Materials and steps needed for lacquer painting

Lacquer art materials and decorative patterns are components of lacquer art, and the production of lacquer art works pays more attention to the use of materials than other art types. The greater the technical operation content of lacquer works, the more exquisite the mastery of materials.

Today, we can observe, induce and summarize from a scientific point of view, correctly judge the knowledge of materials science of ancient lacquer art, and constantly expand the selection range of lacquer art materials, especially the materials used in lacquer painting creation. I think lacquer art at home and abroad is based on the traditional material of raw lacquer. Of course, other materials are also one of the performance materials of lacquer art, but materials are not the purpose. The author objectively reflects the spirit of the times and the charm of lacquer materials through his own artistic accomplishment. It is not enough to rely only on the existing material knowledge and means of expression. Only with solid basic skills and modeling ability can we truly understand the language of lacquer materials.

Last year, under the guidance of Professor Tiger from Nanjing Art Institute, I created modern three-dimensional lacquer works. Although Nanchang is extremely hot this summer, I am allergic all over. I go to the hospital for intravenous drip every day. However, due to the indissoluble bond with lacquer art, my five modern three-dimensional lacquer works were successfully completed with my passion for lacquer art and persistent pursuit of art, which are briefly introduced as follows:

1, Yunzuo: materials include natural paint, black push varnish, plexiglass, metal tube, eggshell, metal foil, etc. , but in addition to materials, but also rich in content. The title of the work is taken from the artistic conception of "Sitting and Watching Yun Qi Gather Clouds" and "All rivers flow into the sea, with an empty mind like a valley" in ancient poems, trying to create a profound civilized spirit of China literati, which is self-cultivation, close to nature and advocating Gankun.

The works are based on modern installations and modern interior furnishings, combined with many elements of traditional furniture modeling characteristics in China as basic modeling techniques, using the texture conflict between traditional lacquer art and modern lacquer art, which not only has the flamboyant temperament of modern visual art, but also has the inherent traditional artistic connotation of our nation. The main lacquer techniques are: inlay, flat painting, gilding and hand painting.

2. Liu Cai Rubik's Cube: The materials are natural black gloss paint, thin spiral paint, hose LED, chemical paint, etc. Drawing lessons from western symbolism design techniques and using lacquer modeling language, the works show a bright and harmonious artistic conception visually, emphasizing the simple modeling style of highlighting self-awareness. In the artificial constraint and the established consciousness space, once the concept breaks through, it will show an unexpected wonderful and decent state.

The work attempts to use traditional and pure lacquer media and lacquer technology to create a three-dimensional lacquer art with "the greatest effect displayed in a specific space and in a specific state". The author believes that the visual art atmosphere under modern conditions will not only make the traditional aesthetic value and craftsmanship tend to decline, but will gain more performance space and more diverse techniques on a diversified platform or space. The main painting techniques are: color, mosaic, carving and filling.

3. "humanoid statue": made of fetal bone: foam plastic/bamboo; Paints and accessories; Natural red pushes bright paint.

4. Geometric composition: the material is fetal bone: foam/bamboo, plexiglass tube and metal base; Coatings and accessories: natural coatings and chemical coatings, aggregates, metal foils, etc.

5, "high waist flower insert": the material is fetal bone foam/bamboo; Coatings and accessories: natural paint, aggregate (eggshell or Luodian), metal foil, etc.

Let's talk about the importance of lacquer in lacquer works.

I. Coatings

(1) natural paint

1, lacquerware (also known as national lacquer and Chinese lacquer) series.

The "lacquer" I'm talking about here refers to the lacquer liquid cut from lacquer trees originating in China. This kind of lacquer tree belongs to deciduous trees in lacquer trees.

