Brief introduction of China national musical instrument Erhu

I'm glad to answer your question: Editor of Musical Instrument History This erhu began in the Tang Dynasty and has a history of 1000 years. It originated from a minority in northern China in ancient times, and was called "Western Qin" at that time. Chen Yi, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, recorded the poem of Cen Can, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, "Only drinkers return to camp and play the mandolin, guitar and harp", which indicated that it had begun to spread in the Tang Dynasty and was the general name of Chinese and western stringed instruments and plucked instruments. In Song Dynasty, Hu Qin was called "Qin Qin". At the end of the Song Dynasty, Chen, a scholar, recorded that it was originally written by Ji Kang in The Stone Forest, hence the name. Shen Kuo, a great scholar in the Song Dynasty, recorded in "Bubi Tan Yuelu": "At Xining Middle School, there was a palace banquet, and Yan Xu, an actor of Jiaofang, played Qin Qin and finished the song with only one string." It shows that there was a high level of performance in the Northern Song Dynasty. When Yan Xu played Qin Qin for the emperor's ministers, he broke one string and still finished the music with another. It is impossible without skilled skills. Later, Shen Kuo recorded in "Meng Qian Bi Tan" that "ponytail huqin followed Han Dong, and he felt sorry for himself. If you don't shoot a swallow with a bow, the geese won't send out today. " This shows that there was a ponytail huqin in the Northern Song Dynasty. The principle of making the huqin is further elaborated in the History of Rites and Music in the Yuan Dynasty, saying that "the huqin system is like fire without thinking, rolling the faucet, pressing the second string with the bow, and tying the ponytail with the bow". By the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Huqin had spread all over the country before it became the main instrument of folk opera accompaniment and instrumental ensemble. In modern times, Huqin changed its name to Erhu. For more than half a century, the erhu performance level has entered a prosperous period. Mr Liu Tianhua is the originator of modernism. Drawing lessons from the playing techniques and techniques of western musical instruments, he boldly and scientifically positioned the erhu as five, thus expanding the range of erhu, enriching its expressive force and establishing new artistic connotation. As a result, erhu stood out from folk accompaniment and became a unique solo instrument, which laid the foundation for entering concert halls and conservatories in the future. After the founding of New China, national folk music developed rapidly. In order to explore the artistic treasures of folk artists, the erhu music of folk artists such as Hua and Liu Beimao was arranged and recorded, which made the erhu playing art develop rapidly like mushrooms after rain. In 1950s and 1960s, Aring Zhang, Shao Zhang, Wang Yi and other erhu educators and performers emerged. Under their influence, new erhu players have been trained, such as Min Huifen and Wang Guotong. Erhu composer Liu's "Capriccio of the Great Wall" has brought the performance of the erhu to the extreme, and made deliberate innovations to make the erhu glow with new vitality and splendor. Supplement —— According to the data provided in 300 Topics on the Cultural History of China, the Song Dynasty was the second stage of the integration and development of foreign musical instruments and Central Plains culture. During the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the development of traditional Chinese opera and Quyi, folk musical instruments developed their own accompaniment instruments with the rise of Goulan and Washe. One of the most important musical instruments is Mawei Huqin, which originated in Mongolia and the Western Regions. After combining with Zheng, the novel Huqin came into being. This instrument fully marks the maturity of China's bowstring instrument. Later, due to the need of local opera singing, Huqin gradually differentiated, and banhu adapted to the needs of Shaanxi Opera and Henan Opera, Jinghu and Beijing Erhu needed by Beijing Opera and Han Opera, coconut needed by Henan pendant, Guangdong Cantonese Opera, Chaozhou Opera, drum used by Hunan Flower Drum, Mongolian rap cover, Sichuan Opera cover, Henan Yue called four strings, and Fujian Putian Opera appeared. So Erhu is actually one of many bowstring instruments, and its name is far behind Huqin. Therefore, it is inaccurate to say that "Erhu" began in the Tang Dynasty, while "Huqin" began in the Tang Dynasty. Musical Instrument Structure Editor The erhu in this section is relatively simple in structure, consisting of barrel, handle, leather, string, string, bow, jack, bridge horse and bow hair. Functions of various parts of the erhu: The erhu component consists of nine main parts, and their functions are introduced as follows: A Qin tube: it is an important part of the erhu, and the piano skin after the string is rubbed vibrates by the push-pull movement of the bow. The texture and shape of piano barrel have a direct impact on the volume and sound quality. Generally made of rosewood or mahogany. Shapes are hexagonal, octagonal, round, front octagonal and back round. Hexagons are commonly used. There is a sound window (usually a carved wooden window) embedded in the back of the barrel, which not only plays a decorative role in the barrel, but also has certain benefits for pronunciation, sound transmission and sound filtering. B Piano leather: There are two kinds of python skin and snake skin, and python skin is the best. It is an important pronunciation of erhu and the key to vibration source, which directly affects the sound quality and volume. The bigger the scales of awn bark, the