The Humanistic Version of High School Geography Compulsory 2 Main Knowledge Points Combined

Mandatory Part 2 (Senior Secondary)

Chapter 1 Changes in Population

§1 Changes in the Number of Population

1. Changes in the number of people in an area include both natural growth and mechanical growth (migration) of the population. Among them, the determining factor influencing the change in the number of population is natural growth, while the influence of mechanical growth on the number of population diminishes as the range increases.

2, from the point of view of time, the change in the number of the world's population in different historical periods is different, from the general trend is growing, after the Second World War, then entered a period of rapid growth, the growth rate slowed down after the 1970s. From a spatial point of view, developed countries concentrated in Europe, North America and Oceania have a lower natural population growth rate, and the phenomenon of negative population growth has even occurred in Japan, Russia, Germany, France and Hungary, while developing countries concentrated in Asia, Africa and Latin America have a higher natural population growth rate. Therefore different countries and regions adopt different population policies.

3, the world's population growth pattern is by the birth rate, mortality rate, natural growth rate of three indicators **** the same composition, can be divided into primitive, traditional, modern three types.

4. In the figure, curve ① indicates the birth rate, and curve ② indicates the death rate. the population growth pattern indicated by A is the primitive type, the population growth pattern indicated by B is the traditional type, and the population growth pattern indicated by C is the modern type. Fill in the table with the relevant characteristics of each population growth pattern.

5. The main factor affecting the transformation of population pattern is social productivity. The first change in the process of transformation of population pattern is a decline in mortality rate.

6. The global growth pattern is in a transitional stage from traditional to modern from a general point of view, and from a local point of view, the developed countries as well as a few developing countries such as China have entered into the modern type, while most of the developing countries are still in a transitional stage from the traditional type to the modern type.

§2 Spatial Changes in Population

1. Population migration can be categorized into international and domestic migration according to whether it crosses national borders or not.

2. International population migration is generally characterized by group and large-volume migration. ① before the 19th century, mainly to the newly discovered continents, such as from Europe to the Americas, Oceania, the development of the new continent, the dissemination of industrial civilization, changing the spatial distribution of human races. ② The main feature of population migration after World War II is the reduction of sedentary immigration, short-term mobility of the population increased, the direction of migration is mainly from developing countries to developed countries and the world's large energy bases, the main out-migration area is Latin America, the main in-migration area of Europe, North America and West Asia, North Africa.

3, China's population migration is divided into two stages: ① before the 1980s, in order to develop the frontier, mainly policy-based migration. ② after the 1980s, the main characteristics of population migration increased in size, accelerate the frequency, the direction of migration is mainly from rural to urban, from inland to the coast.

4, the main significance of China's population migration: ① regulating the spatial distribution of population; ② regulating the surplus and shortage of talent; ③ to strengthen the integration of nationalities and cultural exchanges; ④ to promote economic development, narrowing the economic gap between regions.

5. Factors affecting population migration include natural factors, socio-economic factors, personal motivation and demand, etc. On the whole, the most important influencing factors are often economic factors.

§3 reasonable capacity of population

1, ① environmental population capacity: the most important indicator of environmental carrying capacity, indicating the maximum number of people a region can support; ② reasonable capacity of population indicates the maximum number of people a region can support under the premise of sustainable development. Both have uncertainty.

2, factors affecting the population capacity of the environment, including resources, scientific and technological level, living and cultural consumption levels, etc., of which the most important factor is the resources, and the population capacity of the environment is positively proportional to the level of resources and science and technology, and inversely proportional to the level of living and cultural consumption.

3. The key to maintain a reasonable population capacity is to improve the quality of life, but also to maintain a good ecological, economic and social sustainable development development; for different countries and regions, the key measures to maintain a reasonable population capacity are different, developing countries to do their best to keep the population within a reasonable size, while developed countries to establish a fair order, to ensure that the majority of the people in pursuit of life quality of life of the majority of the people.

Chapter 2: Cities and Urbanization

§1 Spatial Structure within Cities

1. The urban form is divided into clusters (Chongqing), clusters (Beijing, Chengdu, Hefei, and Washington), radial (Yan'an), and strips (Lanzhou, Luoyang, Xining, and Yichang).

2, factors affecting urban form are natural conditions (topography, rivers, etc.) and socio-economic conditions (transportation, economic, cultural, historical, etc.). For example: the urban form of the plains are mostly clustered, mountainous and hilly areas of the urban form is mostly grouped.

3, the most common functional areas in the city are mainly residential, commercial and industrial areas. There is no obvious boundary between the functional areas; the functional areas may be combined with other land use; different sizes and types of cities, the composition of the functional areas are different.