1) The first is paint selection. There have been many monographs before, so I won't repeat them here, but as far as the general author is concerned, it is impossible to uncover and stir every bucket of paint in the shop because of the small purchase, so I have to recognize that a bucket is a bucket. But we should master the principle of use. First, look at the color: the raw lacquer with good paintability should be beige. As the air deepens, it can be seen that the difference between golden yellow and soy sauce color is good paint. Cold and dark colors that change slowly have expired and the use effect is not good. The second is to stir it. Usually, there are many "particles" in the paint solution. If it becomes a flower oil net after mixing, it is good paint. The more particles, the better the quality. Not melting is impurity (some lacquer farmers adulterate mashed potatoes and rice soup). The more particles, the worse the quality. The third is to try. Find a clean piece of wood, insert it and lift it. Good raw lacquer will be as uniform and slender as a line, and the tip will rebound into a hook. Inferior paint will be like paste, not line, dripping.

2) After we get the new paint, we must filter it once before using it to remove impurities. According to the previous method, it is necessary to make a gallows and then squeeze it with a piece of cloth. This is not only time-consuming and time-consuming, but also consumes a lot of paint, especially not suitable for small batch operations.

3) The storage of cooked paint and black gloss paint is very particular, especially when personal consumption is small, it is easy to dry and solidify. First of all, it must be completely sealed and placed in a damp-proof, light-proof and windtight place. It is best to use pottery and wood for containers, and avoid using metal and plastic utensils (not only heat dissipation is fast, water loss is high, but also chemical reaction with paint solution will affect the quality).

2, cashew paint

Cashew lacquer is produced from free trees and can grow in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. It belongs to tropical trees. It is squeezed from the shell, and the collected juice cannot be used directly. It must undergo phenol condensation reaction with formaldehyde, add solvents such as xylene, concentrate and then add desiccant before it can be used as a coating. Its color is similar to that of cooked paint, which is not easy to wrinkle, low in price, fast in drying and high in transparency. However, the paint film is brittle, not as strong as large paint, and the gloss and adhesion after pushing light are also poor. China, Fujian, Guangdong and other places produce more.

It should be noted that cashew nut paint and raw paint can't be mixed together (the reaction destroys each other's drying). If you must use it in your work, you can use another pigment after it is completely dried; You can also coat a layer of shellac as an isolation film after a layer of paint is dried, and then use another layer of paint. It takes 4 hours for the surface of cashew nut paint to dry thoroughly. 12- 15 hours.

3, shellac and tung oil

Lac lacquer has some special functions in lacquer making. In addition to being usually used as a primer for wood, it can also prevent "fading" and isolate foreign coatings. It is an ideal auxiliary coating with extremely fast drying and simple operation.

"Liucai" is a headache in the production of lacquer painting. In particular, once chemical synthetic pigments such as red and purple are covered, spots will seep out and affect the picture effect.

You can't paint a picture with cashew nut paint at the same time, otherwise it won't last long. Similarly, many natural paints and chemical paints, as well as various chemical paints, cannot be used at the same time.

(2) chemically synthesized coatings

In the development of lacquer art for thousands of years, new techniques and new materials have appeared in every stage. It can be said that the lack of continuous development and innovation of art types is lifeless and dying. We can't ignore the great achievements brought by new technologies and industrial progress. Great artists have excellent views on how to treat tradition, and suggest that people "learn from the hearts of the ancients" rather than "learn from the traces of the ancients". A series of techniques, aesthetic tastes and architectural styles formed with China lacquer as the main paint should be the basic principles of lacquer art performance. As long as it is within the framework of this principle, any materials and methods are feasible. On the contrary, if we deviate from this principle, even if we use traditional materials and techniques such as China raw lacquer, it is not within the scope of lacquer art performance.