better the timbre. C piano pole: it is the pillar of erhu, and it is the trunk. It not only plays an auxiliary role in connecting the preceding with the following, but also has a certain influence on the overall vibration pronunciation. Some materials used to make piano poles are ebony, ebony or mahogany. Generally, mahogany is used more. Mahogany is cheap and has a certain tensile strength. D Piano Axis: There are two axes (also called Qin Zi) to adjust the pitch. The upper shaft is bound with rubber inner rope, and the lower shaft is bound with twisted outer rope. There are two kinds of piano shafts: wooden shaft and mechanical shaft, both of which have their own advantages and disadvantages. The wooden shaft is stable after tuning, and it is not easy to go out of tune, but the string is tight and loose, so it is difficult to tune. The mechanical shaft can be tuned quickly and freely, and the pitch is good. However, at present, the production quality is not completely up to standard, and sometimes it will be loose and slippery, which will easily lead to the strings out of tune. Type of piano shaft: bronze and wooden E-bow: it is an important tool for erhu pronunciation, and consists of bow shaft and bow hair. The bow pole is made of superior purple bamboo with moderate thickness. The hardness and elasticity of the bow will directly affect the playing effect. Bow hair used to be made of nylon and horse hair, and ponytails are mostly used. White ponytails are the best, followed by black ponytails. Generally, fine purple bamboo is used to tie the ponytail, and one end is equipped with a live screw (bow fish) to adjust the tightness of bow hair. F-string: it is one of the pronunciation styles of Qin and one of the sound sources of Erhu. Its quality directly affects the pronunciation effect. At present, there are two kinds of strings: one is metal string, which has the characteristics of good tension, good sound quality, good pitch and high sensitivity, and is divided into aluminum string and silver string, with silver string being the best; The other is the silk string, which sounds softer and more delicate than the metal string, but the potential difference and pitch difference make it easy to break the string and tone sandhi. Nowadays, metal strings are mostly used. G Qianjin: Also known as Qianjin, it plays the role of fixing and cutting the erhu strings. It also has a certain influence on pitch. It is made of cotton thread, silk thread, plexiglass, plastic and other materials. Its forms are various, including fixed jack, wire wound jack, metal jack and so on. More commonly used are thousands of pairs of gold wrapped in red. H Qinma: It is the vibration medium between the strings and the piano skin, and plays an important role in pronunciation. It uses wood, bamboo, metal and paper. , commonly used are pine knot horses and maple wooden horses. The pine-knotted horse has soft wood, mellow and honest pronunciation, and the maple wooden horse has moderate hardness, soft pronunciation and low noise. J piano holder: it is the base of the piano body, which plays a decorative and stable role. Some erhuqin stands are also equipped with adjustable pedals, which are adjusted with nylon buttons, making it more convenient to play. Erhu classified editing This section can be divided into three types according to the origin of piano-making: Suzhou Qin, Shanghai Qin and Beijing Qin can be divided into four types according to the shape of the piano barrel: flat erhu with octagonal erhu and hexagonal erhu: erhu player Chen Jun edited this section (1). The structure of the shaped erhu is basically the same as that of other bowstring instruments, and it is divided into the stem, barrel, axis and bow. Except the bow is made of bamboo, all the other parts are made of wood. Piano cylinders mainly include round octagon and square hexagon, as well as flat cylinder and cylinder. One side of the erhuqin tube is python skin, which is the same as that of Zhonghu and Gao Hu, while the banhuqin tube is made of coconut shells, and the other side is glued with wooden blocks. Several parts of Jinghu are made of bamboo (the piano shaft is made of wood), but one side of the piano barrel is snakeskin. The scale of several musical instruments is the largest in China, followed by Erhu, Banhu, Gao Hu and Jinghu. (2) timbre The timbre of various musical instruments will be influenced by many factors such as processing materials and different shapes. Erhu is soft and lyrical, and its voice is very singing, just like human voice. On the one hand, it depends on whether the pitch and tension of the internal and external tuning strings are appropriate, and on the other hand, one side of the piano barrel is made of python skin. Therefore, in general, when playing, you can make a peaceful and feminine sound without pressing the strings or lifting the bow vigorously. Banhu and Jinghu are higher in tune than erhu. Because of its high string tension, the left and right hands use more force than the erhu when playing, thus obtaining the magnificent timbre of this instrument. In the traditional banhu playing method, especially in the accompaniment of traditional opera music, we often see that the fingers of the player's left hand have iron hoops, which is to increase the strength of the fingers to press the strings, so as to obtain the sound of their strength. In order to increase the friction between bow hair and strings when playing Jinghu, rosin is directly dripped on the piano barrel to make it make a loud and clear sound. Of course, the reason why Jinghu can play such a timbre is related to its small bamboo piano barrel and thin snake skin. Although Gao Hu's piano barrel is relatively small, and its tuning is higher than that of erhu, because it is made of wood and python skin, you can get melodious and soft timbre without