4, residential areas: the most extensive land use in the city, the middle and high and low-level residential areas in a backward direction.

5, commercial district: need convenient transportation and a large number of consumers; distribution to the market or the principle of optimal traffic; mostly located in the city center, on both sides of the traffic arteries or corner intersections; most of the point or strip.

6, industrial areas: high degree of specialization, strong collaboration between each other; constantly moving to the outer edge; distributed in convenient areas (near highways, railroads, rivers, etc.)

7, the most important factors affecting the spatial structure of the city within the main factors are economic factors, such as the level of land rents (depending on the degree of accessibility of the transportation and the proximity of the city center), the various types of land use, the ability to pay the rent. The most important factors are economic factors, such as the level of land rent (mainly depends on the degree of accessibility and proximity to the city center), the ability to pay rent for various types of land use.

8, the figure A indicates industrial, B indicates residential, C indicates commercial, from the city center to the outer edge of the fastest change is commercial, ① - ③ suitable for the development of residential areas is ②, suitable for the development of industrial areas is ③, suitable for the development of commercial areas is ①.

9, representative of the urban territorial structure includes concentric circle pattern, fan-shaped pattern, multi-core pattern.

10, the rationality of urban planning must take into account the ecological, economic and social benefits. For example, there should be convenient transportation conditions; coordinate the mutual location relationship in order to reduce pollution; set up the necessary protection zone; the necessary satellite city construction and so on.

§2 The service functions of cities of different grades

1. The higher the grade of the city, the more kinds of services it provides, the higher the service level, and the larger the service scope. The city service scope is usually not fixed and has no obvious boundary. The general city service scope includes the city itself, the surrounding small towns and the vast rural areas; the provincial capital city service scope covers the surrounding counties and even the province; Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities service scope can be extended to the whole country.

2, the city size and grade is related to its geographic location, located in resource-rich, convenient transportation areas, conducive to the improvement of the city grade.

3, the principle of rational layout of the city: ① the number of high-grade city is small, the number of low-grade cities; ② low-grade cities are distributed around the high-grade cities; ③ high-grade cities are farther away from each other, the low-grade cities closer to each other; ④ different levels of city services nested in different levels of service (high-grade city services include low-grade city service area)

§3 Urbanization

1. The process of population concentration in towns and cities, the expansion of city boundaries, and the transformation of villages into towns and cities is urbanization. The main criteria for measuring its level include the proportion of urban population, the number of urban population, and the scale and area of urban land, among which the most important criterion is the proportion of urban population.

2. The main reasons for the development of urbanization include: rural areas (push): overpopulation (high pressure on land), frequent and severe natural disasters, low income, and shortage of social services; urban areas (pull): more employment opportunities, high level of social welfare and security, complete cultural facilities, and easy access to transportation.

3, developed countries, urbanization started early, high level of urbanization (urban population ratio is significant), the slow pace of development, has entered the late stage of maturation of urbanization, more than the phenomenon of reverse urbanization, resulting in the emergence of numerous satellite cities.

4, developing countries, urbanization started late, low level of urbanization (small proportion of urban population), the development rate is fast, has entered the middle stage of urbanization, the phenomenon of suburban urbanization, resulting in the continuous expansion of the size and area of the city.

5. The impact of urbanization on the geographic environment is multifaceted, that is, it can improve the environment, such as leveling the land, construction of water conservancy facilities, greening the environment, etc., but also can damage the environment, resulting in environmental pollution problems (atmospheric pollution, water pollution, solid waste pollution, noise pollution, light pollution, electromagnetic radiation pollution, etc.) and ecological damage (such as a decrease in biodiversity), in addition to the production of poor transportation and living conditions, prominent unemployment and employment problems, social disorder, and the decline of inner cities.

6, human beings to solve the problem of urbanization (the construction of eco-cities) the main countermeasures:

① the development of energy-saving buildings and green transportation, reduce environmental pollution.

② Keep the city in harmony with the natural environment and establish a virtuous cycle: for example:

A. Urbanization development should be compatible with economic and social development, and coordinated with environmental protection

B. Control the scale of large cities, decentralize the functions of large cities, build new urban districts and build satellite towns

C. Reasonable planning of the city, and deal with the relationship between the various functional zones of the city

D. Improve the Greening

E. Other measures: rational transportation reconstruction, housing reconstruction, strengthening the management of social order, and rational adjustment of industrial structure

Chapter III Formation and Development of Agricultural Territory

§1 Location Selection of Agriculture

1. Location Conditions Affecting Agriculture:

Natural Factors: Topography, Climate, Soil, and Water Source

Socio-economic factors: transportation, market, labor, machinery (industrial base), policy,

Science and technology, historical reasons (production habits)

2. The essence of agricultural location selection is the rational use of agricultural land. Location factors affecting agriculture are constantly changing, with natural conditions relatively stable and socio-economic conditions more prone to change.

