What influence does China traditional culture have on ancient urban planning?

China's traditional culture has a long history. In the cultural heritage of two thousand years, it has had a far-reaching impact on the ancient urban planning of China. We can know from the records of Zhou Li's Examination of Gong Ji that a complete set of theories has been formed in urban planning and urban construction at that time: "Craftsmen govern the country, with a square nine miles, three sides, nine meridians and nine latitudes in junior and senior high schools, nine-track painting, the left ancestral temple is right, the former dynasty is in the city, and the city is in the same position." This theory has been influencing the urban planning and construction of China for thousands of years, especially the planning and construction of the Imperial Capital. There are five points about the influence of China's traditional culture on China's ancient urban planning:

1. Influenced by Confucianism

Confucian code of conduct and moral standards are embodied in urban planning and construction, while strict social hierarchy and ethical order are embodied through the central axis of the city's roads, the spatial sequence of buildings and strict urban layout. Most cities in ancient China were square with a central axis, which was closely related to the ancient rulers' admiration of Confucian philosophy, and was the concrete expression of Confucian "ritual system" thought. For example, in the urban layout of Chang 'an in Sui and Tang Dynasties and Beijing in Ming and Qing Dynasties, there is a wide and straight central axis from the main entrance of the Forbidden City to the south gate of the capital as the central axis of the city, which embodies the traditional concepts of "being impartial in the middle" and "being unjust and not arrogant" in Confucianism in feudal society, and sets off the supreme imperial power with the architectural environment to serve its politics. This "Miyagi-centered" layout, which is tight, square and symmetrical along the central axis, embodies the concepts of ethics and ethical order advocated by Confucianism and is the external embodiment of Confucian philosophy advocated by the rulers.

2. Influenced by Mozi and tube theory.

Mozi said: "Those who are engaged in the world must not be incompetent; There is nothing that can't be done and can be done ... so people who are engaged in various jobs have their own laws. " Laws refer to laws and regulations, and standards are laws and regulations formulated by various industries. Rites are the foundation of governing the country, and ancient China society attached great importance to them. The establishment of daily system provides a code of conduct for people to communicate with others without being bound by feudal ethics. Guan put forward more creatively: "Because of natural materials, it is beneficial. Therefore, battlements don't have to be in the rules, and roads don't have to be good. " Most of them are cities with complex terrain, or cities reconstructed from old cities. Because of the complex terrain or current situation, it is necessary to break the strict hierarchy and rigid planning model. This completely different planning thought from Kao Gong Ji also had a far-reaching impact on the construction of ancient cities in China. For example, most cities such as Zibo in Qi, Jinan in Lu and Chang 'an in Han did not follow the hierarchical system stipulated in Zhou Li, but were naturally laid out and built because of the topography and water system, which reflected the principle of adapting to local conditions and taking application as the guide.

3. Influenced by the philosophy of "harmony between man and nature"

China's traditional architecture pays attention to the way of heaven and earth, which is a special interpretation of this philosophical thought. Under the guidance of this concept, the planning and construction of the ancient city has always maintained respect and maintenance for nature. For example, Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was in strict accordance with the layout of stars, with obvious central axis and tight structural symmetry. The Temple of Heaven stands in the south, and the Ditan stands in the north. The Ritan and the Moon are divided into east and west, and the heavens and the earth echo each other, and the sun and the moon shine together, becoming the "capital of stars". The planning emphasizes group consciousness and shows integrity and harmony, which reflects the pursuit of this realm of "harmony between man and nature" by politicians, thinkers and religious philosophers at that time and embodies the harmonious and unified relationship between man and nature.

4. Affected by Buddhism and Taoism

Its influence is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, a large number of ancestral temples and Taoist temples have appeared in the urban layout, and grottoes have appeared in the periphery of the city, expanding and enriching the urban space content; Second, the spatial layout of the city emphasizes the concept of overall environment, the concept of winning by shape, the overall harmony between urban artificial environment and natural environment, and the belief and cultural functions of the city.

5. Influenced by Feng Shui theory

Geomantic omen is the objective existence of humanistic environment, that is, natural landscapes such as heaven and earth, mountains and rivers, and civil engineering. China people have always regarded the site selection and settlement as the top priority of living and working in peace and contentment. On the issue of urban site selection, Feng Shui believes that if you want to establish a project, you must look at the geographical situation and judge whether the base is "hiding wind and gathering water", and then choose a beautiful environment with both form and spirit, so-called "yin and yang intersection" and "hiding wind and gathering water" for construction activities. Therefore, geomantic omen affects the planning and layout of cities and the design and construction of buildings to a certain extent. For example, the shape of Beijing is "north pillow, south river, right Taihang, left Bohai", which is surrounded by mountains and waters and has a pleasant climate.