Please list some traditional water conservancy farm tools in China and introduce them in detail.

Dry land plough, clod harrow, soil loosening and moisture conservation plough, soil pressing and leveling wheel, sowing wheel, orange wheel with lever, pulley and automatic water lifting trolley, etc.

Traditional farm tools and old farm tools commonly used in rural areas mainly include:

Ploughs are mainly used to plough farm tools in paddy fields and dry fields in vast rural areas. Farmers in past dynasties mainly rely on plowing cattle to pull old farm tools and carry out ploughing operations. The types of plows are plate plows, field plows, slope plows and hand plows. According to the purpose, there are big plows and small plows. Large plows are used to plough dry land and plank land, and small plows are used to plough mud land or the second road. A cow dragged for a day can turn over about 2 mu of board field or dry field, or copy about 4 mu of paddy field or pad soil.

Rakes include vertical rake, cutting rake (ploughing rake), wave rake, vertical rake, stepping rake and nailing rake. Rake is a tool used by farmers to break ground and prepare soil, mostly rectangular double-row rake. Vertical tooth harrow is composed of harrow frame and iron teeth. Rake teeth are divided into two rows, eight in the front row and nine in the back row, with the top pointed and the bottom big. Two iron rings are installed on the front beam of the rake frame, and one iron ring is installed on the rear beam, and the handle is installed. Farmers stand on the harrow frame to suppress, and normal cow force can harrow paddy fields or dry land for about 65,438+02 A Mu days (twice). There are two kinds of iron harrows: wooden frame and iron rack with iron teeth. The use effect is the same, but the cost of the iron frame is slightly higher. It is used for soil breaking and land preparation in paddy and dry fields. Generally, the daily working efficiency of a cow is 12 mu (twice). The structure of wave harrow is similar to that of plow harrow, which is specially used for the last working procedure after the whole paddy field. It is light in weight, and the daily work efficiency of cattle and people reaches 30 mu. Nail rake, also known as rake head, has different uses and shapes, and generally has four teeth, which are used for digging corners, turning manure and releasing wet mud.

Roller, also known as general roller, is a tool for rolling grass and mud. There are two kinds of roller teeth: wood and iron. The wooden cattail roller is composed of a wooden frame with a length of110cm and a roller with cattail leaves. There is a four-legged stool on the frame, and people are sitting on the stool. It is normal to pull it horizontally twice, and the daily paddy field 14 mu is more.

There are several kinds of hoes, such as hoes, digging hoes, pickaxes and claw hoes. Hoes are used to cultivate loose soil, and hoes are used to dig. There are two kinds of hoes: wide mouth and narrow mouth. The former is mostly used in hilly areas, while the latter is mostly used in hilly areas. Digging and hoeing, in particular, appeared thousands of years ago and is still an indispensable tool for rural agricultural production activities such as digging and soil preparation, farming, tree digging, afforestation and water conservancy. Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, many famous agricultural tools were popular among the people, such as Miluo's copper basin hoe, which was famous both inside and outside the province. Founded a hundred years ago, it was made in a specialty store during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty. The blacksmith Chen Baoming's family has the best craftsmanship for generations. The hoe board of the copper basin hoe is 0.5m in length, 0.016m in width, 0 12mm in thickness and 2 ~ 3kg in net weight. The hoe board is smooth, has good burying performance, does not splash water when working in paddy fields, is large in size, carries more soil, has multiple purposes, and can replace or omit many tools.

Mud paddles are used to level paddy fields, drag mud and transport farmyard manure. It is made up of wooden boards and looks like a boat. It is 1.20 cm long, 70 cm wide, 2 cm long and 6 cm high. Niu Li transports 5 cubic meters of chemical fertilizer and 3 cubic meters of manpower every day (round trip 10 km).

The keel waterwheel, called rollover in ancient times, is made of wood and used to water the land. The old irrigation water lifting tools include buckets, trolleys, pedal waterwheels and animal-drawn carts. Bucket Bucket is a primitive tool for lifting water. It is made of bamboo, triangular, with a spherical bottom, 40 cm long, 30 cm wide and 20 cm deep. The bucket is equipped with a wooden handle and operated by one person. It is suitable for irrigation in low hills or paddy fields, and can irrigate 65,438+0 ~ 2 A Mu days. There is also a bucket without a handle, with double ropes tied to both sides of the bucket and two people working together; The hand truck is one of the keel waterwheels with the simplest structure and the smallest volume. During operation, 1 ~ 2 people push and pull the handle back and forth, and turn the wheel to drive the blades on the keel to lift water circularly, which is suitable for short distance, low lift and small area in the field, and two people can irrigate 2 ~ 3 mu of field a day. Pedal waterwheels are divided into two-person, three-person and four-person vehicles. A bicycle consists of a frame, a front, a trunk, a keel and blades. The front is pierced with a beam and equipped with pedals, which can be operated by 2-4 people. In addition to human-powered wagons, there are tubular wagons, oxcart wagons, kongming wagons, scraper wagons, buckets, buckets, wooden wagons and so on.

The utility model relates to a bucket-beating manual rice threshing tool, which is matched with folding (brushing). The toilet bucket is square, made of fir board, with a height of 54cm and a width of 120cm. It is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. It is made of bamboo, folded on three sides, and threshed with dressing brush and beating. When loading grain, usually four people cooperate to operate, two people cut grain and two people load grain, and you can get 12 load of grain in one day, about 800 kg.

