What are the four stages of Ci development?

What are the four stages of Ci development? Ci is one of China's ancient poems. It began in Nanliang, formed in Tang Dynasty, flourished after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and reached its peak in Song Dynasty, so it was commonly known as Song Ci. The formal characteristics of words are "the tone has a fixed frame and the sentence has flaws." According to the Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, "Since the beginning of Kaiyuan (the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty), singers have mixed songs of Okoyi Lane." Due to the wide spread of music, many talented musicians made a living by singing in the city at that time. According to the need to coordinate the lyrics with the music beat, they created or adapted some long and short sentence lyrics, which are the earliest words. It can also be seen from Dunhuang Quzi Ci that the words produced by the people are decades earlier than those created by the literati. There are two schools of ci: one is graceful school; Two: uninhibited.

Most of the folk words in the Tang Dynasty reflect themes such as love and acacia, so they are not elegant in the eyes of literati and are regarded as poems. Only those who pay attention to absorbing the artistic advantages of folk songs, such as Bai Juyi and Liu Yuxi, write some words with simple and natural style and full of rich life flavor. The "Huajian School" in Wenhe and the Five Dynasties is famous for vigorously advocating rich figures of speech and gorgeous sentence patterns, which has a certain position in the development history of Ci. However, Li Houzhu's poems after his capture in the Southern Tang Dynasty opened up a new and profound artistic realm, which strongly infected later poets. Ci originated from the folk, but it was difficult to see folk works in the study before 1900 Dunhuang stone room was opened. It was not until the lyrics and songs of Dunhuang manuscripts came out that this defect was made up. There are a lot of lyrics in Dunhuang manuscripts, including five by Wen, () and Ouyang Jiong, and the rest are anonymous. The author has a wide range of subordinates, and his writing time began from the last years of Wu Zetian to the Five Dynasties. Among them, the most important one is "Yun Yao Ji Za Ge", with 30 words. The copying time was not later than the first year of Hou Liang Ganhua (9 1 1), and it was nearly 30 years earlier than the compilation of Huajianji (940 in the third year of Zheng Guang, Shu Dynasty). Except Neijiajiao, the other 12 tunes and the list of songs delivered to others are recorded. Among them are slow characters and couplets. The early creation of Dunhuang ci and the folk origin of the author's creation make the works show transitional characteristics in content, system and language style, and initially break away from the general poetic culture system and begin to become independent adults. The postscript of Zhu Zumou's "Yunyao Zaqu" said: "It is a simple and gratifying poem, and it is a big song that relies on the sound of the vertebral wheel." It can be used to evaluate the whole Dunhuang ci.

In the late Tang Dynasty, Hu music in the western regions, especially Qiuci music, was introduced into the Central Plains through the Silk Road, and it merged with the original music of the Han nationality, which was dominated by music, resulting in a new kind of music-Yanle. There are many tunes of Yanle, including dance music and songs. The lyrics of the song are the ancestors of later lyrics, which were called "Quzi Ci" at that time.

In the course of its development, the lyrics of Yanle in Tang Dynasty gradually formed a remarkable feature, that is, the lyrics were created in strict accordance with the requirements of music, including segmentation according to the movement structure, sentence making according to the beat, word selection according to the music sound, etc., and its glyph became a form with irregular sentence length and fixed frame. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, many literati used this way to create ci. Many tunes in Yan music are folk songs, including songs and words, which have different lengths or interlining forms. The structure of these lyrics is long or short. It can be seen that these lyrics are in line with or changed according to the requirements of music singing, which shows that the lyrics of Yanle written for music are an etymology. Another source of ci is the poetry of literati. The beat of some music in the Tang Dynasty and the lyrics of poems, especially Yang Liuzhi, are not much different from metrical poems. However, there are also some inconsistencies between poetry and music. In order to adapt to the melody format, some changes need to be made, such as sentence breaking and overlapping. According to the explanations of Shen Kuo and Zhu in Song Dynasty, "harmony" and "overtone" should be added to sing these songs to match the uneven beat length. This eventually led the literati to write lyrics directly according to the musical beat. Poetry into music has contributed to the lyrical trend of musical words. Judging from Zeng's poems,

