What is aesthetics primarily a discipline?

What is aesthetics primarily a discipline?

The scope of aesthetics is the same as the universe, the same as human beings, as a book of principles of aesthetics, what should be taught? This not only involves the aesthetics as an academic according to its own logical correlation of content, but also involves the educational system of the discipline classification of the aesthetics of the specific presentation of the constraints, in China, one is placed in the philosophy of the first level of discipline below the second level of discipline of aesthetics, the second is the art under the four first-level disciplines: art theory, fine arts and design, theater and film art, music and dance; three is a first-level discipline of Chinese Thirdly, the disciplines of literature under the first-level discipline of Chinese Language and Literature and literature of various countries under the first-level discipline of Foreign Language and Literature, and fourthly, the disciplines related to architectural art under the first-level discipline of Architecture and garden plants and ornamental horticulture under the first-level discipline of Forestry. The most important thing here is the relationship between the general theory of art (or the general theory of art) and aesthetics, which arose as a result of the separation of art and aesthetics. It can be said that there is much overlap between the artistic types of beauty and what is taught in the general theory of art. Therefore, the content of the disciplinary division of labor must also be taken into account. After synthesizing these two aspects, a principle of aesthetics, firstly, to list the issues that should be addressed, and secondly, after these issues have been clarified, to provide a holistic understanding of the whole issue of aesthetics. Based on this, a principle of aesthetics, the most important issues are as follows: 1, the phenomenology of aesthetics, to make it clear that when people face the beauty, to do aesthetic appreciation, the specific situation is how the aesthetic is how to start, how to carry out, and the final result is how the 2 aesthetic typology, to make it clear that the beauty of the division into a few large basic classes and types, such as beauty, sadness, joy and other major categories, there are small categories under the small, such as under the beauty of the superiority of the beauty, magnificent beauty, elegant, how each of these types is characterized by These types are characterized by their own characteristics.3, aesthetic culture, to make clear that different cultures have different aesthetic concepts and forms of expression, and to further understand why there are such concepts and forms.4, the laws of formal beauty, to make clear the basic laws of beauty that transcend culture and time and space, such as shape, color, symmetry, and equilibrium, etc..5, the origin of beauty. From the viewpoint of human culturology, how did beauty arise and how did man recognize beauty.6, the disciplinary history of aesthetics, to make clear how aesthetics arose and developed and what are its laws. In these six issues, the most important is aesthetic phenomenology, aesthetic typology, aesthetic culture, the law of formal beauty, as the principle of aesthetics in the education system, know these four aspects, basically grasp the aesthetics.

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What kind of discipline is aesthetics

1, aesthetics is the object of study of aesthetic phenomena, that is, aesthetic activities.

2, aesthetics is an artificial discipline.

3. Aesthetics is a comprehensive humanities discipline.

4. The core method of aesthetic research is philosophy.

Aesthetics is a comprehensive man-made science about aesthetic phenomena

1

, aesthetics is the object of study of aesthetic phenomena, that is, aesthetic activities.

2

, aesthetics is a man-made discipline.

3

, aesthetics is a comprehensive humanities.

Why is aesthetics a marginal discipline?

Marginal disciplines refer to comprehensive scientific disciplines that are closely related to the knowledge systems of two or more different fields and are developed through their achievements. The generation of marginal disciplines generally have two situations. One is that some major scientific research topics involve two or more disciplinary fields, and in the process of research, emerging disciplines are generated in the combination of these related fields. In the other case, it is the application of theories and methods of the dish-discipline to study the problems of another disciplinary field, and some fringe disciplines will also be formed. The continuous development of these fringe disciplines has greatly contributed to scientific progress.

And aesthetics and philosophy, ethics, psychology, literature and art are closely linked.

Aesthetics is a science of what

Aesthetics is the study of the nature of beauty and its meaning as the theme of the discipline. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy.

The word aesthetics is derived from the Greek word aesthesis, which originally meant "feeling of sense". It was first used by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. The publication of his book Aesthetica marked the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline.