using as much force as when playing Jinghu or Banhu. The lever and drum of Zhonghu are longer than Erhu, bigger than Erhu, the tuning is four degrees lower than Erhu, and the strings are thicker than Erhu. When playing, the strength of the left and right hands is relatively greater than that of the erhu. Because the barrel is also made of python skin, the sound is rich and round. While learning techniques and mastering styles, we should also understand the connotation of music. Only with a deep understanding of music can we reveal and express music more deeply. This is the essence of music learning, and it is also the highest realm that we pursue in learning music. Erhu purchases this kind of wood: from the wood point of view, the top grade is of course high-density mahogany. Rosewood, rosewood, rosewood, ebony and chicken wing wood are all acceptable, with rosewood being the best. Followed by Populus euphratica or Mu Xin, erhu made of other miscellaneous trees can only be practiced as beginners. Leather film: The leather film on the erhu pipe is python skin, with bright and clear color, even scales, smooth and oily, and moderate thickness, which is the top grade. The thickness and elasticity of python skin have great influence on the timbre of erhu. If it is too thick, it will vibrate slowly, and if it is too thin, it will make noise easily. If the piano is covered too tightly, the sound will be sharp and hard, and if it is covered too loosely, the sound will be dull and easy to collapse. Generally speaking, it is better to put a new python skin on the piano barrel. When you first use it, put some vegetable oil on the skin and don't loosen the strings after playing the piano. Play for two or three months every day, and the tension of the piano skin can reach a moderate level. At this time, you need to prepare a pencil as long as the horizontal plane of the piano barrel, and put it under the strings after using the piano to reduce the number of players. Also, if you buy a piano in the south and use it in the north, you should choose one with loose leather tension; If you buy a piano in the north and use it in the south, choose one with tight leather tension. The climate in the north of China is dry and the climate in the south is humid, so the skin film will change greatly under the influence of climate. Pole: Pole is the support of erhu. It must be made of good wood, the string has great tension, and it must be complete wood. There can be no boils in the middle and no splicing. Otherwise, it is easy to deform and fracture. Piano poles used to be round. With the extensive use of steel wire strings, the tension of strings increases. Now it is generally changed to a flat round shape that can resist bending. The cross section is like the shape of a quail egg. The standard length of the piano rod is generally 830 mm, if it is too long, the piano rod is easy to bend. If it is too short, the tension of the strings is not enough, which will affect the timbre. Piano shaft: There are three kinds of piano shafts: all-wood shaft, turbine mechanical shaft and spiral mechanical shaft. Most amateur piano learners use mechanical shafts. Its advantage is that it is convenient to adjust the string and it is not easy to run the string. But when buying, check whether the production is accurate. A little sewing machine oil should be properly used to avoid problems such as overflow and thread running due to moisture corrosion. Bow: The erhu bow consists of a bow stem and bow hair, which is baked with bamboo. Bow hair is a ponytail, which leads from a small arc at the tip of the bow to the root of the bow. Bowfish is generally made of plexiglass or animal bones and fixed on the bow-tail screw to adjust the tightness of Pinus massoniana. The whole bow rod is shallow saddle-shaped. Bow is a key tool for erhu pronunciation, and its quality has a great influence on playing. Although the thickness, weight and length of the bow rod are different, it should not be too heavy, too light or too soft. Too thick and too heavy to appear clumsy and noisy; It's too long to control; If it is too short, it will affect the long tone performance. Therefore, it is generally appropriate to use about 850 mm, and the materials are old red bamboo, river reed bamboo and water hyacinth bamboo, with few knots and uniform thickness as the top grade. The curvature of the arch tip and the arch root should be moderate, and it is difficult to control if it is too large. Too small a bend will affect the flexibility of the fingers holding the bow. Bow hair with white ponytail is top grade. When choosing a bow, we should not only pay attention to the problems mentioned above, but also see whether the ponytail is neatly combed and fastened outside the fishtail. Many newly bought bows are loose because of ponytails, and it won't take long, but I didn't pay attention to this problem when buying bows. In addition, the ponytail should be adjusted in time with the change of climate when used, and the fishtail screw should be loosened after use to keep the bow rod intact. Once the ponytail gets greasy, it can't be wiped with rosin. Never touch the ponytail with your hands to keep the bow hair clean. Rosin must be rubbed on the bow hair with special huqin rosin or violin rosin. It is not allowed to burn rosin on the piano barrel, which is easy to make noise. When the piano is pulled up, rosin foam splashes on the strings and strings, which will affect the change of the handle and the performance in the high-pitched area. It is not easy to rub rosin on a new bow. Some broken rosin can be pressed on the bow hair. Rosin should be rubbed frequently, not too much at a time. Generally, it is advisable to wipe the piano once after playing for two to three hours. Thank you for your adoption!

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