The inhabited areas, customs and folk customs of the Han nationality

The inhabited areas, customs and folk customs of the Han nationality

Due to the vast distribution area of Han nationality, its traditional folk houses have different styles due to different regions. Most of the traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the North China Plain are brick-and-wood bungalows, and most of the courtyards are quadrangles, represented by Beijing quadrangles. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the northeast are basically similar to those in North China, but the difference lies in the walls and roofs. The houses here are generally thick, mainly to keep warm. Han people living in northern Shaanxi dig caves to build houses according to the characteristics of thick soil layer and low groundwater level in the Loess Plateau. Caves are not only warm in winter and cool in summer, but also do not occupy cultivated land. The traditional houses of the Han nationality living in the south are mainly wooden structures, which pay attention to the eaves and pavilions and the structure of law. Due to the different customs and natural conditions in southern China, the layout of residential buildings is also different. For example, buildings in hilly areas are built on mountains, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang water towns pay attention to the front street and the back river. The earth buildings in Fujian are big and beautiful, while the pavilions in Suzhou are small and beautiful.

Regardless of the Han nationality in the south or the north, traditional folk houses have a common feature: sitting north facing south, paying attention to indoor lighting; Wood beam bearing, brick, stone, soil wall; Focusing on the main hall, he is good at carving beams and painting buildings, decorating roofs and cornices.

The Han nationality is dominated by agriculture, with wheat, corn and rice as staple foods, supplemented by vegetables, bean products and non-staple foods such as chicken, fish, pigs, cattle and mutton. Tea and wine are traditional drinks. People who live on rice are used to making rice into different foods such as rice, porridge or rice noodles, rice cakes, glutinous rice balls, zongzi and rice cakes. People who live on wheat are used to making steamed bread, noodles, flower rolls, steamed buns, jiaozi, wonton, fried dough sticks, spring rolls, fried cakes, pancakes and so on. Paying attention to and being good at cooking is a major dietary feature of the Han nationality. Through long-term practice, the Han people in different regions have adopted cooking methods such as frying, roasting, frying, steaming, roasting and cold salad, forming different local flavors. Badahan cuisine, namely Guangdong, Fujian, Anhui, Shandong, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang and Jiangsu, is famous at home and abroad.

It is said that Han people began to drink tea in Shennong era, with a history of at least 4,700 years. Until now, Han compatriots in China still have the custom of replacing wine with tea. Han people have various methods of making tea: smoked bean tea in Taihu Lake, scented tea in Suzhou, ginger tea in Hunan, Gaiwan tea in Chengdu, frozen top tea in Taiwan Province Province, Longjing tea in Hangzhou, oolong tea in Fujian and so on.

Customs and habits of Han nationality

The formation of Chinese nation-Han ancestors

The Han nationality was named after the establishment of the Great Empire of the Han Dynasty. In the pre-Qin period, it was originally called Huaxia, or Hua, or Xia, and was the ancestor of the Han nationality. The legend of Emperor Yanhuang is the national hero of China, so people often say that the Han people are descendants of the Chinese people. Let's draw a basic outline, or draw a picture of his face, about the formation of the Chinese nation, the ancestor of the Han nationality.

First of all, from the description and analysis of historical documents

The earliest writing we saw was Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Shang Dynasty. Before that, it was generally called the legendary era. Its unit of calculation is not 100 thousand years or 10 thousand years, but 100 thousand years or 100 thousand years. The process from ape to man is extremely long, and it has been three or four million years since ape to modern man. In human childhood, there were many primitive groups, which gradually multiplied and split, formed clans and tribes, and entered the country through tribal alliances. There were many clans and tribes in ancient China, which were called "Wanfang", "Wanbang" or "Wan Guo" in ancient times. Each of them has his own legend about the origin of his ancestors. In the process of intermarriage and alliance, mutual influence, mutual penetration and mutual integration, social system, economic life and cultural history have all broken the past single-type situation and gradually developed into compound ones. The history of ancestor origin also snowballed the heroes of many clans and tribes in the east, west, north and south into a system, artificially creating an inheritance sequence. All ethnic groups in the world have similar phenomena and similar legendary times.

