Yunnan Observatory discovers externally disturbed broad line region of active galactic nuclei bound by central gravity

The main job of an observatory is to observe the stars with astronomical telescopes. Is the observatory located on a hill because it is closer to the stars?

No, it isn't.

The stars are all very far away from us. The average star is hundreds of trillions of kilometers away, and the closest object, the moon, is 380,000 kilometers from Earth. The mountains on Earth are usually only a few thousand meters high, and shortening such a small short distance is obviously insignificant.

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere through which starlight has to pass to reach astronomical telescopes. Smoke, dust, and fluctuations in water vapor in the starch gas all have an effect on astronomical observations. Especially near large cities, city lights illuminate these particles in the air at night, giving the sky a bright glow and preventing astronomers from observing fainter stars. Away from the cities, where there is less dust and smog, the situation is better, but it is not yet possible to avoid these effects.

The higher up you go, the thinner the air, the less smog, dust and water vapor, and the fewer the effects, so most observatories are located on mountains.

The three best observatory sites in the world are now recognized as being located on top of high mountains: the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, 4,206 meters above sea level; the Andes in Chile, 2,500 meters above sea level; and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 2,426 meters high.

As the Moon moves around the Earth, it also has to follow the Earth as it moves around the Sun. This means that the spatial position to which the Moon returns after a week's motion around the Earth is no longer the original starting point. It is thus clear that the Moon is involved in the motion of many other systems in the course of its motion. The motion of the Moon is the same as that of other celestial bodies, and the Moon is in perpetual motion. In addition to rising in the east and setting in the west, the Moon also moves an average of more than 13° from west to east with respect to the stars every day, so that the Moon rises every day about 50 minutes later than it did the day before. The moon rises in the east and sets in the west is a reflection of the rotation of the earth; and from west to east is the moon around the earth the result of the revolution. The moon's revolution around the earth is called a "sidereal month", which is 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes and 11 seconds on average. While the Moon rotates around the Earth, it also rotates itself. The Moon's rotation period and revolution period are equal, i.e. 1:1, and the time it takes for the Moon to revolve around the Earth is also the period of its rotation.

The result of this peculiar rotation of the Moon is that the Moon always faces the Earth with the same half, and the back of the Moon can never be seen from the Earth, only by detectors to unravel the ancient mystery of the back of the Moon, and this wish of mankind has been realized more than 30 years ago. Today's large astronomical telescopes are able to distinguish targets on the lunar surface of about 50 meters (equivalent to a 14-story building).

Planets grow up in nebulous gas. The Earth's infancy was surrounded by a thick covering of nebulous gas called the primordial atmosphere. Because solar activity was particularly intense at that time, the strong solar wind gradually blew away the primordial atmosphere, and later the primordial atmosphere that surrounded the Earth thinned out and drifted away.

The Moon also originated from the primordial solar system nebulae and evolved in much the same way as the Earth. The Moon approached the Earth's gravitational circle when the Earth had just reached adulthood and the primordial atmosphere began to escape, thus becoming a captive of the Earth

Answer time: 2010-12-4 16:34

The Moon is commonly known as the Moon, or Taiyin. The Moon is about 4.6 billion years old and it is closely related to the Earth.

Humans are full of intense curiosity about things, and the same is true for the Moon, where it comes from has become a fascinating topic for humans.

At present, there are basically several views on the formation of the Moon:

One of the earliest hypotheses to explain the origin of the Moon is the splitting theory. As early as 1898, George Darwin, the son of the famous biologist Darwin, pointed out in the article "Tides and Similar Effects in the Solar System" that the Moon was originally a part of the Earth, and then due to the Earth's rotational speed is too fast, the Earth part of the material thrown out of the Earth, and these materials are separated from the Earth to form the Moon, and the large crater left on the Earth, is now the Pacific Ocean.

But this idea was soon opposed by some people. They argued that the Earth could not have thrown out a piece of that size at the speed of its rotation. Besides, if the Moon was thrown out by the Earth, then the material composition of the two should be the same. But through the "Apollo 12" spacecraft from the moon back to the rock samples for laboratory analysis, found that the two are very far apart.