In fact, the "chemical paint" in our current concept is not only an inorganic chemical reagent, but also divided into: grease paint, natural resin paint, asphalt paint, phenolic resin paint, alkyd paint, amino resin paint, nitro paint, cellulose paint, perchloroethylene paint, ethyl paint, acrylic paint, polyester paint paint, epoxy resin paint, polyurethane resin paint, elemental organic paint and rubber paint. At present, in the production of lacquer paintings and lacquerware works, only a small part of paint is touched, mainly some grease paints (tung oil, linseed oil, etc. ), natural resin paint paint and polyurethane paint. Some known chemical coatings are briefly described below.

1, polyurethane paint

The full name of polyurethane paint is "polyurethane" (including aromatic polyisocyanate and fatty acid polyisocyanate) and multi-base compounds (generally polyester adipic acid, phenyl glycerol, propylene glycol polyester and polyether glycerol, epichlorohydrin polyether, etc.). ).

2. Acrylic resin coating

Acrylic resin paint is a kind of paint based on acrylic resin and mixed with polymer of * * * or methacrylic resin. It has two application forms: soft application and hard application. Soft like wax rubber, the melting point can be very low. Hard plastics like wood need to be treated with saws and chisels.

Acrylic resin paint is completely transparent, resistant to sunlight, does not change color after aging and exposure to sunlight, does not change color below 170℃, and decomposes over 260℃.

"Methacrylic varnish" is often used to make lacquerware. Compared with polyurethane varnish, it has high transparency, completely water white, late aging period and good stability, but the price is slightly higher. Acrylic resin paint can also be made into nontoxic and safe water-soluble latex paint and water-soluble paint.

3. Polyphenol coating

Polyphenol coating is a coating with polyphenol resin as the main film-forming substance. This kind of coating is solvent-free, with strong permeability, fast drying and high stability of paint film after soaking or wetting.

"Unsaturated polyester paint" is often used in the production of lacquerware, which is made by mixing unsaturated polyester resin and styrene solution in a certain proportion. Its shape is: 1) The paint film can be cured by heating or at room temperature. 2) After polishing and planing, it has bright color and high hardness. 3) It has certain heat and cold resistance and high stability. 4) Corrosion resistance of low concentration solvents such as acid and alkali. 5) No solvent is needed.

4. Oxidized resin paint

Oxygen-containing resin paint is a kind of paint with oxygen-containing resin as the main film-forming substance. It is formed by polycondensation of phenoxypropane and diphenol propane.

Three-dimensional paint works usually use oxidized resin paint to make fetal bones. Its characteristics are: 1) has high adhesion and cohesive force to various materials. 2) It has good strength, toughness and flexibility, and its folding resistance and tensile strength are several times higher than those of ordinary coatings. 3) Good tolerance to various chemicals, acids, alkali solvents and water, especially alkali resistance. 4) Good color retention and transparent color.

The disadvantage of epoxy resin paint is that the paint film powdering quickly, so it is not suitable for topcoat, and many toners cannot be used for paint. Amine-cured epoxy resin paint has strong irritation and infectivity to operators.

5. Nitro paint

Nitrocellulose paint is also commonly known as "spray painting". The coating is not suitable for flat coating, with high solvent content, fast drying and many films, and is only suitable for spraying.

Nitrocellulose is often used for surface decoration of lacquerware products. Its characteristics are: 1) high tensile strength, wear resistance and high hardness. 2) After the film is formed, the coatings with other properties will not be affected. 3) The coating is resistant to water, weak acid, gasoline and wine, but not to alkali.

6, phenolic resin paint class

Phenolic resin is a kind of paint with phenolic resin or modified phenolic resin as the main resin.

Second, the material of embryo and plate

Whether lacquerware works can be preserved for a long time depends on its blank. Judging from the cultural relics unearthed in the past dynasties, excluding physical damage, if the fetal bone technology was advanced and the preservation integrity was high; If the technology is unreasonable, the integrity will be poor.

(A) lacquer painting board and fetal bone production technology

Modern lacquer painting, based on the requirements of painting consciousness, was formed for the purpose of pure appreciation. It was seen in the 1920s and 1930s, and its formation scale was in the 1980s. During the formation of this painting, the material of fetal bone also showed a trend of multi-structure with the progress of modern industry, including wood, plastic, metal plate, cardboard, cloth and so on.