At that time, there were no words, and primitive people could only be handed down from generation to generation to preserve history, sum up experience and boost morale. Human beings cherish their own history from the beginning, but due to the limitations of conditions and subjective understanding, it is inevitable to add or delete and mix many myths; In addition, future generations have different subjective tendencies and different sources of historical materials; Therefore, the history of the legendary era recorded in the literature is often complicated, and the gods and people are difficult to distinguish, the time is not accurate, the region is difficult to determine, the names of people, tribes and places are often mixed, and events, parties and sequences are often confused. However, some basic materials can still find a basic clue after removing the rough and selecting the fine, removing the false and retaining the true.

According to legend, the history of the Chinese nation began with "Huang San" and "Five Emperors", followed by "three generations"-Xia, Shang and Zhou (Zhou is divided into Western Zhou and Eastern Zhou, and Eastern Zhou includes Spring and Autumn and Warring States). During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Hua", "Xia" and "Huaxia" were officially seen in historical records as national names.

Who are "Huang San" and "Five Emperors"? Opinions vary. "Huang San" is either Fuxi, Shennong and Suiren, or Fuxi, Shennong and Nuwa, or Fuxi, Shennong and Zhu Rong, or Fuxi, Shennong and Huangdi, or Huang San or Huang San. The "Five Emperors" have similar legends, or Tai Hao, Emperor Yan, Huangdi, Shao Hao and Zhuan Xu, or Huangdi, Zhuan Xu Levin, Di Ku Gaoxin, Diyao and Dishun, or Zhuan Xu, Gaoxin, Tang and Yu, or Shennong, Huangdi, Zhuan Xu, Dikeng, Diyao and Dishun. There is a saying that six people are called "five emperors", which means that all six people are in the constellation of five emperors. Professor Gu Jiegang, a famous historian in China, has studied ancient history for a long time and put forward the theory of historical accumulation in the legendary era. It is indeed a scientific opinion, which is completely consistent with the point of view of infiltration and integration I put forward above. It's not who "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" are, but maybe they will be an eternal mystery and can't be answered correctly. Here, we might as well advocate "fuzzy historiography": the important issue lies in seeking truth from facts.

Some scholars in ancient times believed that among many clan tribes at that time, there was a bear, Shaodian, who married a tall daughter and gave birth to Emperor Yan and Huangdi, and their descendants developed into the Chinese nation. Although this story has been studied by many scholars and pointed out that there are many problems in it, it has been spread from the legendary era to written records. According to Historical Records, Guoyu and other historical records, the ancient history of Tang Yao, Yu Shun, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, that is, the ancient history of the Chinese nation, all originated from the ancient history of the Yellow Emperor. The above only describes the general situation, of course, we can't completely deny it, but we can't be completely sure, so we need to criticize and inherit it and study it further.

As a nation, it is always in the process of movement, development, change, proliferation and division, sometimes homologous and sometimes heterogeneous. Huaxia country is no exception. According to the above table, it seems that the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties of the Chinese nation have the same origin and different currents; However, as three different * * * identical bodies, they each have their own basic activities, their ancestors' historical legends, their customs and social life, and their respective economic levels are also different. Even if the three generations are homologous, in the evolution of one or two thousand years, quantitative and qualitative changes will inevitably occur; It may be more appropriate to explain the above table from the viewpoint of layered infiltration and integration.

Three generations ago, there were obviously many ethnic tribes or countries in the Chinese nation, so the word "Zhu Xia" or "Zhu Hua" came into being in ancient times, among which the historical records of Xia, Shang, Ji and Jiang were the most abundant. There is also a problem of infiltration and integration between them. A long marriage, war. The process of alliance, trade and other exchanges is not only the process of unity of contradictions, but also the process of infiltration and integration. Their social life is gradually consistent, forming an ancient nation-Huaxia nationality. The name "Xia" is obviously related to the establishment of the Xia Dynasty. The ancients interpreted "Xia" as a "big country" and claimed to have a good name. Zhou people often call themselves "Xia", and there is a record that "Zhou people respect Xia" in history. As for the name "Hua", it seems that it comes from clothes that can be distinguished at a glance, which is different from the quilt. Xia people wear luxurious clothes with ornaments, and the ancients explained that "Zhang Yuehua was adopted for coronation" should also be a good name. The Central Plains culture in the ancient Yellow River basin is a Chinese culture with Xia, Shang and Zhou as its core.

