Basic knowledge of logistics

chapter one

Logistics: refers to the process of transferring material data from the place of supply to the place of demand at the lowest cost, thus creating the space utility, time utility and form utility of material data, including transportation, storage, loading and unloading, distribution, packaging and processing, information management and other components.

Features:

( 1)? Have a clear customer orientation.

(2)? Emphasize the balance between logistics cost and customer service level.

(3)? Logistics is a whole process activity.

(4)? Logistics activities consist of a series of elements.

(5)? It emphasizes the basic functions of logistics service, namely, space utility, time utility and form utility.

The relationship between business flow and logistics.

(1) They all belong to the field of circulation, and they are two different forms of commodity circulation, and their functions are complementary. Usually, business flow occurs first, then logistics, and then logistics after business flow is completed.

(2) Both flows are from the supply side to the demand side, with the same starting point and ending point.

The difference between business flow and logistics.

(1) The flowing entities are different: logistics is the physical flow of materials, and business flow is the social flow of materials.

(2) Different functions: logistics creates the space utility, time utility and form utility of matter, and commercial flow creates the ownership utility of matter.

(3) Logistics and business flow are independent of each other, and there is a phenomenon that business flow and logistics are separated.

Classification:

1 According to the scope of logistics research, logistics can be divided into macro logistics, meso logistics and micro logistics.

According to the status of logistics activities in enterprises, logistics can be divided into procurement logistics, production logistics, sales logistics, recycling logistics and waste logistics.

According to the perspective of logistics operators, it can be divided into self-operated logistics and third-party logistics.

From the main body of logistics activities, it can be divided into industrial enterprise logistics, commercial enterprise logistics including wholesale enterprise logistics, retail enterprise logistics and so on. ), non-profit organization logistics (including hospitals, social organizations, schools, military units and other logistics) and waste recycling enterprise logistics.

The role of modern logistics management in enterprises.

(1) Service value of logistics: Logistics can provide good services, help to participate in market competition, establish the image of enterprises and brands, and form long-term and stable strategic partners with customers, which is of great significance to the long-term and strategic development of enterprises.

(2) Reduce the cost value: Rationalization of logistics can greatly reduce the operating costs of enterprises, and play an important role in improving China's economic operating environment and reducing and solving the financial difficulties of enterprises.

(3) to achieve rapid response.

(4) Improve the management level of enterprises and the role of modern logistics management in the national economy.

The role of modern logistics management in national economy.

(1) Reduce the consumption of logistics expenses.

(2) Improve China's economic operation and achieve quality improvement.

(3) Develop and expand emerging industries.

chapter two

The concept of traffic: Traffic is the long-distance spatial movement of people and things.

Traffic conditions.

(1) Transportation is one of the main functional elements of logistics.

(2) It can create "site utility", which is equivalent to improving the use value of things through transportation.

(3) It is the main component of the "third profit source" and an effective measure to rationalize transportation.

Effective measures to rationalize transportation.

(1) Reasonable design of traffic network.

(2) Choose a reasonable mode of transportation.

(3) Improve the loading rate of transportation.

(4) Joint transportation.

(5) Developing distribution processing.

(6) Do you use transportation to promote * * *? .

(7) Make full use of socialized transportation forces.

Advantages of container transportation.

(1) Improve the freight speed and speed up the capital turnover of means of transport and goods.

(2) Reduce cargo damage and cargo difference, and improve freight quality.

(3) Simplify the packaging of goods, save the packaging cost of goods and reduce the cost of miscellaneous transportation.

(4) Speed up vehicle and boat turnover, reduce loading and unloading costs, improve working conditions and reduce transportation costs.

(5) Free from the influence of climate, the transportation and loading and unloading operations at fixed points and at fixed times are realized.

The concept of international multimodal transport.

Refers to the international cargo transportation in which the multimodal transport operator uses two or more different modes of transportation to transport the goods to the destination; Taking container transportation or container goods as the main body; In a sense, multimodal transport is container multimodal transport.