3, the main types of agricultural areas: ① planting-based agricultural area types: monsoon paddy agriculture; commercial grain agriculture. ② livestock-based agricultural geographic types: pasture grazing; dairy livestock industry. ③ planting, animal husbandry, both types of agricultural regions: mixed agriculture.

§2 planting-based agricultural geographic types

1, mixed agriculture is the simultaneous development of planting and animal husbandry agricultural geographic types, such as southeastern Australia, Murray - Darling Basin is a wheat planting and sheep husbandry is mainly a mixed agricultural areas. Main features: ① can form a benign ecosystem itself; ② high efficiency of time utilization; ③ strong adaptability to the market.

2, monsoon paddy agriculture is mainly distributed in the Asian monsoon area (East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia), to plant rice-based, the basic features: ① is labor-intensive agriculture; ② to small-scale farming (family as the unit of production); ③ high yield per unit area, but the commodity rate is relatively low; ④ mechanization and lower level of science and technology (except in Japan); ⑤ large amount of water conservancy projects (the need for government investment, management of floods and droughts). investment to manage water and drought disasters).

3, commodity grain agriculture is mainly distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine and so on (are mainly family-run), in addition to China's northeastern and northwestern regions are also distributed (mainly state-run). Commodity grain agriculture is a kind of wheat and corn as the main planting crops, typical commodity agriculture. The main features of commodity grain agriculture: ① large-scale production; ② high level of mechanization, ③ high rate of commodity rate.

§3 to animal husbandry-based agricultural geographic types

1, ranching belongs to the animal husbandry, mainly in the United States, Argentina, cattle grazing is mainly in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, sheep grazing is mainly. The main features of ranching: ① market-oriented (high commodity rate); ② large-scale production; ③ high degree of specialization.

2, the dairy industry belongs to the livestock industry, mainly dairy cows as the object of production, the production of milk and related products. Dairy livestock industry is mainly distributed in the Great Lakes in North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand and other economically developed regions. Because the dairy industry products are not resistant to storage, transportation inconvenience, its layout must be close to the consumer market, so more layout in the suburban areas of large cities. The main features of the dairy industry: ① for the urban market; ② commercialization; ③ intensive.

Chapter IV: The Formation and Development of Industrial Territory

§1 Location Factors and Location Selection of Industry

1. Location conditions affecting industry: ① natural conditions: land (terrain; rent), water. ② socio-economic conditions: market, transportation, labor, raw materials, power, policy, science and technology, agricultural base

2, from the perspective of economic efficiency: ① sugar cane or sugar beet, aquatic products processing, canned fruit manufacturing, etc. belong to the raw material-oriented industries; ② food, bottled beverage manufacturing (beer, soda), furniture manufacturing, printing, petrochemicals, etc. belongs to the market-oriented industries; ③ non-ferrous metals Smelting (aluminum, copper, nickel, tin ......) belongs to the power-oriented industries; ④ clothing, electronic assembly, banding, umbrella making, shoe making, quilt factory, etc. belongs to the labor-oriented industries; ⑤ satellites, airplanes, integrated circuits, precision instruments, etc. belong to the technology-oriented industries.

3. Considering from the point of view of environmental benefits, enterprises of high-tech products and foodstuffs are very sensitive to the environment, and they should take high-quality environment as the dominant locational factor. ① cause air pollution industry, should be set up in residential areas downwind of the prevailing winds all year round, the minimum wind frequency of the wind zone, and the suburbs perpendicular to the direction of the monsoon; ② cause water pollution industry, sewage outfall away from the upper reaches of the river; ③ solid waste pollution caused by the industry, away from residential areas and farmland.

4, in the national policy, the concept of business decision-makers and psychological factors and other social factors under the influence of the phenomenon: ① China's 80's before the construction of large-scale industrial bases in the interior, in the western part of some non-textile raw material production areas, consumption-intensive areas, the construction of a number of economically underdeveloped areas of the textile industry centers; ② the implementation of the policy of reform and opening up, the rapid economic development of the coastal areas; ③ in order to reduce the economic disparities between East and West differences, vigorously promote the development of mainland industry; ④ in recent years, many Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macao compatriots, overseas Chinese diaspora investment in China.