In the process of its formation, the Huaxia people not only infiltrated and merged with "Zhu Xia", but also infiltrated and merged with the mixed and surrounding ethnic groups. They are inextricably linked in culture, blood, society, economy and politics. In ancient times, these aliens were generally called Yi, Man, Rong and Di, or collectively referred to as Yi and Di. At first, they were obviously different from Huaxia, as the Rong people themselves said: "My diet and clothes are not the same as Huaxia, my money is unreasonable, and my words are not up to standard." It seems that there are differences between barbarians and China people in diet, clothes and speech, which is a proper phenomenon between different ethnic groups.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the process of national unification intensified. At that time, people put forward that "foreigners should not mess with China" and "future generations should not seek summer", and they wanted to "use summer to change foreigners". "Savage (chaotic) summer" was a serious social event at that time, and the most prestigious politician at that time was the one who could "respect the king and resist the foreign countries". At that time, on the one hand, there was a difference between China people and foreigners, or it was called "appropriate Yan Xia Fang"; On the other hand, this distinction is not absolute, but flexible. Personally, during the Three Dynasties, there were four foreigners sinicized constantly; And China people also constantly have the phenomenon of four foreigners; As for the infiltration and integration of the whole clan and tribe, history is full of spots. Therefore, the ancients summed it up as: "If you enter China, you will leave China"; "When you enter Yidi, you are Yidi." No matter whose nationality it is, as long as it accepts the Chinese culture in the Central Plains, it is China people; Even if China people in the Central Plains have accepted the culture of thinking of foreigners, they are not from China, but thinking of foreigners.

During the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, many barbarian tribes lived in the territories of Ji Wang, Qi, Qin, Jin and Chu in the Zhou Dynasty. By the Warring States period, except for the surrounding areas, most of them were integrated into the Huaxia nationality. Scholars in the Han Dynasty explicitly mentioned this historical phenomenon: "On the edge of Tang Yuguo, Wu Wei's clothes were ruined, and the more he went to Jiuyi, the more he went through clothes, and now he wears summer clothes." "There was a war in ancient times, and now there is China (according to the integration of the Central Plains); People who were naked in ancient times now wear summer clothes. " The ancient history of China, from the perspective of national history, should be said to be a history of mutual infiltration and integration of many * * * same bodies; Although wars often occur between ethnic groups, the mainstream of integration runs through the ancient history of China.

Geographical factors often play a role in the history of human society, so the Chinese nation and Chinese culture are inevitably branded with geography.

Scholars in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties believed that the basic area of Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties was in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Today's Henan Province was called the Central Plains or "China" in ancient times. They often say: "Three generations were born between Heluo, Gu Wu is higher than Zhongyue, and the four mountains are not as good as their own." During the period of "Huang San" and "Five Emperors" three generations ago, it was said that the Yellow Emperor lived in Zhuolu, fought Chiyou and fought Yan Di in Sakamoto. Qingyang falls in the river, Changyi falls in the water, Zhuan Xu is born in the water, Huangdi is the Ji water, Yan Di is the river, and Kyushu (according to Nine Kingdoms, Ghost Fang and Ye Mi), Jizhou and Dulushan (according to the press) are all in the Yellow River.

The Chinese nation was gradually formed in the Three Dynasties. Xia, Shang and Zhou people "didn't often wander outside the city", especially in the early days, Du Yi often migrated. However, the central area of their activities is still clear. Xia people basically live in western Henan and southern Shanxi, merchants mainly live in the border of Henan, Hebei and Shandong, and Zhou people mainly live in Shaanxi and Henan. The land directly under the three emperors is "less than a thousand miles", and the princes are even more "small countries and few people". However, due to their high civilization, the political, economic and cultural power and influence of the three generations are quite vast, which can be said to have surpassed today's national boundaries. Although the bronze culture of China bred in the Yellow River Basin is a product of northern China, it did permeate the cultures of many clans and tribes in southern China, thus emitting brilliant light and becoming a first-class and highly prosperous cultural center in East Asia and even the world at that time.