Characteristics of international multimodal transport.

1 An international multimodal transport contract must be concluded.

International multimodal transport documents must be used for the whole transportation.

Two or more different modes of transportation must be used.

It must be international cargo transportation.

The multimodal transport operator is responsible for the whole journey.

chapter three

Inventory: refers to materials reserved for future intended use.

The function of inventory.

(1) Improve the level of customer service.

(2) Balance between supply and demand.

(3) Realize the rationalization of logistics.

(4) Reduce the production cost.

(5) Avoid business risks.

Signs of rationalization of storage.

Quality mark, time mark, structure mark, distribution mark and cost mark.

Measures to realize the rationalization of commodity storage.

(1) Make a reasonable choice between building a warehouse by yourself and renting a public warehouse.

(2) Pay attention to the application of contract warehousing.

(3) Implement key management on the basis of ABC classification.

chapter four

Concepts of loading and unloading.

Within the same geographical scope (such as station scope, factory scope, warehouse interior, etc.). ), the activity of changing the storage and supporting state of "things" is called loading and unloading, and the activity of changing the spatial position of "things" is called handling, both of which are called loading and unloading.

Location of loading and unloading.

1. This is a necessary activity for transportation and storage activities.

2. Every loading and unloading activity takes a long time, so it often becomes the key to determine the logistics speed.

In order to reduce the logistics cost, loading and unloading is an important link.

4. This is the main link that causes damage, loss, loss and mixed loading of goods in the logistics process.

5. An important link that affects logistics efficiency and determines the technical and economic effects of logistics.

Loading and unloading characteristics.

(1) Loading and unloading is an accessory and accompanying activity.

(2) Loading and unloading is a supportive and auxiliary activity.

(3) Handling is a connecting activity.

Methods of rationalizing loading and unloading.

1? Prevent and eliminate invalid operations.

( 1)? Minimize loading and unloading time.

(2)? Improve the purity of loading and unloading materials.

(3)? The packing should be suitable.

(4)? Shorten the distance of handling operation.

2? Rationalization of loading and unloading routes.

3? Improve the flexibility of loading and unloading.

4? Labor saving in loading and unloading operations.

5? Mechanization of loading and unloading operations.

6? Selection basis of container handling machinery.

(1) cargo characteristics and flow direction.

(2) Cost factor.

(3) Compatibility between devices.

(4) Working environment.

(5) the operability of the equipment.

chapter five

The concept of distribution.

Distribution refers to the selection, processing, packaging, segmentation and grouping of goods according to the requirements of users in an economic and reasonable area.

Logistics activities that match jobs and deliver them to designated places in time.

Characteristics of distribution (compared with transportation).

( 1)? Judging from the moving distance of goods, the transportation distance is longer. And the distribution distance is shorter.

(2)? In terms of service function? Distribution not only has the function of "delivery", but also has the function of "delivery". By organically combining "delivery" with "delivery", distribution services can be provided according to the individual needs of different customers, which is not available in transportation.

(3)? From the mode of transportation, transportation involves many modes of transportation, such as railway, waterway, highway, aviation, pipeline, etc., and adopts many modes of transportation, while distribution emphasizes door-to-door service and only involves road transportation, mainly taking cars as the mode of transportation.

(4)? From the characteristics of commodities, transportation is mainly aimed at commodities with few varieties and large quantities, and distribution is mainly aimed at commodities with many varieties and small quantities to meet the diversified and personalized needs of customers.

(5)? From the perspective of value orientation, transportation mainly emphasizes efficiency priority, that is, to reduce the unit transportation cost of goods transfer as much as possible, while distribution emphasizes service priority.

The variety, quantity and time of distribution must be carried out in strict accordance with customer requirements, with customer satisfaction as the highest purpose.

The concept of distribution center.