Until the 19th century, aesthetics was usually defined in the traditional classical conception of art as the study of "beauty" (Sch?nheit). Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy of cognitive sensation in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" and "ugliness", but to recognize the type and nature of the object.

History of the development of the term "aesthetics"

The task of traditional aesthetics was to study the eternal and unchanging criterion of the work of art as "beautiful". The metaphysical aesthetics of German Idealism was considered to be the only standard aesthetics of the time. Under these conditions, two branches developed: psychoaesthetics and aesthetics. Aesthetic (sensual) cognition was for a long time considered to be the antithesis of rational cognition. This view was replaced by the new modern view that this antithesis does not exist, and that rational cognition is inevitably recognized through the process of perceptual cognition. Sharp logics can also be of high aesthetic value at the same time.

What kind of discipline is transportation aesthetics?

You can refer to this:

Transportation, is the most basic element of activity in human society. In order to maintain their own life movement, human beings must consume food, live in houses and wear clothes, etc., and engage in these activities are inseparable from the interaction and transportation, that is, the spatial position or location of the movement of people or goods. Ancient Mozi put it well: "Food must always be satiated, and then seek beauty; clothing must always be warm, and then seek beauty; dwelling must always be peaceful, and then seek happiness." It can be seen that when the basic requirements are satisfied, human beings have further requirements; of course, this is also the case for "behavior". Modern people's "walking" is not only relying on their own two legs to walk on the rugged dirt road, but also has a profound change in the use of a variety of means of transportation and facilities, including airplanes, trains, automobiles, ships, as well as high-speed railroads, highways, and other modes of transportation to complete the process of movement of the personnel, and in the beautiful environment, to produce different experiences. experience, etc.

"Aesthetics" is the science of beauty?

Aesthetics is the study of the nature of beauty and its meaning. Aesthetics is a branch of philosophy. The main object of study is art, but not the study of art in the specific expression of the problem, but the study of art in the philosophical issues, so it is called "the philosophy of the art of beauty". The basic problems of aesthetics are the nature of beauty, the relationship between aesthetic consciousness and aesthetic objects.

Word Origin

The word aesthetics is derived from the Greek word aesthesis, which originally meant "the feeling of sensation". It was first used by the German philosopher Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten. The publication of his book Aesthetica marked the emergence of aesthetics as an independent discipline.

Until the 19th century, aesthetics was usually defined in the traditional classical conception of art as the study of "beauty" (Sch?nheit). Modern philosophy defines aesthetics as the theory and philosophy of cognitive sensation in art, science, design and philosophy. The aesthetic value of an object is not simply defined as "beauty" or "ugliness", but to recognize the type and nature of the object.

History

Aesthetics as an independent discipline from the German Baumgarten in the eighteenth century, but it was founded on the theory of beauty since Ancient Greece on the basis of successive generations of thinkers on the theory of beauty, is the systematization of the previous aesthetic theory, scientific. And the aesthetic theory since ancient Greece is built on the basis of people's aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities, is the philosophical reflection of people's aesthetic activities. Therefore, we want to understand aesthetics must go back to its source to start a beautiful trip.

Archaeology and art history tell us that human beings have begun aesthetic appreciation and aesthetic creation activities since they left animals. Paleolithic caveman, with stone beads, animal teeth, sea ark shells and other dyed red, yellow, green and other different colors to wear on the body. Not only the decorations of primitive people can see the early aesthetic activities of mankind, especially the primitive art is a concentrated reflection of the early aesthetic activities of mankind. According to the written records and left the pattern speculation, the primitive art of poetry, dance, music and so on, but has now disappeared. But cave murals and pottery is the earliest two primitive art records we can see today. The former is mainly based on a variety of animals as the subject, vivid and detailed, colorful. The latter is not only beautiful, rich patterns, and contrasting colors.