There are mostly five-character quatrains and seven-character quatrains, the contents of which are mostly chanting mountains and rivers, expressing feelings, expressing ambitions, or reflecting friendship and parting feelings of friends, which gradually form a remarkable artistic feature: the content is mainly to express daily life feelings, the artistic conception is more delicate, the expression method is more euphemistic, and the language is more concise and delicate.

Ci reached its peak in Song Dynasty, declined for more than 300 years in Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and re-entered the development state in Qing Dynasty. In the history of literature, Ci has become a popular literary genre with its unique musical beauty, intricate rhythm, uneven syntax and strong and profound emotional expression.

What are the four stages of family development? 1. honeymoon period:

This is the standard "beauty is in the eye of the beholder". As long as two people can be together, nothing matters. This stage is like blindfolded love, full of fantasy, excitement and expectation. A mysterious and fascinating force binds lovers together closely.

2. Confusion period:

Just like the song "When I Wake Up from a Dream", waking up from the excitement of honeymoon is often followed by disappointment with my partner and loss of our relationship.

"Why is he (she) different from the people I used to know?" Or "Oh, my God! How can I be with such a person? " ..... Many questions come to mind. Romance faded away, and the shortcomings of the other side emerged one by one, so many people began the difficult and often futile "huge project" of "transforming their partners".

3. During the power struggle:

"Why should I listen to you?" "I do it for your own good, so listen to me!" "Why should I change? You should change yourself! " . During this period, both sides were in the stage of emotional instability, and the idea of "just breaking up" began to appear, and the relationship was full of disputes and oppositions. As a result, some partners have become indifferent and distant since then; Some are easy to quarrel; Some go abroad and make new love; Others simply go their separate ways.

4. Commitment and acceptance:

In the case I consulted, what moved me most was not the partners who had been going smoothly and peacefully (frankly speaking, such lucky partners are almost rare), just like the ancient poem said, "Without some cold, there is no fragrance of plum blossoms." Despite the difficulties, when we are willing to improve our wisdom and patience and start to adjust and accept our differences, the gift of love we get can really make people enjoy life, which is also the most touching.

What are the four stages of monetary development? First, the simple and accidental form of value, barter is accidental; Second, the expanded form of value shows that the value of an item can be expressed by many other items; Third, the general value form, using universal equivalence to express the value of all items; Fourth, the form and value of money are in money.

What are the four stages of Wushu development? Wushu is an excellent national traditional project that has been continuously created and gradually formed by the Chinese nation in the long-term historical evolution.

In primitive society, there are many people and few land, and the natural environment is very bad. In the harsh struggle of "natural selection, survival of the fittest", people naturally produced primary offensive and defensive means such as punching and kicking, scratching and slapping, jumping and rolling. Later, I gradually learned to make and use stone or wooden tools as weapons, and unarmed and instruments produced some fighting and killing skills, which is the bud of martial arts.

From the existing archaeological discoveries, it can be seen that in the Paleolithic Age, pointed stone tools, stone balls, hand axes and spears were used to process bone angles, while at the end of the Neolithic Age, a large number of stone axes, shovels, stone knives, bone harpoons, arrows and even brass cymbals and axes appeared. These primitive production tools and weapons later became the forerunners of martial arts instruments.

At the end of primitive society, frequent tribal wars further promoted the development of Wushu. In tribal wars, bows and arrows and throwers are far used, while sticks, knives, axes and long weapons are near. Any production tool that can be used for capture and combat has become a combat weapon. According to historical records, Sanmiao tribe rebelled many times in Dayu period, and failed to make it surrender after many conquests. Later, Yu stopped attacking, asked soldiers to practice with axes and shields, and invited people from Sanmiao tribe to watch this "strange dance" to show their strength. Sanmiao tribe surrendered from then on. This is a grand martial arts self-defense drill in primitive society. The ancient "martial arts dance" laid the foundation for the formation of martial arts routines later.