5, modern industrial development, ① due to the development of science and technology (refrigeration and preservation technology) and transportation, the impact of raw materials on industrial location gradually weakened, the market impact on industrial location gradually strengthened; ② important hubs and trunk routes are still more attractive to the industry, but part of the developed countries due to the improvement of transportation, industrial layout is no longer listed as the main transportation location factors; ③ information and communication networks Accessibility to the impact of industry is becoming more and more prominent; ④ the quality of the labor force is increasingly demanding.

§2 The formation of industrial territories

1, the type of industrial links: ① process industrial links, that is, the existence of different industries between the supply of products, raw materials; ② spatial use of industrial links, that is, there is no link between the production process of industrial enterprises, because of the need to * * * * the use of a variety of infrastructure, services, and cheap labor, and other factors, but also in the same layout. Region, for example: many of China's economic and technological development zones; ③ information links, etc..

2, the formation of industrial territory: industrial links → industrial agglomeration → industrial territory. Industrial agglomeration can be formed spontaneously, can also be formed by planning.

3, the role of industrial agglomeration: ① to strengthen the exchange of information and technical cooperation between enterprises; ② to reduce the transportation costs of intermediate products and energy consumption; ③ to reduce the cost of production, improve production efficiency and profitability, and achieve economies of scale; ④ *** with the use of infrastructure, saving the investment in production and construction.

4, the high degree of development of industrial regions, such as: iron and steel industrial zone (Anshan), petrochemical industrial zone (Daqing), automobile industrial zone (Shiyan) and machinery manufacturing industrial zone, etc., their characteristics include: ① collaborative enterprises, complex industrial links; ② large-scale production, covering a wide area.

5, the development of a low degree of industrial areas, such as the food industry (flour mills, pastry factories, candy factories), etc., their characteristics include: ① mainly use local natural resources and agricultural products, the development of the primary processing industry; ② fewer factories, industrial links are simple; ③ production scale is small, covers an area of small.

6, the requirements of decentralized layout of the industry, mainly based on transportation and communication as the basis for contact, more common in developed countries, easy to form multinational companies. More common decentralized industries are mainly products "thin, light, short and expensive" high-tech industries (such as the electronics industry), complex structure and a large number of parts and components of complex products (such as the automotive industry).

§3 Traditional industrial zones and new industrial zones

1, Germany's Ruhr Industrial Zone, Britain's Central Industrial Zone, the U.S. Northeast Industrial Zone (Great Lakes Industrial Zone), China's Liao-Zhong-South Industrial Zone and so on belong to the traditional industrial zones, and their main features: (1) established in the rich coal, iron ore and other raw materials and fuel base nearby; (2) coal, iron and steel, machinery, chemicals, textiles, and other traditional industries are mainly; (3) the main characteristics of the traditional industry; and (4) the main characteristics of the traditional industrial zones. traditional industries; and (3) centered on large-scale enterprises.

2. The current development of traditional industrial zones: (1) high consumption of raw materials and energy, heavy transportation, and serious pollution; (2) decline since the 1970s, and urgent need for transformation.

3, Germany's Ruhr industrial zone: (1) the main location conditions: (1) rich coal resources (less iron ore, need to be imported from France and Sweden); (2) abundant water; (3) convenient transportation; (4) a broad market. (2) reasons for decline: ① production structure is too single; ② decline in the status of coal; ③ worldwide iron and steel surplus; ④ the impact of the new technological revolution. (3)Remedial measures: ①adjustment of industrial structure; ②development of tertiary industry; ③adjustment of industrial layout; ④improvement of transportation network; ⑤elimination of pollution and beautification of the environment.

4, the basic characteristics of the new industrial zone: (1) time new: appeared in the post-World War II; (2) region new: formed in the rural areas without a traditional industrial base; (3) form new: small and medium-sized enterprises are the main; (4) sector new: export-oriented light industry or high-tech electronics industry is the main. New industrial zones mainly include two types: (1) industrial zones dominated by new industries, i.e., high-tech industries, such as Silicon Valley in the United States, Munich in Germany, Kyushu Island in Japan, Scotland region in the United Kingdom, and Novosibirsk in Russia. (2) Export-oriented industrial zones with export-oriented light industries, such as Sassuolo and Prato in Italy.

5, the Italian industrial district model: a business activity as the center, there is a relatively solid collaborative relationship and production, supply and marketing system. Basic features: ① mainly small and medium-sized enterprises; ② mainly light industry; ③ concentrated a large number of similar or related enterprises; ④ highly specialized production; ⑤ enterprises are distributed in small cities and even rural areas, the implementation of the form of family contract labor, the production process is decentralized.