There is another theory, the capture theory. This hypothesis suggests that the Moon was only an asteroid in the solar system, and that it was captured by the Earth's gravity once, when it orbited near the Earth, and has never left the Earth since. There is also a view close to the capture theory that the Earth kept accreting material that came into its orbit, and over time, more and more was accreted, eventually forming the Moon. But some people point out, to the moon such a big planet, the earth is afraid that not so great power to capture it.

In recent years, scientists from all over the world have come up with a new hypothesis, the big collision, after a long period of research.

On March 20, 1986, at the Johnson Space Center in Houston, the Moon and Planets Symposium, the U.S. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Benz, Slattery and Harvard University Smith Center for Astrophysics, Cameron *** with the big collision hypothesis.

This hypothesis suggests that early in the evolution of the solar system, a large number of "stars" were formed in interstellar space, and the stars grew up by colliding with each other and accreting. The stars merged to form a primordial Earth, and at the same time formed an object 0.14 times the mass of the Earth.

During their respective evolutionary processes, these two objects formed a metallic core dominated by iron and a mantle and shell composed of silicates. Since these two objects are not far from each other, the chances of an encounter are great. By chance, the smaller object crashed into the Earth at a speed of about 5 kilometers per second. The violent collision not only changed the motion of the Earth, so that the axis of the Earth tilt, but also make the small object was broken by the impact, the silicate shells and mantle heat evaporation, the expansion of the gas at a very high speed to carry a large number of crushed dust flew away from the Earth. The material that flew away from the Earth consisted mainly of the mantle of the colliding body, with a small portion of material from the Earth, in the ratio of roughly 0.85:0.15 . The metal cores that separated from the mantle at the breakup of the impactor were slowed down by the expanding flyaway gases and were accreted to Earth in about 4 hours. The gases and dust that flew away from the Earth were not completely out of the Earth's gravitational control, and they were combined by mutual accretion to form either a fully molten moon, or several separate small moons that were first formed, and then gradually accreted to form a whole.

Unique Charm

The Moon has a layered structure of shell, mantle, and core, with an average distance from Earth of about 384,401 kilometers, and an average thickness of the outermost lunar shell of about 60-65 kilometers. Below the lunar crust to a depth of 1000 kilometers is the lunar mantle, which accounts for most of the volume of the moon. Below the mantle is the lunar core, which has a temperature of about 1,000 degrees and is likely to be in a molten state.

The lunar crust is composed of many elements, including: uranium, thorium, potassium, oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, titanium, calcium, aluminum, and hydrogen. Each element emits a specific gamma radiation when bombarded by cosmic rays. Some elements, such as uranium, thorium and potassium, are already radioactive and therefore emit gamma radiation on their own. Regardless of the cause, however, each element emits different gamma rays, each with a unique spectral signature that can be measured with a spectrometer. Until now, mankind has not yet made a faceted measurement of the elements of the Moon, and the measurements made by spacecraft are now limited to only a portion of the Moon's surface.

The Moon is about 3,476 kilometers in diameter, which is about 3/11 of the Earth's. It is only 1/49 of the Earth's size, with a mass of about 735 billion billion tons, which is about 1/81 of the Earth's mass, and the gravity on the surface of the Moon is almost equal to about 1/6 of the Earth's gravity.

With a bright Moon in the sky, we are able to see clearly that there are shadowy parts and bright areas on it.

Early astronomers looking at the Moon thought that the darker areas were covered with seawater, so they called them "seas". Famous ones include the Sea of Clouds, the Wet Sea, and the Sea of Tranquility.

The dark part of the moon visible to the human eye is the lunar sea, which is actually a vast plain on the surface of the moon. There are 22 identified lunar sea, recognized that the vast majority of these 22 distributed in the front of the moon. Most of the lunar seas are roughly circular, elliptical, and surrounded by mountain ranges, but there are also some seas that are connected to each other. The terrain of the lunar seas is generally low, similar to the Earth's basins.