The war practice of society puts forward the requirements of military skills for people. So people constantly sum up the offensive and defensive skills and experience gained from war practice. And handed down from generation to generation.

Legend has it that during the Yanhuang period, there was a Chiyou tribe with bison as its emblem in the east, which advocated martial arts and was brave and good at fighting, especially at fighting (wrestling). They wear costumes like horns or swords and halberds. When fighting with others, you are best at grasping and twisting each other, touching each other with your head, and making each other afraid to approach. Later people called it "Chiyou Opera". Chiyou's corner touch is a kind of unarmed combat, including giving, hitting, throwing, touching and taking. It can be used not only in the battlefield, but also in the usual practice, which has a certain influence on the development of antagonistic events in later generations.

Entering the class society, with the development of productive forces and the improvement of weapons, Wushu has also entered a new stage of development.

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, due to the development of bronze industry, excellent weapons such as spears, daggers, halberds, axes, cymbals, knives and swords appeared, as well as the methods of using these instruments such as chopping, stabbing, stabbing and chopping, and there were competitions to compete for martial arts. At that time, Wushu was often called "hand-beating", "hand-style" and "thigh-arm". According to historical records, Jie and Wu Yi are all technical experts in catching wild animals with their bare hands.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were disputes among governors and wars were very frequent. Martial arts fighting has been attached importance to and developed rapidly in the army and the people. At this time, the appearance of ironware and the rise of cavalry make the content of weapons richer, not only of good quality, but also of various forms, length and width, which further highlights the offensive and defensive nature of martial arts, and at the same time, the fitness function of martial arts is also valued. At this time, Wushu competitions have become very common, paying great attention to offensive and defensive skills, and there have also been attacks, defenses, counterattacks, feints and so on.

At that time, the vassal States "took war as their service" and attached great importance to those who were outstanding in boxing, arm strength and physique. Guan Zhong, the prime minister of Qi State, reformed the military system in order to make Qi State strong, and ordered the officers and men to carry out actual martial arts training. Anyone who is brave in boxing and fails to report it is considered guilty of hiding his talent. Every spring and autumn, Qi holds a nationwide "gladiator" to select heroes with high martial arts to enrich the army. Because the troops are dispatched, the Qi army is like a bird, the troops are moved like lightning, and the troops are sent like a storm. No one dares to stop before, and no one dares to harm afterwards. "Into No Man's Land" Zhao Xun Kuang (also known as Gou Zi) witnessed the Qi people's worship of martial arts. After returning home, he and Zhao talked about the reasons why Qi was strong, saying, "Qi people fought and attacked." Jane books were very popular in wuyue at that time. In ancient times, there was a famous female fencer named "Yue Nv" in Vietnam. She is not only outstanding in fencing, but also has a set of martial arts theories. According to "Wu Yue Chun Qiu", "The method of fighting by hand is the spirit inside the table and the security outside. I look like a good woman when I look at it, but I look like a tiger when I take it away. Waiting for the weather, walking with God, ... One person should be a hundred people, and a hundred people should be ten thousand people. " As early as more than 2,000 years ago, China had a relatively mature record of martial arts theory, and put forward the idea of combining internal and external elements with both form and spirit.

We all know the historical event of the "Hongmen Banquet" during the Chu-Han War, and there is a famous allusion-Xiangzhuang Sword Dance, which is intended to pay tribute to the public. It can be seen that Wushu at that time has gradually developed from a simple attack and defense action in the past to a routine form that can be practiced alone.