People always have some kind of life, some kind of phenomenon, and then began to think, explore, and in the thinking, explore the basis of the establishment of the corresponding disciplines. The early human aesthetic phenomenon of thinking, exploring began in ancient Greece. At that time, Pythagoras, Heraclitus, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and other great philosophers were involved in the exploration of beauty and debate. However, their views and opinions about beauty were often mixed with their understanding of truth and goodness, and became subordinate to their philosophical, moral, and theological thoughts, as well as political and literary thoughts. In addition, there was not a single monograph on aesthetics at that time. The thinkers' views on aesthetics were mixed with political, philosophical, religious, moral, artistic, and even historical biographies, journals, and commentaries. People have not yet found an independent and special research object for aesthetics from those mixed and interwoven thought systems. This situation has continued until the middle of the 18th century.

After the 18th century, with the development of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, modern disciplines such as natural sciences, philosophy, ethics, psychology and literature entered a period of gradual formation and development. In particular, philosophy, which is closely related to aesthetics, has undergone an epistemological turn since modern times, providing the necessary historical conditions for the establishment of the discipline of aesthetics. It was under such historical conditions that Baumgarten distinguished aesthetics from logic for the first time in his own philosophical system. While strictly stipulating that the object of study of logic is abstract thought that forms concepts and carries out reasoning, he also gave aesthetics its own unique object of study. And wrote a monograph on aesthetics, initially formed the basic framework of the discipline of aesthetics as well as explored some of the basic issues of aesthetics. Therefore, the discipline of aesthetics was born, and Baumgarten also became the father of aesthetics.

A.G. Baumgarten (1714-1762) was a professor of philosophy at the University of Halle in Prussia, Germany. His main views on aesthetics centered on two aspects: first, he stipulated aesthetics as a discipline for the study of human perceptual awareness. Baumgarten believed that human mental activity is divided into three aspects: knowledge, emotion, and intention. The study of knowledge or human rational understanding of logic, the study of human will has ethics, and the study of human emotions, which is equivalent to human perceptual understanding should be "Aesthetic". The word "Aesthetic" comes from the Greek, meaning "Sensibility", later translated into Chinese as "Aesthetics". 1750 Baumgarten officially used "Aesthetic" to refer to his study of human sensibility as a monograph. His work is regarded as the first monograph on aesthetics in history. Secondly, Baumgarten believes that "the object of aesthetics is the perfection of sense perception".

What makes aesthetics relevant to sense perception? Baumgarten's teacher's teacher, the German philosopher Leibniz has a vivid explanation of this, he said: painters and other artists for what is good and what is not good, although very clear awareness, but often can not find a reason for their aesthetic interest, if someone asked them, they will answer that they do not like the kind of work lacks a little "I can not say what".

To know whether a work is beautiful or not, but not to be able to say why, is, in Leibniz's and Baumgarten's view, a vague and confused sense.

After Baumgarten, the development of aesthetics has gone through three important stages: German classical aesthetics, Marxist aesthetics, and Western modern aesthetics.

In the stage of German classical aesthetics, Kant and Hegel made outstanding contributions to aesthetics, forming the first since the emergence of the discipline of aesthetics, which is also the third peak in the history of Western aesthetics. Kant is famous for his three major criticisms, in the Critique of Judgment, Kant put forward and argued a series of aesthetics fundamental issues, forming a more complete aesthetic theory system. After Kant, Hegel pushed German classical aesthetics to its peak, becoming the master of German classical aesthetics and of all Western aesthetic trends before Marxist aesthetics.

Although Marx did not write any specialized works on aesthetics, he discussed a great deal of aesthetic issues in many other works, especially his introduction of the experimental point of view into the study of aesthetics, thus establishing the discussion of beauty on the basis of subject-object discursive unity and providing a completely new way of thinking for the study of aesthetics.