The area on the surface of the moon above the lunar sea is called the lunar land, it is generally 2-3 kilometers higher than the level of the lunar sea, because it is back to the rate of illumination (a measure of the ability to reflect the sun's light of the physical quantities) is high, and therefore seems to be brighter. On the front side of the Moon, the landmass is roughly equal in area to the lunar sea, but on the back side of the Moon, it is much larger than the lunar sea. Isotope measurements show that the lunar land is much older than the lunar sea, and is the oldest topographic feature on the Moon.

And the bright part is the mountains, where there are layers of mountains and ranges of hills and craters scattered everywhere.

The name crater was given by Galileo. It is a prominent feature of the lunar surface, covering almost the entire surface of the moon.

The largest crater is Bailey's Crater near the South Pole, which is 295 kilometers across, a little larger than Hainan Island. Smaller craters may even be a crater of a few tens of centimeters. And the deepest crater is Newton's Crater, which is 8,788 kilometers deep. There are about 33,000 craters no smaller than 1,000 meters in diameter, accounting for 7 to 10 percent of the surface area of the moon.

In addition to the craters, the Moon's surface is also characterized by ordinary mountain ranges, high mountains and deep valleys.

A common feature of mountains on the Moon is that they have asymmetrical slopes, with the seaward side being very steep and sometimes cliff-like, and the other side being fairly gentle. Another major feature of the Moon's surface is that some of the "younger" craters are often characterized by beautiful "radial lines", which are bright bands of light extending in all directions from the craters as radial points, and which run almost straight across the mountain system, the lunar sea, and the craters.

In addition to the mountains and mountain ranges, there are four cliffs hundreds of kilometers long on the surface of the Moon, which are also known as "lunar rift valleys". There are many famous rift valleys on Earth, such as the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. The moon also has this structure on the surface - the moon valley (moon gap)

Those seem to be curved black fissure that is the moon valley, the most famous moon valley is in the southeast of Plato's Crater, linking the rain sea and the cold sea of the Alpine Grande Lune Valley, it is the moon on the surface of the Alpine cut off, the scientists measured by the photographs taken from space, it is up to 130 kilometers long and 10-12 kilometers wide. 10-12 kilometers, it is spectacular!

Mysterious Moon

The bright moonlight shocks the human mind, the round moon, accompanied by a variety of wonderful astronomical phenomena. People wonder why the moon always faces the Earth in the same way. Since the Earth and the moon are rotating and traveling along their respective orbits, how is this possible?

A long time ago, the gravitational pull of the Earth gradually slowed down the Moon's rotation. When the Moon's rotation period slowed down to match its orbital period (the time it takes to travel around the Earth), this gravitational pull was balanced, and the Moon has been facing the Earth on one side ever since.

And how are the phases of the moon formed? It turns out that when the Moon rotates around the Earth, it spends part of its time between us and the Sun, and the half of it that is illuminated by the Sun is far away from us, when we call it a new moon. Thus, there is no such thing as the dark side of the moon, we just don't see it.

When the Moon goes to the other side of its orbit, the small strip of sunlight it reflects from the Earth makes a curved crescent when viewed from the Earth. And when the moon comes to be directly in front of the sun, it is completely illuminated to our eyes, and this is the full moon.

There is a natural phenomenon that can be seen at the beach, the ebb and flow of the tide, which is called the tides. Life experience tells us that there are two high and low tides every day. The one that occurs during the day is called the tide, and the one that occurs at night is called the tidal wave. Every day the tide (or tides) is always 50 minutes later than the previous day's. This happens to be the same pattern as the appearance of the moon. People have long speculated that the tidal phenomenon is related to the moon, and this is indeed the case. The fundamental cause of tides is gravity, which we know decreases as the distance between objects increases, and this is known as the inverse square relationship.

The Moon has a gravitational effect on the Earth, and gravity causes the ebb and flow of sea water on the Earth's surface, specifically, tides are formed under the force of gravity. The Sun also has a tidal effect on the Earth, and of the total tidal effect, the Sun plays 1/3 of the effect, and the remaining 2/3 belongs to the Moon. Under the **** same effect of the Sun and the Moon, large and small tides are produced. A famous big tide is the Qiantang tide in Hangzhou.

The tidal action is mutual, and the Earth has a greater influence on the tidal action of the Moon. Even though there are no oceans on the Moon, the tidal forces also have this effect on the Moon by slowing down its rotation. With the Earth's tidal forces, the Moon finally becomes a side that is always facing the Earth.

