How to evaluate the trees in the forest farm in asset evaluation?

Forest is one of the important economic resources in China, and forest assets have their particularity. Forest assets appraisal is an important and special field of assets appraisal. Through the evaluation of forest resources assets, we can clearly understand the property rights of forest assets, understand the effect of forest management, prevent the loss of forest assets and ineffective loss of resources, promote the rational flow and optimal allocation of forest assets, and achieve the goals of sustainable utilization of forest resources, virtuous circle of ecological environment and sustained and stable development of society.

In recent years, many domestic research institutions and scholars have conducted extensive research on the procedures and methods of forest resource assets evaluation. Among them, the evaluation method of forest assets varies according to the age of the stand. This paper selects a farm in Heilongjiang Province to determine the recorded value of forest assets as the evaluation purpose, and introduces an example of larch plantation assets evaluation to readers.

The farm is located in the mid-temperate continental monsoon climate zone, with the characteristics of mild and semi-humid, easy to dry in spring, humid in summer, cold in winter, distinct seasons, long in winter and short in summer. Due to the complex terrain in the field, the distribution of heat and precipitation is quite different, and the annual average temperature is 2.7℃, which gradually decreases from south to north. It is the hottest in July with an average monthly temperature of 20.9℃, and the coldest in June with an average monthly temperature of-18.8℃. The average active accumulated temperature of the whole station ≥ 16℃ is 2377.2℃, which decreases from south to north. The annual variation range is 2038.9℃ ~ 2678.7℃, the frost-free period is 1 18 days, and the annual average sunshine hours are 2477.3 hours. The main soils are forest brown soil and dark brown soil, and the black soil layer is thick, which is beneficial to the growth of trees because of its good particle structure. The farm has convenient transportation and the main roads run through the whole territory.

The forest land area of the farm is 3 1.269 hectares, including woodland 1.858 hectares, sparse woodland 9 1 hectare, shrub land 256 hectares, uncultivated afforestation land 2565 hectares, nursery land 6 hectares and woodland 9492 hectares.

First, the verification of the assessed class

First of all, taking the artificial forest phase diagram provided in the field as the sampling population, a certain number of 95% reliability sample plots are set up for field investigation, and the sampling accuracy of the total volume is required to reach over 90%, and the boundary line is checked. Then directly measure and verify the area of all kinds of land and forest types on the forest map, and require the sampling accuracy of the main land types to reach more than 95%. Typical sampling method is used to separate factors such as woodland, forest type and forest age, and 5% subcompartment is selected for verification according to the purpose of this assessment and forest structure. On-the-spot investigation of the factors that must be verified according to the regulations in the selected subcategories, it is stipulated that the error of 80% verification items in each subcategory shall not exceed the allowable value, and if the error of verification items exceeds the allowable value, it shall be adjusted. The test results show that the survey factor data of 40 1 evaluation category provided by this website is accurate and can be used for evaluation.

Second, the determination of technical and economic indicators

Based on the comprehensive analysis of the data collected by local surveys, the following economic indicators are adopted (the present value of costs and expenses and the current price):

(1) Afforestation cost: ① Afforestation cost: 450 yuan/hectare for soil preparation, 675 yuan/hectare for seedlings, and 1 125 yuan/hectare for planting, with a total afforestation cost of 2,250 yuan/hectare. (2) Young forest tending fee: 1 ~ 3 years nursing fee 150 yuan/hectare, 4 ~ 5 years nursing fee 45 yuan/hectare. ③ Management and protection expenses: 30 yuan/hectare, 3 yuan/hectare for forest protection and fire prevention, excluding other management and protection expenses.

(2) Expenses related to timber sales: ① Survey and design expenses: 6 yuan /m3. ② Cutting cost: 80 yuan /m3. ③ Transportation cost (average distance in the field): 35 yuan /m3. ④ Sales cost: 5 yuan /m3. ⑤ Afforestation Fund: Log 25 yuan/m3; Small diameter wood 15 yuan/m3.

(three) the sales price of commercial timber (main cutting period). According to the Price List of Logs for Sawing Timber (median price) issued by Heilongjiang Provincial Forestry Department, the sales price of the following timber species during the main cutting period is determined: Larch 630 yuan /m3.

(4) Output rate of commercial timber. The output rate of commercial timber is the actual output rate obtained after the main cutting subcategory is cleared, and the losses caused by wood defects, logging, skidding and transportation have been deducted. The comprehensive yield of commercial timber is 85%.

(5) Age group division, cutting age and cutting period.

Young forest 1 ~ 20 years

Middle-aged forest 2 1 ~ 30 years

Nearly mature forest 3 1 ~ 40 years

The age of mature forest and over-mature forest is more than 4 1.

The main cutting period is 40 years.

(6) Operating profit rate and investment return rate; ① Operating profit rate10%; ② The return on investment is 4%.

Third, the evaluation method and evaluation instructions

According to the Technical Specification for Forest Resources Assets Appraisal (Trial) issued by the State Administration of State-owned Assets and the former Ministry of Forestry 1996 in February, different evaluation methods are adopted for different age groups. In this case, the replacement cost method is used for young forests, the present value method is used for middle-aged forests and near-mature forests, and the market price inversion method is used for mature forests and over-mature forests.