After the middle of the 19th century, the development of aesthetics was characterized by a variety of schools of thought, but in general there was an important tendency to gradually detach from the purely philosophical discussion of "what is beauty" and focus on the description of the aesthetic psyche of the "experience of the beauty of our psychological activities," gradually turning aesthetics into a kind of empirical description of science. This is the historical transition from "top-down" to "bottom-up" as it is called in the history of aesthetics, and the aesthetics of the 20th century even formed a strong anti-traditional trend. On the one hand, it is a rebellion against traditional metaphysics and the promotion of empirical methods, on the other hand, it is a rebellion against rationalism and the promotion of human irrationality, and on this basis, it gradually formed two major trends of scientific aesthetics and humanistic aesthetics. The main representatives of modern Western aesthetics and aesthetic trends include the "experimental aesthetics" of Germany's Fechner, the "meaningful form" of Britain's Bell, the "empirical aesthetics" of America's Dewey, the "image intuition" of Italy's Croce, the "psychological distance" of Britain's Blow, the "empathy" of Germany's Lipps, the "Ribidor" theory of Freud, and the later analytical aesthetics and phenomenological aesthetics, Existentialist aesthetics, acceptance of aesthetics and so on.

Objects of Study

Although Baumgarten clarified the objects of study of aesthetics for the first time in history, his opinion was not unanimously responded to by the academic community. After Baumgarten, "what aesthetics actually studies" has been a hotly contested issue. But so far there are basically formed three tendencies of opinion:

The first opinion is that the object of study of aesthetics is beauty itself. In the view of those who hold this opinion, aesthetics to discuss the problem is not a specific thing of beauty, but all the things of beauty *** with the same beauty itself, the thing that makes all the things of beauty is the fundamental reason for beauty.

The second opinion is that the object of study of aesthetics is art, and aesthetics is the philosophy of art. This view has been recognized by a considerable number of aestheticians in the history of Western aesthetics.

The third opinion is that the research object of aesthetics is aesthetic experience and aesthetic psychology. This opinion is with the rise of psychology in the 19th century, advocating the use of psychological views and methods to explain and study all aesthetic phenomena, and put the aesthetic psychology and aesthetic experience in the center of aesthetic research.

In short, although the above opinions on the object of aesthetic research have their own reasoning, but also have their own defects, so it is difficult to obtain the recognition of the academic community. We are basically inclined to the first opinion, because the beauty itself as the object of study of aesthetics is more in line with the nature of the discipline of aesthetics; secondly, whether it is art or the interpretation of aesthetic experience, are dependent on the interpretation of the beauty itself. However, the traditional discursive aesthetics puts the study of beauty itself in the mode of thinking of subject-object confrontation, and applies the method of technical rationality, which is not agreeable to us. The final result will only lead to the crisis and dissolution of the discipline of aesthetics itself, as in modern Western aesthetics.

Relationship with Other Disciplines

Aesthetics and Philosophy:

Among the disciplines related to aesthetics, aesthetics has the closest relationship with philosophy. Aesthetics itself is a discipline of a philosophical nature. This is because:

The basic problem of aesthetics is one of a philosophical discursive nature. The formation of any theory and its nature depends on the questions it asks and the way it asks them. Aesthetics arose from Plato's question, "What is beauty?" The beauty asked here is not the specific thing that is beautiful, but the fundamental reason that makes all beautiful things beautiful. This kind of human attention from the mixed and varied sensual phenomena to the abstract nature of all, from the fluctuation of the beauty of the things to the constant beauty itself, obviously follow the ancient Greek metaphysical philosophical tradition. At the same time, the construction of the disciplinary system of aesthetics was also y influenced by the philosophy of that time, and its disciplinary framework, theoretical paradigm and way of thinking all bear the imprint of contemporary philosophy. There is also an interesting phenomenon that the great aesthetes in history are almost all great philosophers, and fewer of them are literary scholars or artists. Finally, the complex relationship between modern Western aesthetics and philosophy also proves the inseparable relationship between aesthetics and philosophy from another aspect. On the surface, modern Western aesthetics rejects philosophy, but what it rejects is in fact only traditional Western philosophy, and what it depends on is still modern Western philosophy.

Aesthetics and ethics:

The relationship between aesthetics and ethics is determined by the relationship between beauty and goodness. Truth, goodness, and beauty are the ideal state to which life aspires, and one of them is indispensable.

Historically, all objects of beauty are also good in an ethical sense, especially in the field of social beauty. The content of social beauty is, in a sense, the expression of goodness in the form of beauty.