The Han Dynasty is a period of great development of martial arts, and routine sports such as sword dance, sword dance and double halberd dance often appear at court banquets, such as solo dance, duet dance or group dance. The unarmed boxing performances and competitions are also highly valued by the rulers. Ban Gu, a historian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, recorded in Hanshu that Emperor Ai of the Han Dynasty was a fan of "border drama", saying that he "liked both refined and popular tastes, so he could observe the border and shoot martial arts". Wu Zhi personnel in the Han Dynasty were also selected through "trial lifting" (boxing assessment). Gan Yanshou, a famous soldier in the later Han Dynasty, was elected as the "Qimen" military post by "trying to abandon".

In addition to practical skills such as "self-defense to kill the enemy" and "winning the offensive and defensive", there were also ornamental and fitness pictographic dances such as monkey dance, dog fighting dance and drunken dance, as well as "Six Birds Play" and "Five Birds Play" in the Han Dynasty. These can be regarded as early pictographic boxing wood. During this period, martial arts works also increased significantly. There are 38 articles on kendo and 6 articles on handball in Han Art Literature and History alone, all of which are monographs on the ways of attack and defense.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, due to the development and prosperity of feudal society and economy, compared with the stagnation in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, Wushu can be said to be re-emerging. In the Tang Dynasty, the martial arts system was implemented, and excellent martial arts talents were selected through examinations, which promoted the folk and official martial arts training activities from the policy. Shaolin Temple was famous for its martial arts in the Sui Dynasty. During the Wude period of Tang Dynasty (6 18-626), the government allowed it to set up its own camp and cultivate monks and soldiers, which made it even more famous.

At one time, there were more than 2,000 monks, and the wind of practicing martial arts gradually flourished. It is said that the thick Zen master of Shaolin Temple is "quick in punching and high in martial arts" and can "lead thousands of troops and collapse the wall". Li Yuanji, the fourth son of Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, was a brave general, and Li Yuan's second son was a Shandong hero. He raised more than 800 "warriors" in Qin king Palace, including Weichi Gong and He, famous historical figures in The Romance of Sui and Tang Dynasties. They were all excellent military commanders. Weichi Gong can grab a gun with his bare hands, and often rushes into the enemy lines alone. Although the sword is like a forest, it can't hurt him. Instead, he will grab a gun and assassinate him. He will go in and out like nobody's business. On one occasion, Li Yuanji wanted to compete with him for "grabbing a gun with his bare hands". Yuanji was eager to kill with a gun, and Weichi Gong dodged around. In a short time, he snatched it from Yuanji three times. It can be seen that Weichi Gong's martial arts was superb at that time.

At that time, the sword was gradually replaced by the sword in the military, but it was still very popular among the people. Not only martial artists practice, but also literati are proud of their swords. Both Tao Libai and Du Fu studied fencing when they were young. General Fei Min's fencing, Li Bai's poems and Zhang Xu's cursive script are regarded as the three wonders of the Tang Dynasty. Some people praised Fei Min's sword, "The sword dances like Youlong and returns with the wind". No wonder the painter Wu Daozi asked Fei Min to dance sword to stimulate his creative passion. What is even more surprising is Du Fu's "Gong Sundaniang Sword Dance": "Many years ago, there was a beautiful Gongsun, dancing with her dagger, which attracted audiences from all directions, just like a mountain lost between them, and heaven and earth moved back and forth with her movements. Wow, if you photograph sunsets nine times, you are as fast as an angel in front of the dragon's wings; She began to be like a thunderbolt, venting its anger and ending the shining calm like rivers and the sea. " It shows that the fencing routine at that time had a fairly high level.

During the Song Dynasty, there were frequent internal and external troubles, and the general public often formed associations to practice martial arts in order to protect themselves. For example, Jiaojiao Club, Shadow Club and Bow Club are relatively large folk martial arts organizations. At this time, Wushu pays more attention to the military practicality in rural and remote areas; On the other hand, in the streets of the city, more attention is paid to routines, with martial arts as the performance content, collectively known as "hundred plays." The martial arts performed include gladiator, boxing, kicking, club, sword dance, sword dance, bullet shooting and crossbow shooting. The sparring partner is called "playing condom", and there are "gun to card" and "sword to sword" cards. The word "Kung Fu is like ten people" also appeared in the classics of the Song Dynasty. According to the Song Dynasty's "Journey to the North through Cuiwei": "I heard that there are six weapons in thirty, and the bow is the first. Nine times out of ten, the martial arts is the first." This article originally wanted to emphasize the importance of bows and arrows in the battle, but it has already reflected that the weapons at that time were far less than 18.