Scraping materials include paint (especially raw paint) and powder (carbon powder or tile ash). Raw paint can be waste paint or coarse paint.

(2) Materials of three-dimensional lacquer works

1. As the embryo mud of bodiless lacquerware, it is advisable to choose mud with less organic matter, high viscosity and clean impurities, and the outer layer of embryo is coated with a thin layer of gypsum (to make the appearance of wide-mouth ware easy to set when drying).

2. As the fetal bone of three-dimensional paint works, glass fiber reinforced plastic can be used as epoxy resin and related curing agents, diluents and glass fiber cloth, and a certain amount of gypsum powder is needed as filler.

3. Calcium plastic and materials and embryos made of calcium plastic are good substitutes for simply making lacquerware works. As long as it is completely sealed with raw lacquer, direct contact with air will not cause chemical changes, and the shape and surface of the device can remain stable for a long time.

4. The metal plate coated with metal plate blank is mainly aluminum alloy plate. Compared with aluminum plate, steel plate and lead-zinc plate, it has higher hardness and stronger corrosion resistance, is easier to cut than stainless steel plate and synthetic steel plate, and has strong adhesion after roughening.

5. It is best to use linen and old homespun (coarse cloth for filtering bean dregs) as materials for painters' cloth; Hemp fiber can be used as hemp piece with thick embryo and fetal bone, as well as canvas and old cotton cloth, but compared with hemp products, it has lower density and larger gap, which will make fetal bone difficult to dry out and lower firmness.

There is also "foam plastic" as the blank selection material for paint clips. It used to be a filling container for packaging electrical appliances and various fragile items. The use method is: cutting and gluing it into blocks, then making the desired shaped embryo, coating fetal bone on it, and melting the embryo with diluent after completion. This is a method commonly used by lacquer artists in Korea and Japan recently. After trial use, we found that it is very good, the materials are easy to find, the operation is simple, and it also overcomes the shortcomings of difficulty in shrinking and setting directly with ceramic embryo and dirty site, but it is not as round and symmetrical as ceramic embryo grafting. This method should be carefully studied and popularized in the domestic paint industry.

6. Paper tire lacquerware is a "boutique" among lacquerware. Its advantage is that the fetal bone is light and delicate, and it is mostly used for small utensils. The paper used is Korean paper, cotton paper and long fiber. All kinds of rice paper are made in China; Old newspapers, kraft paper, leather and wool paper are all inferior products.

Third, auxiliary materials.

There are many kinds of auxiliary materials used in lacquer art. In the long years of the evolution of lacquer art techniques, people have discovered and used various materials, enriching and perfecting the lacquer making skills.

1, metal foil

Commonly used metal foils are gold foil, silver foil and its substitutes, aluminum foil and copper foil. They are all produced by special factories, bright and as thin as cicada wings, and no painter can make them by hand.

2. Metal plate

I mainly refer to the gold, silver, tin and copper sheets needed for "metal leveling" technology.

3. Metal powder

"Painting" in the decorative techniques of lacquer art requires high powder, generally pure gold and pure silver powder.

4. Dry powder coating

In the past, the preparation procedure of dry pigment powder was to mix with chemical synthetic pigment or cashew nut pigment and add colored powder, and then coat it on clean glass. After drying, it can be shoveled with a metal knife, or it can be peeled off automatically after drying. Then cut it into pieces with scissors and work it into powder in the washing tank.

5, eggshell powder

The use of eggshell powder often appears in decorative patterns, and the practice is relatively simple. Wash poultry eggshells, omit thick skins (even if time is tight), dry them and then wash them. When screening, the dander on the inner layer of eggshell can be blown off, which is the same as "lifting the field".