6, the United States Silicon Valley Electronics Industrial Zone: (1) dominant location: science and technology, environment, transportation. (2) the main advantages: ① superior geographic location, beautiful environment; ② pleasant climate; ③ concentration of institutions of higher learning, developed science and technology, talent concentration; ④ convenient transportation; ⑤ stable market (the U.S. Department of Defense's military order); ⑥ innovative environment and innovative culture. (3) Main features: ① Employees with a high level of knowledge and skills; ② faster growth than traditional industries, short product replacement cycle; ③ high proportion of research and development costs in sales; ④ products for the world market.

Chapter V Transportation Layout and Its Impact

§1 Mode and Layout of Transportation

1, the advantages and disadvantages of the main modes of transportation: ① railroads: the most important mode, large capacity, suitable for long-distance transport; ② road: the most widely used, the most flexible, adaptable to the natural conditions, suitable for short-distance transport; ③ waterway: large capacity, low cost, slow; ④ aviation: fast, fast, slow ③Waterway: large capacity, low cost, slow speed; ④Airway: fast speed, small capacity, high freight cost; ⑤Pipeline: transportation tools and lines into one, large capacity, strong continuity.

2, the development trend of modern transportation: high-speed, large-scale, specialization.

3, the main point transportation facilities: ports, stations, airports;

The main line transportation facilities: railroads, highways, shipping routes

4, factors affecting the layout of the traffic and transportation network: ① natural conditions: location, topography, climate, rivers, etc.; ② socio-economic conditions: the economic level, technological conditions, social factors.

§2 The impact of changes in the layout of traffic and transportation

1, the spatial form of settlements tends to expand along the main lines of transportation, so that the main lines of transportation become the main axis of development of settlements, for example: Zhuzhou, Tsukuba; the rise and fall of the traffic line (changes in the mode of transportation, highway rerouting, river navigation channel extension and change) will cause changes in the spatial form of settlements, for example: Jiaxing.

2, mountainous terrain undulation, sparse transportation routes, a single, small density of commercial outlets; plains terrain undulation is small, dense and diverse transportation routes, high density of commercial outlets.

3, urban commercial centers, commercial district layout of the two main cases: ① traffic as the optimal principle, close to the traffic lanes (urban arterial roads and road intersections, the edge of the urban ring road, along the highway, etc.); ② to the market as the optimal principle, close to the city's geometric center, residential areas.

Sixth chapter of the coordinated development of mankind and the geographic environment

§1 Evolution of the idea of human-earth relations

1, the evolution of human-earth relations:

Worship of nature (the primitive period) → transformation of nature (the agricultural period) → subjugation of nature (the industrial period) → harmony between man and the earth (i.e., the population, resources, the environment and the development of the coordination of population, resources, the environment and the development of harmony) (now)

2, Humans constantly acquire material and energy from the environment through production activities; Humans constantly discharge waste and energy into the environment through metabolism and consumption activities; Humans' attitudes and behaviors towards the environment will be responded differently by the environment (feedback effect of the environment).

3. The rate at which human beings ask for resources from the environment exceeds the rate of regeneration of the resources themselves and their substitutes, which will cause problems such as shortage of resources and ecological damage; the amount of waste discharged by human beings into the environment exceeds the self-purifying capacity of the environment, which will cause problems such as environmental pollution.

4, environmental problems are mainly divided into environmental pollution and ecological damage. From the point of view of its distribution, ① city to environmental pollution, the countryside to ecological damage; ② developed countries to environmental pollution, developing countries, due to the double pressure of population and development, and the developed countries will be many polluting industries transferred to developing countries, their environmental pollution and ecological damage are more serious.

5, the root cause of environmental problems is the one-sided pursuit of economic benefits, ignoring the ecological and social benefits, that is, the essence of environmental problems is a development problem.

6, the connotation of sustainable development: ecologically sustainable, economically sustainable, socially sustainable, of which ecologically sustainable is the foundation, economically sustainable is the condition, socially sustainable is the purpose.

7, the principles of sustainable development: the principle of fairness, the principle of continuity, **** the same principle.

§2 China's practice of sustainable development

1, China's road to sustainable development is mainly due to: ① large population base, annual net increase in population, the quality of the population is relatively low; ② low efficiency in the use of resources, serious waste and destruction, a relative shortage of resources; ③ a variety of environmental problems continue to intensify.

2, the most important way to implement sustainable development is the development of circular economy, the basic principle is: resource input reduction, resource reuse, waste recycling resources.

3. The key to realizing a circular economy: cleaner production in industry, the development of eco-agriculture in agriculture, and moderate consumption in daily life.