Distribution center refers to a logistics node that receives goods from various supply channels, undergoes operations such as flip-chip, sorting, warehousing and distribution, and then completes, loads the goods according to the customer's ordering requirements and transports them to the customer's designated place.

Function of distribution center.

( 1)? Procurement and inventory functions.

(2)? Storage function.

(3)? Packaging processing function.

(4)? Order acceptance function? .

(5) Distribution function? .

(6) Delivery function.

According to the ownership of the distribution center.

According to the classification of distribution centers.

(1) has its own distribution center.

(2)*** Same as the distribution center.

(3) Social distribution center.

Classification according to the function of distribution center.

( 1)? Construction cost.

(2)? Traffic conditions.

(3)? Customer distribution.

(4)? Distribution of suppliers.

(5)? Labor resources.

(6)? Government policy.

According to the distribution center service object classification.

(1) End consumer distribution center.

(2) Distribution center of manufacturing enterprises? .

(3) the distribution center of the retailer.

Location of the distribution center.

( 1)? Construction cost.

(2)? Traffic conditions.

(3)? Customer distribution.

(4)? Distribution of suppliers.

(5)? Labor resources.

(6)? Government policy.

Internal planning of distribution center.

( 1)? Area and layout of distribution center.

(2)? Determine the division of labor in different areas of the distribution center.

(3)? The software and hardware facilities of the distribution center are planned.

Rationalization of distribution operation.

(1) Basic requirements for goods distribution: accuracy, rapidity and low cost.

(2) Distribution mode: distribution mode and selection mode.

Rationalization measures for distribution operation.

( 1)? Determine the location where the goods are stored.

(2)? Determine the location of the shelves.

(3)? Properly packed.

(4)? Use machinery for distribution operations.

Chapter vi

Packaging: In order to protect goods, facilitate storage and transportation and promote sales in circulation, according to certain technical methods, goods are packaged with containers, materials and auxiliary materials, and the sum of appropriate decoration and marking work is carried out. In short, packaging is the general term for packaging and packaging operations.

The function of commodity packaging.

(1) Protect commodities.

(2) Convenient logistics process.

(3) Promote sales.

(4) convenient consumption.

Distribution processing: In the process of goods flowing from the production field to the consumption field, in order to promote sales, maintain product quality and improve logistics efficiency, goods are processed to make physical, chemical or shape changes.

Assign the role of the process.

(1) Meet the diversified needs of customers.

(2) Increase the added value of products.

(3) Improve logistics efficiency.

Basic requirements of packaging rationalization.

(1) Effectively protect the content.

(2) The packaging capacity is moderate.

(3) Economic rationality.

(4) Description and identification are clear.

(5) It conforms to the green development trend.

Basic requirements of rationalization in distribution processing.

(1) The content of distribution processing is properly selected.

(2) Whether the location of distribution processing is reasonable.

(3) distribution processing process requires saving.

Chapter VII

Logistics information: refers to all information related to logistics activities (commodity packaging, commodity transportation, commodity storage, commodity loading and unloading, etc.). ). Characteristics of logistics information.

(1) has a large amount of information.

(2) strong timeliness.

(3) Diversification of sources.

The function of logistics information.

(1) The transmission of logistics information connects all links of logistics activities, guides the work of all links, and acts as a bridge and link.

(2) Logistics information can help enterprises effectively plan, coordinate and control all aspects of logistics activities, so as to achieve the goal of overall system optimization.

(3) Logistics informatization is helpful to improve the scientific management and decision-making level of logistics enterprises.

(4) Realizing dynamic information management with the help of logistics information system is the guarantee to ensure the efficient operation of logistics system.

Basic functions of logistics information system

① Data collection and entry.

② Storage of information.

③ Information dissemination.

④ Information processing.

⑤ Information output.

Chapter VIII

Logistics cost:

Refers to the displacement of goods in space.

(including stillness. )

The monetary expression of all kinds of living labor and materialized labor consumed in this process.

Factors affecting logistics cost.