In Yuan Dynasty, due to the sharp ethnic contradictions, Mongolian rulers restricted folk Wushu, many martial artists remained anonymous, and Wushu organizations also turned into secret folk organizations, which greatly inhibited the development of Wushu.

The Ming Dynasty is an era of all-round development of China Wushu. There are many schools of boxing, with different styles and schools. Only the "New Book" written by Qi Jiguang, a famous anti-Japanese, records "Song Taizu's 32-potential long fist, bunt, 72-line fist, 36-lock, Shandong Li's half-day leg, eagle claw king belt, thousand falls, Zhang Bojing's fight ... * * Sixteen boxing methods." It's a trend for a hundred schools of thought to contend. Boxing names are named after practitioners. The great development of Wushu in Ming Dynasty is inseparable from Ming Taizu's thought of attaching importance to the all-round development of Wushu. He advocated that "military officers learn etiquette, and literati learn riding and shooting." In this way, in the Ming Dynasty, there were not only more boxing methods, but also more colorful equipment routines, and they also began to have powerful methods and boxing scores. This shows that Wushu, which was born out of military fighting technology, has gradually formed a routine-based sports form in the Ming Dynasty, and far exceeded the development of antagonistic sports.

In the past, martial arts skills were mostly taught by word of mouth, but few were preserved in the form of documents. Due to the omnipotence of martial arts in the Ming Dynasty, martial artists wrote books with pictures and texts, which reached the pinnacle, preserved precious martial arts heritage and provided an important basis for future generations to study martial arts. According to statistics, in addition to Qi Jiguang's Posting School, other important monographs include Wu Bian, Yu's Zhengqi, Zheng Ruozeng's A Brief Introduction to the South of the Yangtze River, Cheng Zongyou's Yu Geng Shu, He's Zhan Ji, Mao's Wu Beizhi and Wu Duo's The Book of War.

During the reign of the Qing Dynasty, the martial arts activities in the Qing Dynasty were not as good as those in the Ming Dynasty because Manchu nobles restricted martial arts in order to maintain their dominance. However, due to the broad mass base of Wushu among the people, and the existence of many anti-Qing organizations at that time, the folk practiced Wushu in an attempt to overthrow the Manchu rule, which made the martial arts schools in the world more colorful. There are southern schools and northern schools in the region, Shaolin and Wutangmen in the mountains and rivers, external skills of Buddhism and internal skills of Taoism in the religion, and Taiji Gate, Xingyimen, Baguamen, Jimimen, Changquan Class and Bentu Class in the categories. There are many schools of Wushu, which symbolize the prosperity of Wushu. However, there are also shortcomings that lack of communication between factions cannot make up for each other.

Wushu can multiply and develop day by day because it has dual functions of fitness and self-defense. Wushu can meet people's needs of keeping fit and cultivating temperament at ordinary times, and become a means to resist violence and foreign aggression in the face of oppression or * * *. Therefore, in the long feudal society of our country, the people who were bullied and persecuted had deep feelings for Wushu, which promoted the spread and development of Wushu and made Wushu form a unique national style in our country.

During the Republic of China, due to the development of society and the wide use of firearms, the fitness function of Wushu became more clear, and Wushu mainly appeared in social life in the form of sports.