The ancient inhabitants of the vast land in the south lived in the same body as the commune, and the clans and tribes and their families were very complicated. They are different from the millet and wheat culture in northern China, and they are rice culture. Due to the lack of historical documents in the pre-Qin period and the unclear situation, it is not involved for the time being. Yi, Man, Rong and Di in the north of China have many contacts with China, which are directly and closely related to the formation and growth of the Chinese nation. There are also many historical sites to be discovered, which are summarized as follows.

The system of "* * *" was established in the early Xia Dynasty, and wars often broke out between the central government and some foreigners. And often cooperate and form alliances with other Yi people, who have jobs and contributions in the central government. Yi Yi, Han Zhuo and other clan tribes formed an alliance with Xia people, and "Xia people replaced Xia government" to replace Xia royal family, which is obviously not an ordinary relationship. The dispute between foreign countries and summer is a great event in the history of summer, which lasted for hundreds of years. Lion, Xuyi, Changyi, Baiyi, Fengyi, Huangyi, Chiyi and Xuanyi. There was a war with the Xia dynasty, and the Xia people fought against the Rong nationality of Cao Wei and the Yi nationality. On the other hand, some foreigners maintained friendly relations with the Xia royal family, such as Fang Yi's tribute, being a guest, and Jiuyi entering the palace.

After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, the writing and historical traces of ethnic relations gradually appeared, which was more specific and accurate. Whether through peaceful and friendly channels or through war, the process of infiltration and integration of all ethnic groups has accelerated, and its depth and breadth far exceed that of Xia Dynasty. Many unstable * * * isomorphic or closed * * * isomorphic bodies have become increasingly stable or open, and the names of ancient ethnic and clan tribes or tribal alliances have appeared in a large number of historical records, such as Qiang and Kunyi.

"Zhou Ge and Yin Ming" expanded in all directions, and "Chopin Week" implemented the policy of serving people with strength. The growth and development of the Chinese nation was closely related to the great ethnic integration in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the aliens who often interacted with the Zhou royal family were, or Xu Rong, Quan Rong, Da, Tiaorong, Ben Rong, Jiang Rong, Bai Jirong,? Wait, sometimes in a state of war, sometimes in a state of peace. After the end of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the population increased, the land was opened up, the administration of * * * weakened, the governors became stronger and stronger, the people living together and the surrounding ethnic groups gradually prospered, and the barbarians and Rongdi expanded and became more active than before, leaving the most historical sites. It is in the endless historical background of China (Central Plains) that the hegemonic political situation of respecting the king for more than a hundred years appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period. At the same time, many foreigners living in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River have basically integrated into the royal family and the Chinese culture in Jin Chu, Chyi Chin. After entering the Warring States period, foreigners basically lived only in the border areas of China. In the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, the common external factors in historical records are Shan Rong (Endless), Xian Yu, Bei Rong or Rongzhou's own Rong, Huai Yi, Yu, Dong Shan Gaoluo, Lu Liu Yu, Jia Shi and Zhou Qiru, Yi Qu Zhurong (Dali, Wushi, Yan Yan) and Chang Di (Yi). , mobs,, Loufan, Zhongshan, Hu Xun, Donghu, Concurrent, Zhai, Rong, Xianbei, Xiongnu, etc. As for the foreigners in the south of the Yangtze River, they have not yet entered the stage of China's political history, and the complexity of their clans became increasingly clear in the Han and Tang Dynasties.

The main reason why people who live with China and neighboring ethnic groups can integrate with China as the main body is that their productivity is relatively low and their culture is not advanced enough. Some of them either live in the stage of military democracy that Engels said was "proud of plunder" or live in closed village organizations. Their lifestyles, whether in rough farming or animal husbandry, are unstable and often migrate. Because of the uncertainty of their place of residence, they have different names anywhere and at any time, and most of them have not been investigated, or they use common names, or their own names, or nicknames, or proper names. In this case, the materials are not enough to accurately determine the tribes of hundreds of famous ethnic minorities in history. However, many clan tribes in the Yellow River valley gradually merged into the historical sites of China during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which should be said to be completely in line with historical reality, and there is no doubt. The ways of integration are marriage, commerce, alliance, war and so on. In a word, infiltration and integration are carried out according to dialectical laws and contradictions.