(1) Calculation of forest land price and forest land use right price

According to the relationship between site type, site grade and soil fertility index, the site grade of each site type in the evaluation class is determined. According to the natural and economic conditions provided by the site, including soil, moisture, altitude, slope and other factors, the site is taken as the evaluation unit for calculation, and the average value is taken (the volume per unit area during the main cutting period is 200 cubic meters/hectare).

Calculation of forest land price and forest land use right price by income present value method;

Price per unit area of forest land = accumulation per unit area during the main cutting period ×× (commodity price-afforestation fund and maintenance fee-investigation fee-mining freight-sales fee)? Eye (1+ return on investment) main cut-off period]

= 200× 0.85× (630-25-6-115-5) ÷ (1+4%) 40 =16961(yuan/.

The price of forest land use right = site grade per unit area of forest land × return on investment.

=16961× 0.04 = 678.44 (yuan/hectare. Years),

(2) Calculation of forest price

1. Calculation of benchmark price of young forest. The benchmark price of young forest adopts replacement cost method. The replacement cost method is the cost required to rebuild a stand similar to the assessed forest assets according to the current wage and production level, as a method to evaluate the value of the assessed forest assets. Its calculation formula is:

1 year forest replacement price = (afforestation cost+young forest tending cost+management and protection cost+forest land use right price) ×( 1+ profit rate).

The replacement price of forest trees in the following year = the replacement price of forest trees in the previous year+(tending cost of young forest or tending thinning cost+management and protection cost+price of forest land use right) ×( 1+ profit rate).

Through the above calculation, it is concluded that the benchmark price of forest trees in this mine field is:

2. Calculation of benchmark price of middle-aged forest and near-mature forest. The benchmark price of middle-aged forest and near-mature forest adopts the present value method of harvest. The present value method of harvest is a method to estimate the value of forest assets by using the harvest table to predict the discounted value of the net income of the assessed forest assets during the main cutting period, and deducting the difference between the discounted values of the estimated forest production costs during the main cutting period.

The formula for calculating forest price with the present value method of harvest is:

Forest price in the first I year = [volume per unit area × timber yield of commercial timber × (commodity timber price-afforestation fund and maintenance fee-investigation fee-mining freight-sales fee)-(main cutting period -i)× (management fee+forest land use right price )× (1+profit rate) ÷ (1)

For example, the benchmark price of 28-year-old larch = [200× 0.85× (630-25-6-15)-(40-28 )× (33+678.44 )× (1+65438+).

3. Determination of forest price correction coefficient. Considering the influence of various factors on forest growth, adjust the evaluation sub-class coefficient, and the calculation formula is as follows:

The correction coefficient of each evaluation class = the volume per unit area of the class ÷ the average area volume corresponding to the age of the class.

In order to get the correction coefficient of each year, it is necessary to determine the average accumulation of each age.

Considering the local forest resources conditions, the unit area volume during the main cutting period is 200, and the average area volume corresponding to each forest age of the subcompartment is considered as 7% decline rate.

For example, the average area accumulation of 28-year-old larch is 2001+7% (40-28) = 88.80 (m3/ha).

Because the thinning cost is not considered in this assessment, the maximum allowable correction coefficient is 200/ average area accumulation corresponding to the age of small class for trees with a unit area accumulation of more than 200 and a correction coefficient of more than 1.5.

For example, the volume of 28-year-old larch in 46 subcompartments of 3 1 forest class is 85 cubic meters, the area 1 hectare, the unit area is 85, and the correction coefficient is 85÷88.80=0.96.

4. Determination of risk rate of forest management. Losses caused by natural disasters (such as wildfires, floods and droughts). ) is uncontrollable in the growth and management of trees. Therefore, the risk caused by natural disasters should be considered in forest management. According to previous data, the risk rate of forest management is determined to be 3%.

5. Calculation of evaluation price of young forest, middle-aged forest and near-mature forest. Evaluation price of young forest, middle-aged forest and near-mature forest = benchmark price of young forest, middle-aged forest and near-mature forest × correction coefficient ×( 1+ forest management risk rate).

6. Calculation of evaluation price of mature forest and over-mature forest. The evaluation of mature forest and over-mature forest adopts market price inversion algorithm. The market price inversion algorithm is to use the total sales revenue of wood market obtained after the assessed forest harvesting, after deducting the cost of wood management consumption and the profit due, the remaining part is used as the evaluation value of forest assets. Its calculation formula is:

E=W-C-F。

E—— Evaluation value of forest assets; W- total sales revenue; C-timber operating costs (including mining and transportation costs, sales expenses, management expenses, financial expenses and related taxes); F—— Reasonable profit of timber management.

According to the price list (median price) of sawn timber logs of Heilongjiang Provincial Forestry Department, 780 yuan /m3 is selected for mature and over-mature larch.

The price is = [780-(25+115+5)-780× 0.1]× 0.85 through the market price inversion algorithm.

=473.45 (Yuan/m3).

Four. Evaluation results and analysis

The evaluation results of each subclass obtained by the above method are summarized as follows:

According to the analysis of the average unit price per unit area in the above table, the evaluation value per unit area in the young stage is low because of the small forest stock and low evaluation value in the young stage. According to the evaluation value of unit stock, the average unit price of unit stock evaluation in three age groups is 329 yuan /m3, 453 yuan /m3 and 473 yuan /m3 respectively. The evaluation results obtained by the three methods are close.

This paper only discusses larch plantation as an example, without considering the influence of special evaluation purposes such as mortgage and guarantee on the evaluation value.