giving full play to the potential of agricultural production, we should strengthen the construction of the West-to-East gas transmission channel, vigorously plant trees and afforest, conserve water and soil, prevent land desertification and river flooding, and vigorously develop horizontal ties with the eastern coastal areas and the western regions, so as to make it an important link in the gradual shift of China's economic layout from east to west and play a role in connecting things. At the same time, we will produce more products for the whole country and export, and make breakthroughs in new technologies and new products.

The western region includes Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai and Xinjiang in the northwest, and Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet in the southwest. The area accounts for 57.4% of the country, and the population accounts for 22.4% of the country. According to preliminary investigation, various resources are abundant, especially energy and various mineral resources have considerable prospects. But at present, exploration is not enough, and development and utilization are even less. Except for a few areas such as Sichuan Basin, Shaanxi Guanzhong and Gansu Lanzhou, this area has weak industrial and agricultural foundation, inconvenient transportation, less population and cities, and underdeveloped science, technology, culture and education. In the future, we should vigorously develop agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and transportation, develop energy and mineral resources step by step, and develop processing industry according to local conditions. Due to the arid climate in the western region, especially in the northwest region, excessive reclamation and grazing in areas unsuitable for reclamation and cultivation have caused land desertification and deterioration of the ecological environment. The terrain in southwest China is rugged and the traffic is difficult. At present, the main tasks of economic construction in this area are to stabilize the sown area of grain, increase the output per unit area, choose a place with better water resources, develop oasis agriculture and reduce the amount of grain transferred in year by year; Strengthen the construction of grassland and pastoral areas, plant trees and grass, improve the ecological environment and develop animal husbandry; Give full play to the foundation and ability of third-line construction and accelerate the transformation and diffusion of military technology to civilian industry; Accelerate the electrification transformation of existing railway trunk lines, build railway trunk lines connecting the central and eastern coastal areas, strive to do a good job in highway construction, and develop local civil aviation in sparsely populated areas; Construction of energy and mineral development zones in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River, the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia; Build the Sichuan-Yunnan-Guizhou border region to gradually become the production base of major energy and raw materials; Construction of Urumqi-Karamay area in Xinjiang, so that it will gradually become an important industrial hub in Xinjiang; Further open some towns on the western border and develop border trade. In the long run, the western region is rich in resources and has a broad space for industrial and agricultural development. It is a strategic reserve region of the country.

According to the natural and economic characteristics, respective advantages and existing problems of the eastern coastal, central and western regions, the whole country arranges development priorities, plans the rational distribution of productive forces, adopts the development strategy of combining east and west, and the coastal and inland regions support and promote each other, so that each region has its own advantages in development. In order to improve the overall efficiency of the national economy, we must strengthen the rational division of labor in regional economy. In areas where processing industries are concentrated, especially in economically developed coastal areas, we should actively develop industries and export products with higher technical level and less resource consumption. In resource-rich areas, it is necessary to speed up the development of resources and appropriately develop the processing industry. At the same time, speed up the construction of east-west traffic trunk lines, expand the exchanges between coastal areas and inland areas, narrow the gap between the economic development levels of coastal areas and inland areas, promote the prosperity of all regions and ethnic groups in the country, and build China into a powerful socialist modernization country in a planned and step-by-step manner.