Second, the reflection of archaeological development remains

Since the founding of New China, archaeology has developed vigorously, and a new breakthrough has been made in understanding the ancient people and their culture in China. Up to now, about 300 or 400 Paleolithic sites have been discovered in Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, Guizhou, Yunnan and Tibet. Some important sites have been officially excavated. These findings show that China is an important area of early human activities, which helps to understand distant lineal ancestors or their branches.

Unearthed data show that China is generally within the range of human origin. Apes existed from 1 500,000 to 2 million years ago, and continued from110,000 to the late Paleolithic period 20,000 years ago, and experienced the whole process from apes, ancients to new humans.

We have every reason to believe that China's northeast, northwest, southeast, southwest, north China, central south and other regions are rich and distinctive in Paleolithic culture, with hardworking and intelligent owners who can fight against nature. The famous ones are Yuanmou ape-man, Lantian ape-man, Yunxian ape-man, Peking ape-man and Hexian ape-man in the early Paleolithic period, Dali ape-man, Ding Cun ape-man, and Ma in the middle Paleolithic period. A large number of human fossils are very precious and rare materials to study the origin of human beings, the species formation of ancient residents in China and the evolution, change and development of China and other ethnic groups. A large number of Paleolithic cultural sites are also very precious and rare materials for studying the social life, ideology and cultural evolution of Chinese ancestors and ancestors of other nationalities. These early humans in China should be said to be the earliest owners of China. At a high level, they should be the ancestors of the Chinese nation, and their culture can also be said to be an important source of Chinese civilization. The ancient and splendid Chinese civilization has a long history.

Based on the discovery of Shayuan in Shaanxi Province and Jing Ling in Henan Province, some archaeologists have made a comparative study of the remains of the late Paleolithic in northern China (such as Zhiyu in Shuoxian County, Shanxi Province, Xiaonanhai in Anyang, Henan Province, etc.). ), and think that there is a close relationship between them, and put forward that the Yellow River basin, especially North China, is the birthplace of the fine stone craft tradition, thus forming the culture of the Middle Stone Age.

The Neolithic culture in the Yellow River valley, which rose later, has many agricultural factors and can be divided into many different types. They have penetrated into Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, as far as Northeast Asia and Northwest America, and as far as South China and Southwest China. The appearance of this phenomenon is closely related to the migration, intermarriage, adoption, trade and exploration among people who use these unhealthy cultural types.

Among the Neolithic cultures in the Yellow River valley, the early remains that have been discovered include Dadiwan site, magnetic mountain culture and Peiligang culture. The early Neolithic remains in Guanzhong and its surrounding areas include Laoguantai culture (or Yangshao culture's Northern Shouling type or Li Jiacun culture) and Yangshao culture's Banpo type.

There are more than a thousand Yangshao cultural sites in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, mainly distributed in Guanzhong area of Shaanxi, most parts of Henan, southern Shanxi and southern Hebei. It is also found as far away as the junction of Gansu and Qinghai, Hetao area, northern Hebei and northwestern Hubei.

A large number of data show that Yangshao culture lasted for about 2000 years, from 5000 BC to 3000 BC, and was transformed into another culture at another stage.

The social life reflected by Yangshao culture may be that the development level of different cultural types is not completely consistent, and there is an imbalance, or it is a transition from matriarchal clan society to paternal clan society, or from paternal commune to individual family, or it is an entry into individual family. Generally speaking, the social economy seems to belong to a compound economic form. In addition to fishing and hunting, there are also animal husbandry and agriculture. If we rely solely on any of the above economic means, it is obviously impossible to maintain the livelihood of the villagers throughout the year.

After Yangshao culture, the culture developed in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is Longshan culture.