Beauty and goodness, though closely related, are not equivalent, and beauty is not goodness. For example, the bell ringer in Victor Hugo's novel "Notre Dame de Paris" is ugly on the outside, but good on the inside. The beauty of things more focused on the pleasure of the human spirit, and therefore has a super-utilitarian, while the object of goodness and human utilitarian purposes are often directly linked.

Aesthetics and Psychology:

Liu Fei said: "Mountaineering is full of love in the mountains, and watching the sea is overflowing with meaning in the sea";

Keats, the British poet, said: "Beauty is a kind of eternal pleasantness";

The American aesthetician Santayana said: "Beauty is formed in the objectivization of the ***, and the beauty is objectivized by the ***";

In the people's aesthetic activities are always accompanied by a variety of psychological activities - emotion, pleasure, imagination, and so on. Li Bai's poem: "Cold Mountain with sad blue", in which "cold", "sad", is not a purely objective copy, but the expression of mood. In a sense, we can even say that the occurrence of beauty is inseparable from the participation of psychological factors. Thus, aesthetics and psychology are closely related.

Since the 19th century, Western aesthetics has emphasized the aesthetic experience and psychological function, and the influence of various psychological schools on the study of aesthetics has, to a certain extent, also illustrated the dependence of aesthetic research on psychology.

Aesthetics and Literature:

Aesthetics and Literature share **** the same object of study, namely, literature and art. Therefore, the problems they study often have some interlacing, such as literary and artistic works expressed in the aesthetic consciousness, aesthetic ideals, aesthetic creation and aesthetic appreciation of the general law is both aesthetics and literature and art to study the problem.

However, aesthetics is more general than literature and art, and it explores the origin of literature and art, providing the latter with theoretical paradigms and ways of thinking. Literature and art, on the other hand, pays more attention to specific literary and artistic experiences and phenomena, which can provide rich empirical materials for aesthetic research.

Research Tasks

The research tasks of aesthetics, in addition to the fact that as a discipline, it should reveal and clarify the aesthetic phenomena, help people to understand the general characteristics and laws of beauty, the appreciation of beauty, and the creation of beauty, and to further improve and develop the discipline of aesthetics itself, as well as enhance the aesthetic appreciation of human beings, for today's society, it is especially necessary to improve the human spirit, and to promote the aestheticization of life, which Heidegger called "aestheticization of life". That is, what Heidegger called "poetic dwelling". Aesthetics is a study beyond worldly utilitarianism, which reflects the ultimate concern and pursuit of human beings. However, it is different from philosophy in that it dissolves this ultimate concern and pursuit into poetry, and uses vivid and touching images to move people's emotions, which makes it more acceptable to people. Today's technological and commercial civilization, money worship, materialism and hedonism are prevalent, making people's spirit increasingly close to the metaphysical and detached from the metaphysical, which is worrying both for the society and for people themselves. Aesthetics can raise the spirit of man and make him transcend the mediocrity and meanness of the world, so that he can "dwell poetically on the earth".

Research Methods

The methods of aesthetic research are pluralistic. It can take the method of philosophical contemplation as well as the research methods of other related disciplines today, such as the methods of empirical description and psychoanalysis, the methods of anthropology and sociology, the methods of linguistics and culture, and so on.

The Nature of Beauty

What is beauty?

This is the question from Plato. It is this question that opened the whole history of aesthetics, and it has inspired aesthetes and philosophers through the ages to make unremitting efforts as the basic theoretical problem of aesthetics.

Exploration of the essence of beauty in the history of Western aesthetics:

1. Exploration of the essence of beauty from the spiritual aspect

Exploration from the objective spiritual aspect: Plato, Plotin, Hegel

Exploration from the subjective spiritual aspect: Hugh Moore, Kant, and some modern aesthetes

2. Exploration of the essence of beauty from the material aspect: Aristotle, Hogarth, Bock

2. Exploring the essence of beauty from the unity of spirit and matter: Diderot, Chernyshevsky

Ancient Chinese discussions on the essence of beauty:

Ancient Chinese discussions on this issue were more through the exploration of the "Tao", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", "qi", and "qi". The exploration of this issue in ancient China was more reflected through the exploration of "Tao", "qi" and "wonderful". Compared with the strong dialectical character of the West, the ancient Chinese aesthetic thought emphasized more on the meaning of the universe itself and the spiritual realm of human beings.