6, tile ash or yellow mud powder and fine sand

This is an important material for finishing the bottom and surface of scraper blank.

Tile ash is obtained by crushing the bricks and tiles of an old house and sieving them. Old-fashioned blue bricks, with fine clay and exquisite firing, do not contain stone chips and sundries, unlike the current bricks, which are so rough and mixed.

7. charcoal powder

It is a better bottom ash material than tile ash, yellow mud powder and fine sand mentioned above, and it is also an important material for overlapping paint patterns and pushing light techniques.

8. Luodian bread crumbs

It can be directly crushed, sealed and sieved, or directly obtained after baking and layering. The former can obtain a completely consistent shape through screening, but the particles are full of cracks and will not develop color due to collision. Although the latter are not uniform in size, they are all chip-shaped.

9. Paint toner

This part is probably the most difficult to write. With the progress of modern chemical industry, we are fortunate to be exposed to all kinds of materials. There are so many toners that can be used alone in combination with raw lacquer that even experts who are proficient in chemistry can't figure it out at once.

Four. Mosaic material

The application of mosaic materials in lacquer art is perhaps one of the oldest technologies besides painting. As early as the Yin Dynasty, when lacquerware was in Shang Dynasty, the mosaic behavior of mussels, stones and metal pieces appeared.

(1) metal blocks and accessories

In the lacquerware of the Western Han Dynasty, it is often seen that the edge of the vessel is inlaid with metal strips along the bottom. This kind of lacquer ware is called "golden mouth and copper mouth" lacquer ware. The role of metal wrapping is obvious: first, it is helpful to the forming of wide-mouth utensils in the production process; Second, it protects the vessel from edge damage in use; The third is the function of decoration and beautification. The inlay of metal blocks, especially gold and silver patterns, is entirely aesthetic.

(2) Aggregate and stone

There are not many aggregate inlays in modern lacquer works. Ivory, ox bones, Luodian and eggshells were widely used in past works. At present, Luodian and eggshells are widely used in lacquer painting and lacquerware. Stone is widely used in lacquerware manufacturers' products, even the "main products" of some factories, but painters in colleges and universities seldom pay attention to it. This is the difference caused by the different understanding and taste of lacquer art, and I don't want to talk about the quality of stone inlay here.

1) Luodian Pieces Since Song and Yuan lacquerware pushed Luodian's technical level to the extreme, there is no higher work in China, Japan and South Korea. Different from the fake Luodian pieces that are popular in China now, Luodian, a traditional lacquer ware in China, is really cut and ground from the edge of conch shell. Most of the products used in Japan and Korea are genuine products, and we all use the substitute-mussel slices. Mussel slices can't be used directly, but they can be a little "Luodian" after being finished. The processing method is: take a millstone or a blue brick of an old house, put it in a big basin or pool, stick mussel slices, grind them hard until they are thin, and the mussel slices can be cut and used.

2) The application of eggshell eggshell inlay in modern lacquer painting was first seen in Vietnamese lacquer painting. This discovery not only makes up for the shortage of white in color paint, but also creates a natural and simple style with the natural ice crack mechanism effect.

3) Other eggshells and duck eggshells are also useful in lacquer painting. They are slightly thicker than eggshells, translucent, blue in texture and often mixed with white eggshells.

4) Bones and stones have been carefully processed, carved and dyed before being embedded in the works.

The types of lacquer art materials are very complicated. With the deepening of the research on traditional lacquer art and the continuous progress of modern industry, we will face more and more material choices. We sincerely look forward to the emergence of more new substitutes that can surpass traditional materials without losing the inherent texture characteristics of lacquer art, and at the same time, we should make greater efforts to explore, sort out and utilize the means and materials of expression of traditional lacquer paintings and lacquerware at home and abroad. Any unchangeable conservative thought and so-called innovative thought that ignores tradition and the characteristics of lacquer art will seriously hinder the development of lacquer art.