Competitive factors:

( 1)? Order cycle.

(2)? Inventory level.

(3)? Transportation.

Product factors:

1)? Product value.

2)? Product density.

3)? Fragile.

4)? Special treatment.

5) Spatial factors.

Logistics cost management:

Logistics is managed by cost, that is, the object of management is logistics rather than cost. Logistics cost management can be said to be a cost-based logistics management method.

First of all, cost can truly reflect the real state of activities.

Second, cost can be the same measure to evaluate all activities.

The goal of logistics management:

Improve the logistics ability of enterprises and realize the high efficiency of logistics activities.

When making decisions on logistics services and logistics costs, the following four methods are usually considered:

1. Keep the logistics service level unchanged and reduce the logistics cost as much as possible.

2. Improve the logistics service level at the expense of increasing the logistics cost.

3. Keep the cost unchanged and improve the service level.

4. Achieve higher logistics services with lower logistics costs.

Chapter 9

Supply chain: refers to the network chain structure formed around the core enterprises, starting from the procurement of raw materials, making intermediate products, making final products, and finally selling them to the final customers, namely suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, final customers, logistics service providers and even suppliers and distributors of suppliers.

Supply chain management refers to the design, planning and control of logistics, information flow and capital flow in the supply chain from the perspective of system and cooperation.

In order to minimize the internal friction and waste of each member in the supply chain, the competitiveness of each member is improved through overall optimization to achieve a win-win situation for each member.

Characteristics of supply chain management.

(1) for overall optimization and integrated management.

(2) Implement clear customer orientation.

(3) manage around the core enterprises.

(4) The relationship between node enterprises does not involve property rights. Whether it is supply chain management, strategic alliance or virtual enterprise, it emphasizes cooperation rather than confrontation between enterprises. By reorganizing resources and coordinating the operation between enterprises, the overall competitiveness of all cooperative enterprises can be improved.

The difference is that supply chain management mainly focuses on the vertical integration between upstream and downstream enterprises, while the scope of strategic alliance and virtual enterprise integration is not limited to vertical integration, but also includes horizontal integration; Strategic alliance emphasizes the long-term cooperation between enterprises, while virtual enterprises emphasize the grasp of rapidly changing market opportunities, and the cooperation between enterprises has temporary characteristics.

Supply chain management and vertical integration Although both supply chain management and vertical integration involve the relationship between upstream and downstream enterprises, they are different in the property rights relationship between enterprises. Vertical integration refers to mergers and acquisitions between upstream and downstream enterprises in the process of commodity production and circulation, involving property rights transactions between upstream and downstream enterprises; In essence, supply chain management is a vertical restriction. Upstream and downstream enterprises sign binding agreements to ensure the stability of their trading relationship and reduce transaction costs. Node enterprises in the supply chain are in an independent position in property rights and do not involve property rights transactions between enterprises.

Supply chain management and integrated logistics.

Integrated logistics is an advanced form of logistics, which means that different enterprises improve logistics efficiency and reduce logistics costs through logistics cooperation. Although the integrated logistics and supply chain management runs through the whole process from raw material procurement to final customer consumption. But the difference is.

Integrated logistics focuses on the optimization of material capital movement process and related information flow, while supply chain management not only studies the optimization of material capital movement process and related information flow, but also studies the optimization of purchasing, production and sales decisions of supply chain member enterprises and the capital flow process related to material materials. Therefore, the connotation and extension of supply chain management is greater than integrated logistics.

Competitive advantage of supply chain management.

(1) Respond quickly to the complicated and changeable market demand.

(2) It has the characteristics of high flexibility and low risk.

(3) Consolidate and strengthen the core competitiveness of enterprises through the complementary advantages of partners.

Matters needing attention in selecting supply chain members.

(1) Member enterprises must have their own core competitiveness.

(2) Member enterprises must have a strong willingness to cooperate.

(3) Member enterprises should try their best to achieve relative geographical concentration.