After the founding of New China, we first attached great importance to the inheritance and development of outstanding national cultural heritage. The state not only holds regular Wushu reporting performances, but also offers Wushu majors in normal colleges and institutes of physical education, and organizes professionals to learn from others on the basis of inheriting traditional boxing methods, and to sort out and simplify Tai Ji Chuan, intermediate Changquan, primary Changquan and equipment routines. In order to carry forward national culture and develop sports, Wushu associations have been established all over the country to attract Wushu lovers to practice martial arts and keep fit. The state has also set up a special institution to carry out Wushu and listed it as an official competition. These measures have greatly promoted the popularization and research of Wushu and made Wushu develop by leaps and bounds. Whether in urban or rural areas, mass Wushu is widely promoted. Later, in the late 1950s, Wushu once entered the stage of routine and performance, which greatly hindered the development and inheritance of Wushu. Since 1980s, Wushu has made great improvement and breakthrough in technical style, structural layout, quality and difficulty. Sanda has also been revived, which is an important symbol in the history of Wushu development.

The influence of China Wushu on neighboring countries is also enormous. It spread to Japan and Southeast Asia very early. According to reports, Chen Yuanyun, a boxer in the Ming Dynasty, went to Japan to teach Shaolin Boxing, which laid the foundation for Japanese "Judo". As for Japanese karate and aikido, Korean Taekwondo, Thai Taoluo Boxing (Thai Boxing) and Philippine cudgel, they are all influenced by China Wushu to varying degrees.

As the birthplace of Wushu, China has sent people to perform and exchange Wushu in more than 60 countries on five continents in recent years, which not only publicized our national cultural heritage, but also enhanced international friendship. At present, China Wushu has been popular in Europe, America and other regions. The United States has established the National Chinese Wushu Association, and cities such as Chicago, new york and San Francisco have also established Shaolin Kung Fu Schools. Internationally, Wushu fever is in the ascendant. Kung Fu, Shaolin, Taiji and Wushu have become common words in English.

The unique functions of China Wushu, such as fighting, fitness and art appreciation, have attracted more and more foreign Wushu lovers.

China Wushu has a long history, and it is always full of people's wisdom in its development and evolution. Long-term social practice has formed its unique national style and characteristics, which contains profound philosophical thoughts and moral concepts. Wushu, as a national artistic and cultural treasure, is not only deeply loved by Chinese people, but also favored by international friends, and has become an emissary to spread friendship and promote health.

What are the four stages of ecological development? What are the research contents? At present, there is no unified and clear definition of ecological development stage. From the development of land ecology abroad, it can be divided into the following stages; In the embryonic stage of land ecology in 1 year, German chemist Justus von Liebig pointed out the idea of recycling nutrients in plant soil and environment in19th century, which can be regarded as the beginning of land ecology. 2. Early ecology, marked by the study of land types, divided the landscape into different grades in the 1980s, and conducted in-depth research on different types. The emergence of the concept of land ecosystem promotes the study of natural factors in land use conditions. 3. The stages of land ecology marked by land ecological evaluation include the evaluation period of land natural potential in 1960s and 1970s, the evaluation period of land suitability in 1970s and 1980s and the all-round development period of land ecological evaluation in 1990s. The research contents are divided into eight categories: land system structure and change, ecological function and process, ecological classification and investigation, ecological evaluation, ecological planning and design, ecological restoration and reconstruction, ecological management and protection, and ecological economy.

What are the four stages of the development of China's ancient novels? The development of China's ancient novels has roughly gone through six stages. From ancient times to the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, this is the brewing and budding period of China's ancient novels. Mainly pre-Qin "fables" (myths), such as Jingwei's reclamation, Kuafu's day by day, Huangdi's attack on Chiyou, and Houyi's shooting at the sun.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, novels with "ambition for the people" and "ambition for wonders" appeared, collectively referred to as note novels. During this period, China's novels began to take shape. The main works are Gan Bao's Searching for the Gods and Liu Yiqing's Shi Shuo Xin Yu.

The appearance of Tang legends in Tang Dynasty marks the maturity of China's classical novels. Famous novels such as Jiang Fang's Biography of Huo Xiaoyu, Bai Xingjian's Biography of Li Wa and Yuan Zhen's Biography of Yingying are all short stories in classical Chinese.

