German Impressionism

Impressionism

A school of art and literary thinking that was popular in France, Europe and the United States, and even in the world from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century.

The center of Western art in the 19th century was in France, where the powerful official academy still dominated the French painting world. in the second half of the 19th century, a part of the young painters in the French painting world opposed the rigid rules of the official academy, and were strongly opposed to the official censorship because their innovative works could not be exhibited in the official salons, and they demanded artistic innovation and freedom of creativity, and they often gathered at the Café de Galbois in Paris to freely express themselves. They demanded artistic innovation and freedom of creation, and often gathered at the Café Galbois in Paris to freely exchange views on art and ****together seek the path of artistic innovation.

During the development of Western painting, painters have always introduced the scientific achievements of the time into their artistic creation. Because of the optical and color research results came out, and later by Charles Henry, light and color directly with the aesthetics of the combination, applied to the law of art, which makes the pursuit of innovation of the painters were y affected and inspired, they tried to pure "outside the light" depicted, as well as a new analysis of the color relationship, and the law of natural science and their artistic point of view combined with the creation. They experimented with pure "external light" depictions and new color relationships, and combined the laws of natural science with their artistic views to create works. They believed that all objects in nature are the result of light irradiation, which reveals its physical image; and all objects are the combination of different colors, and sunlight is a combination of seven primary colors. Without light and color there would be no world. They also believe that: painters want to know the world, mainly from the "light" and "color" point of view to understand, "light" and "color Since "light" and "color" have become the center of the world and the center of the painter's knowledge of the world, the painter's task lies in how to express the effects of light and color. "Light" is the mother of "color", there is light before color, any concrete objects and events in the world is just a medium to convey light and color, its own meaning is secondary! This concept of art became their dominant thought, thus dominating their creative activities.

Because they regarded "light" and "color" as the main purpose of the painter's pursuit, it was inevitable that the painter's knowledge of objective things stayed at the stage of feeling, stopping at the "instantaneous" impression. "This leads to the creation of the instant impression of things, the expression of the phenomenon of feeling, thus denying the essence and content of things. In their view, everything in the world is equal under the sun. Renoir once said: "In nature, there is no difference between the poor and the lowly. Under the sun, a dilapidated hut can be seen as the same as a palace, and a noble emperor and a poor beggar are equal." This conception of art led them to devote themselves to depicting "light" in their creations. They only emphasized the form of art and neglected or even denied the content of art. As Zola said in support of Impressionism: "Painting gives people the feeling, not the idea." So what we see in Impressionist paintings is a combination of color blocks full of sunlight, full of airiness. Generally speaking, Impressionist creation only emphasizes feeling and ignores the essence of thought, replacing it with instantaneous phenomena; replacing creation with exercises; replacing subject matter with material; replacing inevitability with chance; and replacing the primary with the secondary. Since it is based on feeling, it is inevitably subjective, so what the Impressionists depicted is subjectivized objective things. This marked a break with traditional artistic concepts, artistic expression methods and artistic effects. Therefore, Impressionism is an epoch-making art school in the history of Western painting. It is undeniable that Impressionist painters made important discoveries in sunlight exploration and color analysis, and enriched the expression techniques of painting in the expression of light and color. They advocated to go out of the studio and face the nature for sketching, and grasped the momentary impression with a quick technique, so that the picture appeared unusual fresh and vivid feeling, which revealed the rich and splendid scene of nature, which was a great contribution to the creation of art. Their art belongs to the category of realism, which is the reflection of the pursuit of democracy, freedom and equality in art. Their artistic creation was innovative and progressive.

Impressionism is the inevitable result of the development of Western painting. Painting since the 16th century Venetian school of painting has been concerned about the depiction of light and color, especially Titian, and then Rubens, Velasquez, Rembrandt, Hals and Vermeer, in their works are shining with fascinating colors, especially good at depicting the sunshine of Vermeer, who has depicted a room full of sunshine, can be called the forerunner of the Impressionists; the British masters of landscape paintings Turner and Constable paintings are full of sunshine and air in the paintings of Turner and Constable, which made Delacroix of France a treasure, and he tried his best to show it in his own paintings, and was called the painter who "opened the skylight of Impressionism"; the painters of the Barbizon School had already moved their easels to the outdoor nature for sketching and drawing, which was the first step for the Impressionist painters; Courbet's paintings were already full of Sunshine, some people call him the "father of impressionism", in all these masters of exploration achievements, must produce impressionism painting school.

Because of the suppression of the official academy, this group of young painters to explore the innovative works can not be displayed in the official salon, so they *** together in 1863 held a "lost salon exhibition", by the academy of the classicism of the fierce attack. Young painters are not discouraged, and buried in the struggle for 10 years, in 1874 in the downtown area of Paris held a shock painting "unknown artists, oil painters, sculptors, printmakers Association" exhibition. In this exhibition, a landscape painting by Monet was displayed, titled "Impression - Sunrise". A writer named Leroy published a short essay on the exhibition entitled "An Exhibition of Impressionism". "Impressionism" thus named. 1876 held a second exhibition, there are 20 painters to participate in this exhibition simply played the "Impressionism Exhibition" banner, from the impressionist on the French painting world, expanding to Europe, affecting the world.

The situation is similar in German literature, where literary historians have been unable to identify a clearly defined Impressionist school. In the form of ? , Gustav Falck, and others, are considered to be the poetic school with the most pronounced impressionistic tendencies in Germany, but they emphasized the factual recording of the sensory experience that things give to the poet, and were therefore close to naturalism. In addition, many of the poems of such men as Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Arnaud Holz also have varying degrees of impressionistic tendencies.

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