For example, "Bide said", that is, from a different perspective to associate and imagine the similarity of shape and habits between natural things and people. It personifies and moralizes nature, and objectifies and naturalizes human characteristics.

Zigong asked: "The gentleman saw the big water than the view, why?" Confucius said: "The water, the gentleman than virtue. All with and selfless, like Germany; and the birth, like benevolence; its flow of inferior sentence are all in accordance with its reason, like righteousness; shallow popular, deep unpredictable, like wisdom; its go to a hundred feet of the valley does not doubt, like courage; weak and weak up to, like the check; subject to the evil does not allow, like the package; Meng does not clear to enter the fresh and clean to come out, like the goodness of the chemical; to the amount of must be flat, like the right, surplus does not seek the general, like the degree of; and its 10,000 folding must be the East, like the idea: is to the gentleman to see the big water view yan Er also. "

The son said: "The knower is happy with the water, the benevolence is happy with the mountain; the knower moves, the benevolence is quiet; the knower is happy, the benevolence is alive."

"Beauty is one of the greatest secrets of nature, and we can see and feel all its effects, but a general and clear opinion: it is still in its essence an undiscovered truth."

Question: is the question of the nature of beauty a problem? Is! How should it be explored? Is it not? Can it be abolished?

Characteristics of beauty

I. Image

1. The shuozhuang of image in poetry:

Cicadas are quieter and quieter than ever, and birds are singing in the mountains.

The Desert is a lonely place, and the sun sets over the Yangtze River.

The moon is as bright as the water dipping into the building, revealing a bleak wind.

2. Sculpture: "Laocoon" and so on

3. Painting: "Mona Lisa" and so on

4. Music: "The Field", "like a song of the line boards," and so on

5. Novels: "Dream of the Red Chamber", "Journey to the West", "Home", "Spring", "Autumn", and so on

6. Drama: "Hamlet", "The Lady of the Camellias", Qu Yuan, Sunrise, etc.

7. The beauty of natural science theories:

What is the beauty of formulas, concepts, theories, etc.? (Li Zhengdao and other discussions of beauty)

They must the picture of the world they portray and be perceived by man to be objects of beauty. (Zhao Xinsan's discussion)

Second, infectiousness

Beauty directly appeals to human emotions, or love, or excitement, or veneration, so that people in the spirit of a great pleasure and satisfaction:

Poetry recitation with music: [Hungarian] Pedro Pettofi: "I am willing to be a torrent"

[Russian] Simonov: "Wait for me! ...

Music clips: Beethoven's "Heroes" Symphony, Tchaikovsky's "June Boat Song"

What makes something beautiful so strongly contagious is that it embodies what is human, and especially embodies the emotional life of human beings.

Third, objectivity

All things of beauty have objective physical factors, these physical factors play a vital role in causing aesthetic pleasure. It determines the reason why people choose this thing, not that thing as the object of beauty.

What kind of discipline is science?

Hello!

Some elementary schools offer "science" as a subject, which is almost the same as the original "nature" subject, and covers simple biology, physics, astronomy, chemistry, etc.

I hope you'll find it interesting.

I hope this helps!

Philosophy is a discipline, not a science

Specific sciences are the basis of philosophy, and the progress of specific sciences drives the development of philosophy. Philosophy provides a worldview and methodology for the concrete sciences.

Therefore, it is wrong to regard philosophy as the "science of science" and to think that philosophy can replace concrete science.

Philosophy is a discipline, not a science 吗la

Philosophy is presumably the method by which mankind recognizes nature, and is therefore divided into two kinds: subjective and objective; and science is a reproducible and objective law, and therefore philosophy includes science.

Disciplines are broader, while science is more specific.