In the Song Dynasty, a vernacular novel-story book appeared, and the novel became the proper name of the story style. The appearance of scripts is a great change in the history of novels, which has a far-reaching impact on China's ancient novels. The masterpiece is Romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Parody appeared in the Ming Dynasty, that is, novels created by Ming literati imitating the system and form of scripts, such as Yu Tang Chun Luo Yu Fu, Du Shiniang Nu Bao Xiang, Shen Bai Shi Ji and so on. Novels include San Yan by Feng Menglong and Er Pai by Ling Mengchu.

In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the novel of chapter-style appeared, and China's ancient novels reached their peak, resulting in a number of great immortal novels, such as Four Great Classical Novels and The Scholars.

What are the four stages of programming language development? machine

authorized strength

high(er) order

structuring

What are the four stages of education development in China? (four aspects)1-The reason why the pre-Qin school was set up was to teach it: to raise the embarrassed; Learn and teach; Order, shoot also. School, Xu, Zhou Yueyao. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius began private school education.

2—— Systematization of education in the Sui and Tang Dynasties Due to the rapid development of politics, culture, science and economy, the national education model has also got rid of the view that Confucianism is the only obedience in the Han Dynasty, giving consideration to Buddhism and Taoism, and gradually formed a development policy of giving priority to Confucianism, supplemented by Buddhism and Taoism, and mastering six arts. The prosperity of education in Ming Dynasty was gradually expanded and improved.

3- Education in the Republic of China

Selected works of middle school students in the early years of the Republic of China (about 19 18). After the Revolution of 1911, the new education system in the late Qing Dynasty was basically complete, and the Republic of China basically inherited the education system in the Qing Dynasty. In Beijing in the Republic of China, the former department in charge of education and culture was changed to the Ministry of Education, and its subordinate institutions remained unchanged. In the field of education, it changed from learning Japan in the late Qing Dynasty to learning the United States in the early Republic of China.

4. The adjustment of education department and the revolution of education mode in New China.

The development of geographical environment problems and the thought of man-land relationship has gone through four stages: initial stage, growth stage, transformation stage and regeneration stage.

What are the four stages of computer development? 1. First generation computer (1946 ~ 1957)

The main component is the electron tube.

2. The second generation computer (1958 ~ 1964)

Transistors are used instead of electron tubes.

3. The Third Generation Computer (1965 ~ 1970)

Small and medium-sized integrated circuits have replaced transistors.

4. The fourth generation computer (197 1 year to date)

Use large scale integrated circuits and very large scale integrated circuits.

The main features are as follows:

The first generation is the era of electron tube computers, from 1946- 1958 or so. This generation of computers has huge volume, high power consumption, low operation speed, small storage capacity and poor reliability because of the use of electron tubes.

The second generation is the transistor era, probably 1958- 1964. Compared with the first generation of computers, the performance of this generation of computers has improved by 10 times, software configuration has begun to appear, some advanced programming languages have come out one after another, and the number of peripheral devices has increased from several to dozens. In addition to scientific calculation, applications such as data processing and industrial control have begun;

The third generation is the era of integrated circuit (IC) computers. About 1964- 1970. It is mainly composed of small and medium-sized integrated circuits. Its circuit devices integrate dozens to hundreds of electronic components on a chip of several square millimeters, which significantly reduces the volume and power consumption of the computer and greatly improves the calculation speed, storage capacity and reliability. With the operating system, models are diversified, serialized and combined with communication technology, so that computer applications have entered many scientific and technological fields.

The fourth generation is the era of LSI circuit computer. From the 1970s to the present. Large-scale integrated circuits can integrate tens of millions to hundreds of thousands of electronic components on several square millimeters of semiconductor chips, which makes the computer smaller, consumes less power, and increases the operation speed to millions of times per second, further improving the reliability of the computer.