Longshan culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is mainly distributed in Shaanxi, Henan, southwestern Shanxi, southern Hebei and northwestern Anhui. Its age is about 3000 BC to 2000 BC, which can be divided into two stages. The first stage is called Miaodigou Phase II Culture, and the later stage is named after Longshan Culture in Henan, Longshan Culture in Shaanxi and Taosi. From the analysis of social and economic life, these Longshan cultures are more advanced than Yangshao culture. Patriarchy seems to have been established, private property has also appeared and developed, and there are signs of polarization between the rich and the poor. Rural commune and family commune coexist.

Some archaeologists in Shandong cleaned up the sequence of Shandong ancient culture; Northern New Culture (5700-4700 BC) → Dawenkou-Longshan Cultural System (about 4300-BC 1900) → Yue Culture (BC 1900-BC 1600). This sequence is only a rough outline, and its basic situation is synchronous with Yangshao culture and Longshan culture in the middle reaches of the Yellow River.

Judging from the shapes and patterns of unearthed artifacts, combined with cultural connotations, the Neolithic cultures in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, that is, the East and the West, have more or less blended and infiltrated. The culture of Chinese ancestors should be mainly created by the residents on the east and west sides of the Yellow River Basin.

Many Neolithic cultural remains and different cultural types have been found in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River basin, the southeast coast, the southwest and the north (including North China, Northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang). Their cultural connotations all have their own local characteristics or their own characteristics, and all of them are more or less permeated with the surrounding culture or the Central Plains culture. It should be said that these many different cultures and their types reflect that there were many different clans and tribes and many different nationalities in ancient China, which directly and indirectly constituted the ancestors of about 60 nationalities in China today.

From the analysis of archaeological culture, in the Neolithic Age, the cultures created and used by people of the same body basically had their own characteristics, whether in the land of northern China or in the land of southern China. Yangshao culture or Longshan culture in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, Qingliangang culture, Dawenkou culture and Shandong Longshan culture in other places, as well as Neolithic cultures such as Majiabin, Hemudu, Liangzhu, Qujialing, Daxi, Shi Xia, Xianrendong, Zangpiyan and Hongshan are synchronized in time. From the perspective of cultural connotation, many levels of development are similar; From the perspective of economic form, most of them are compound economic life; The agricultural center is not single, and the life of millet and wheat in the north has evolved in parallel with that of rice in the south. There are many animal husbandry and six livestock, but the appearance of nomadic people is really late, and it was not until the Warring States period that they began to enter the historical stage of China. Although there is infiltration and blending between cultures, most of them have their own characteristics. In a word, we have reason to say that the Neolithic culture in China is diverse, and it was not spread by a single center. The blending of cultures reflects the blending of nationalities and the germination and formation of isomorphism of Chinese ancestors from one side, from which some information can be revealed.

From the Bronze Age to the Iron Age, Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties ran through it, marking the great achievements of ancient civilization, such as the formation of the country, the appearance of figures, the construction of cities, palaces and tombs, the highly developed bronze manufacturing and smelting industry, as well as iron, ritual vessels, weapons, jade and commercial trade. The Central Plains region in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River is at the forefront of the surrounding areas, and some historical relics have spread to the surrounding ethnic groups, which were established with Huaxia as the main ethnic group. So we say that the Yellow River Basin is the cradle of the Chinese nation; Huaxia nationality was the most advanced and culturally developed among all ethnic groups at that time. Great nationalism among aristocrats in the Zhou Dynasty did not form the mainstream at that time, but the unbalanced development, infiltration and integration of all ethnic groups, learning from each other's strong points and dialectics based on the unity of contradictions formed the mainstream of three generations of history.

The Chinese nation was formed in this historical mainstream, from small to large, from decentralized to unified, from unstable to stable, from low to high, from single to complex. The Chinese nation and other nations have created our great motherland for a long time, and all ethnic groups have struggled and merged with each other. Infiltration and integration between ethnic groups is the mainstream of ethnic relations. With the evolution of the times, the relations between ethnic groups are getting closer and closer, contacts are becoming more frequent, there are more and more similar and close places, and political, economic, cultural, social, historical and psychological conditions are becoming more and more inseparable. On the other hand, at the same time, the coexisting nations still have their own national characteristics and continue to carry forward their fine traditions.