In fact, for all the satellites of the planets, the long-term tendency is necessarily for the periods of rotation and revolution to be equal. This is not a man-made "coincidence", but a planet-satellite duo dance under the influence of gravity. For the Earth-Moon system, the Earth's rotation will continue to slow down and the Moon will continue to move away from the Earth until it reaches a state of equilibrium that will last forever.

The Bermuda Triangle, Earth's Atlantic Ocean, is a mysterious and troubled region known as the "Devil's Sea" and the "Triangle of Death". In the process of exploration of the Moon, scientists have discovered that there is a similar mysterious region on the Moon.

The U.S. Lunar Orbiter Probe 4 and Lunar Orbiter Probe 5 flew close to the Moon in the "Rainy Sea", "Dangerous Sea" and other lunar seas. Dangerous sea" and other lunar sea and air, found that the following attraction is particularly strong, the spacecraft can not help but fly through the tilt, and the radio equipment on the spacecraft is also due to the interference and malfunction. After research, it was found that there was a concentration of material gathering points there, and scientists called this kind of area "mass tumor" figuratively. At present, 12 such mass tumors have been found on the Moon, and all of them are concentrated on the front of the Moon.

So what are the composition and chemistry of these mass tumors? At present, scientists only know that these mass tumors are a dense and heavy substance, but nothing else.

In fact, the Moon leaves mankind with many, many more unanswered mysteries, which attract mankind to explore him constantly to unravel those unanswered questions.

Answer: asd | First Class | 2010-12-4 22:09

The Moon also originated in the primordial solar system nebulae, and the process of Earth's evolution is largely the same. The moon is in the earth just to adult, the primitive atmosphere began to escape when flying close to the earth's gravitational circle, so it became the earth's captive

The moon this peculiar rotation results: the moon is always in the same half of the face of the earth, and from the earth can never see the moon's backside is what kind of only by the detector in order to open the back of the moon of the mystery of the ages, mankind's desire as early as more than 30 years ago, it was already realized. Today's large astronomical telescopes are able to distinguish targets on the lunar surface of about 50 meters (equivalent to a 14-story building).

Planets grow up in nebulous gas. The Earth's infancy was surrounded by a thick covering of nebulous gas called the primordial atmosphere. Because solar activity was particularly intense at that time, the strong solar wind gradually blew away the primordial atmosphere, and the primordial atmosphere that surrounded the Earth later thinned out and drifted away.

The Moon is commonly known as the Moon, or Taiyin. The Moon is about 4.6 billion years old, and it has a close relationship with the Earth.

The mountains on the Moon have a common feature: the slopes are very asymmetrical on both sides, with the seaward side being very steep and sometimes cliff-like, while the other side is fairly gentle. Another major feature of the Moon's surface is that some of the "younger" craters are often characterized by a beautiful "radial pattern", a bright band that extends in all directions from the crater as a radial point, and which passes through the mountain system, the lunar sea, and the craters in an almost straight line.

Answer: Head Mo | Level 2 | 2010-12-4 22:53

What astronomical observatories are mostly located in the mountains Back to Contents

Astronomical observatories are mainly institutions for astronomical observation and research, and most of them are located in the mountains of various countries in the world.

China's astronomical observatories are also mostly located in the mountains. For example, the Purple Mountain Observatory, which is set up in the northeast of Nanjing outside the Purple Mountain, 267 meters above sea level. The Beijing Observatory has five observatories, including the Xinglong Observatory, which is about 940 meters above sea level, and the Miyun Observatory, which is about 150 meters above sea level. The Shanghai Observatory's station at Sheshan is also 98 meters above sea level. The Yunnan Observatory is in the eastern suburb of Kunming at an elevation of 2020 meters.

The main job of an observatory is to observe the stars with an astronomical telescope. Is the observatory located on a hill because it is closer to the stars?

No, it is not.

The stars are very far away from us. The stars are usually tens of trillions of kilometers away from us, and the closest celestial body, the moon, is 380,000 kilometers away from the Earth. The mountains on Earth are generally only a few thousand meters, shortening such a small short distance, obviously insignificant.