Trolley is also called "chicken cart" and dirt cart. Consists of 1 frame, handle, shoulder pole and wheels. 1 person, carrying a short pole with a length of 45cm on the shoulder, firmly operating the handle with both hands, and the weight of the goods carried is supported by people and large and small wooden wheels. The small wheel of the car is installed at the front end, about 40 cm away from the big wheel. When there is a small ditch, let the small wheel fall to the ground to support the weight to roll forward and let the big wooden wheel pass smoothly. The car can weigh up to 200 kilograms, but because the big and small wheels are in the same direction as the center line of the car, the balance is completely controlled by people, and because the wheels are generally made of wood, the friction loss is large and the labor intensity of pushing hands is high. With the appearance of rubber-tyred carts and ball bearings, old trolleys were basically eliminated.

In 1950s, human rubber-tyred vehicles were used by city porters to transport goods. 1958 extends to the water conservancy construction site to mop the soil. With the construction of rural roads and the widening of field roads, it began to enter the vast rural areas in the 1970s. After the 1980s, land was contracted to farmers and widely used in rural areas, becoming one of the short-distance means of transportation for farmers. This kind of car generally bears 800 kg, and the reinforced car can carry 1 ton, 1 person or tow or push by two people. It is an ideal non-motor vehicle in rural areas.

Human tricycles was used in rural areas in 1970s and 1980s, and its main structure and driving mode were similar to riding a bicycle. There are two kinds of cargo holds, front and back, which are light and labor-saving. The load is generally below 300 kg, but the cost is twice that of rubber-tyred vehicles.

Wooden paddles, also known as small wooden boats, are short-distance means of transportation on the water surface of rural lakes and ditches. Most farmers in the lake area have similar wooden paddles, all made of high-quality Chinese fir. There are several kinds of drives: single paddle, double paddle and lever. With the reinforcement of dikes, the roads are smooth, and because there are many bridges and culverts at the mouth of the ditch, wooden paddles are gradually eliminated, which can only be seen when ducks are released, lotus seeds are collected and chemical fertilizers are transported in rural areas of the lake area.

Stone mortar is an ancient and primitive rice threshing tool, which was later changed to pedal. It consists of a stone mortar, a pedal, a big wooden body, a hammer with iron teeth mounted on the wooden body, an armrest frame and a rice paddle. One or two people step on the pedal and let the hammer go up and down. With the appearance of various rice threshers, they are gradually eliminated naturally.

Rice husk is divided into bamboo and wood, which is a special tool for rice hulling. Bamboo seeds are woven and embedded with bamboo strips, built with concrete and inlaid with wooden teeth; Wood chips are made of wood, and miscellaneous chips are used as teeth. When the operator pushes the shovel clockwise, the rice is rubbed off by the upper and lower toothed discs, resulting in neat rice (also called brown rice). With the appearance of rice thresher, rice husk was eliminated.

Stone mill is a traditional tool for processing dry grain powder or water slurry. The upper and lower toothed discs are chiseled from rocks with a diameter of about 35 ~ 40cm. The upper millstone is about 10cm thick, with an iron sleeve embedded in the center, and the lower millstone is slightly thinner, with a wooden core embedded in the center as the axis. The grinding disc is installed on a wooden grinding frame, and the outer edge of the upper grinding disc is equipped with a wooden handle. The operator inserts the pusher into the hole of the wooden handle and pushes it counterclockwise, so that the granular grains grind their teeth up and down. Where there are no mills and refineries, some farmers still keep this tool for household flour and pulp processing.

Wood oil press traditional oil press tool. The cylinder of the wood press is made of high-quality miscellaneous wood, with a diameter of more than 80 cm and a length of 3 meters. A cylindrical hole is dug in the middle to hold oil cakes. Pressurize with a wooden wedge, that is, manually push the impact rod to hit the wooden wedge, so that the oil cake in the press cylinder is squeezed out. It takes more than 6 hours to extract oil each time, and 3 ~ 5 people must cooperate to complete each oil extraction. About 150 kg of raw seeds can be processed in one day. With the widespread popularity of mechanical hydraulic oil presses driven by internal combustion engines and motors, this kind of wood press was replaced by vertical and horizontal mechanical oil presses in the late 1960s, and its auxiliary equipment is still in use today.

The blade of wheat sickle is 13cm long and 30 ~ 45mm wide, with a half-moon blade opening, sharp blade and convenient use. It is an essential tool for farmers to harvest wheat and straw crops.

Sickle, also known as grass cutter, is specially used to cut lake grass. The blade is 18cm long and 6cm wide, and the blade is straight. It is equipped with a long handle of 1.6 ~ 2m, and sweeps the ground like a barber's razor. It is labor-saving and efficient to use.

Sickle commonly used in mountainous areas can be used to cut bamboo and shrub weeds, and can also be used to harvest hard straw crops, which has a wide range of uses. The blade is 14cm long and 6cm wide, with a semicircular back, which is heavier than the wheat sickle. There are also wood cutters commonly used in mountainous areas. The tip of the knife is an eagle's beak, and its beak is used to hook branches.

In addition, agricultural products processing tools include sieves, windmills, mills, hay cutters, silk boards, sheets, cotton slingshots and so on. There are also wooden carts, ox carts, horse-drawn carriages, fishing boats, agricultural boats, laundry baskets, shoulder poles and dung buckets. There are also traditional agricultural tools, such as axes and saws, used for chopping wood and logging.