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere through which starlight has to pass to reach astronomical telescopes. Smoke, dust, and fluctuations in water vapor in the starch gas have an impact on astronomical observations. Especially near large cities, city lights illuminate these particles in the air at night, giving the sky a bright glow and preventing astronomers from observing fainter stars. Away from the cities, where there is less dust and smog, the situation is better, but it is not yet possible to avoid these effects.

The higher up you go, the thinner the air, the less smog, dust, and water vapor, and the fewer the effects, so most observatories are located on mountains.

Now, the world's three best recognized observatory sites are located on the tops of high mountains: the summit of Mauna Kea in Hawaii, at 4,206 meters above sea level; the Chilean Andes, at 2,500 meters above sea level; and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, at 2,426 meters above sea level.

Responders: enthusiasts | 2010-12-5 09:07

1Q:

Astronomical observatories are mainly institutions for astronomical observation and research, and most of them are located on mountains in countries around the world.

Most of the observatories in China are also located on mountains. For example, the Purple Mountain Observatory, which is set up in the northeast of Nanjing outside the Purple Mountain, 267 meters above sea level. The Beijing Observatory has five observatories, including the Xinglong Observatory, which is about 940 meters above sea level, and the Miyun Observatory, which is about 150 meters above sea level. The Shanghai Observatory's station at Sheshan is also 98 meters above sea level. The Yunnan Observatory is in the eastern suburb of Kunming at an elevation of 2020 meters.

The main job of an observatory is to observe the stars with an astronomical telescope. Is the observatory located on a hill because it is closer to the stars?

No, it is not.

The stars are very far away from us. The stars are usually tens of trillions of kilometers away from us, and the closest celestial body, the moon, is 380,000 kilometers away from the Earth. The mountains on Earth are generally only a few thousand meters, shortening such a small short distance, obviously insignificant.

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of atmosphere through which starlight has to pass to reach astronomical telescopes. Smoke, dust, and fluctuations in water vapor in the starch gas have an impact on astronomical observations. Especially near large cities, city lights illuminate these particles in the air at night, giving the sky a bright glow and preventing astronomers from observing fainter stars. Away from the cities, where there is less dust and smog, the situation is better, but it is not yet possible to avoid these effects.

The higher up you go, the thinner the air, the less smog, dust, and water vapor, and the fewer the effects, so most observatories are located on mountains.

Now, the world's three best recognized observatory sites are located at the top of high mountains, which are the summit of Hawaii's Mauna Kea, 4,206 meters above sea level; the Chilean Andes, 2,500 meters above sea level mountain; and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, 2,426 meters high mountain tops.

2Q:

The roofs of houses in general are either flat or slope-shaped, only the roof of the Observatory is different, from a distance, the silver-white round roof seems to be like a big steamed bun, shining under the moonlit night.

Why did the Observatory create a domed structure? Is it for the sake of looking good? No, the dome of the Observatory is not at all for the sake of looking good, but has its special purpose.

The silvery-white domed houses we see are actually the observatory's observation rooms, which have hemispherical roofs.

Looking closer, however, there is a wide crack in the hemisphere that runs from the highest part of the roof to where the eaves are. Then walk into the house and look, hey! Where is the crack, it turned out to be a huge skylight, huge astronomical telescope through this skylight pointing to the vast expanse of space.

The observatory room is designed as a hemisphere, in order to facilitate observation. In an observatory, people observe space through telescopes, which are often made so large that they cannot be moved around. The telescopes are often very large and cannot be moved around. The telescopes observe targets in all directions of the sky. If an ordinary roof is used, it is difficult to make the telescope point to the target in any direction at will. The roof of the Observatory is made into a dome, and a computer-controlled mechanical rotation system is installed at the joint between the dome and the wall, making observation and research very convenient. In this way, when observing with an astronomical telescope, all one has to do is to rotate the circular roof, turn the skylight to the direction of observation, turn the telescope to the same direction, and then adjust the lens of the telescope up and down to make the telescope point to any target in the sky.

At different times, just close the skylight on the dome to protect the telescope from the elements.