What are the modeling characteristics of Shanxi dough sculpture?

Abstract: dough sculpture, commonly known as flour flower, steamed bread, flower cake and dough mixer, is one of the traditional folk arts in China and originated in Shandong, Shanxi, Beijing and other places. That is, flour is the main material, mixed into different colors, and various vivid images are created by hand and simple tools. The dough-kneading artist takes materials at will as needed, and after several times of kneading, rubbing and lifting in his hands, he skillfully uses a small bamboo knife to place, cut, carve, describe and shape his body, hands and head, and puts on hair ornaments and clothes. In an instant, a vivid artistic image is released. So what are the modeling characteristics of Shanxi's dough sculptures? Then take a look at the introduction of Shanxi dough sculpture prepared for you in this article! According to their functions, dough sculptures can be divided into two categories, one is dedicated to collection and the other is edible dough sculptures. Pastry used for collection is usually made of refined flour, glutinous rice flour, salt, preservatives and sesame oil, while dough used for eating is made of refined flour and raw flour.

1. Spring Festival dough sculpture

There is a folk custom in Shanxi, that is, on festive days such as holidays, weddings, funerals and weddings, dough sculptures should be made to celebrate. Noodles people are commonly known as "noodle people", "noodle sheep", "mutton buns" and "flower buns". Different places have different names and forms. Most of these dough sculptures are made by housewives in rural areas, towns and cities. Especially in the "Mid-Autumn Festival" on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, almost every household has to use flour to shape various patterns and exquisite dough sculptures, such as figures, animals, flowers, feathers, melons and fruits.

As far as the whole province is concerned, Shanxi dough sculpture is made of fine white flour, which is kneaded, shaped, steamed and colored. Generally, dough modeling is exaggerated and vivid, with bright and generous colors, rough and concise style and elegant aesthetic feeling. But also has distinctive folk and local characteristics.

Shanxi New Year pictures are simple, rich, simple, elegant and clean, which is the comprehensive condensation of nature worship, religious thought, psychological consciousness and modeling language. On the whole, the modeling looks neat and general, with rich connotations, including geometric straight lines, suitable patterns inherited from Qin and Han dynasties, and specific images of people, animals and plants with unique folk modeling styles. The fusion of different modeling consciousness constitutes a unique folk festival content and forms a special folk art form. Face-faced people, commonly known as "face-faced people", "face-faced sheep" and "steamed bread", are popular throughout the Yellow River basin. Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shandong and other places have the custom of making dough figurines with different names and forms. As far as the whole province is concerned, Shanxi dough figurines are exaggerated and vivid in shape, bright and generous in color, rough and concise in style, rich in elegant aesthetic feeling and distinctive in folk and local characteristics.

Nowadays, when we walk into the homes of rural farmers, we often see several women busy together, holding tools such as knives, scissors, chopsticks and combs in their hands. After kneading, kneading, cutting, pressing and cutting the dough, only "swallows" with different expressions appeared in front of us. After steaming in the cage, it makes the finishing point and feathers are colored, but some of the "flying swallows" are light and dexterous, and some are childish, as if they are really alive. Only the "flying swallows" inserted in the spikes of seabuckthorn branches collected by the children in the village from the wild are different in shape and lifelike, just like a picture of "Chun Yan's noisy branches". This kind of edible and ornamental farmers' dough plastic food has brought many beautiful scenery to the land of Sanjin in early spring.

Two. source and course

There are many kinds of pasta in Shanxi. People not only regard pasta as the staple food for three meals a day, but also carefully shape various "noodles" with flour to express their inner spiritual world and good wishes for life. This is Shanxi dough sculpture, which can be called "edible art". It is popular among the people and has been passed down to this day.

Shanxi dough figurines flourished among the people and spread among them. The form, use and color of dough sculpture are closely related to local folk activities and customs, and are developing and changing. Most of them are made by housewives, and most housewives in urban and rural areas of Shanxi can make them, and generally make various shapes. Because it is for self-use, although the level is different, it does not affect eating, and then it will continue to the city, and it will develop into fine, vivid, story-telling and purely ornamental noodles with cultural connotations through the matching characteristics of non-eating, anti-corrosion, anti-cracking and easy storage.

Mr. Liu, the sculpture capital of Datong in northern Shanxi, watched his mother steam steamed buns when he was a child, and now he is still developing and producing them, forming a unique production method. He has a soft spot for Shanxi noodles. "In the past, most Shanxi folk noodles were just a decorative food. At that time, the villagers helped to do all the festivals or housework. Weddings, funerals, baby full moons and old people's birthdays are all regarded as gifts. This kind of folk activities that every household had to carry out at that time created a large number of skilled craftsmen, which were passed down from generation to generation. "

Zhenjiang in the south of the Yangtze River is famous for collecting, preserving and studying folk literature and art, and has the first database of folk literature and art in China, and is known as "the first library in China". Cao Xian, an art teacher in our experimental junior middle school, combined dough sculpture art with Chinese painting techniques to form a unique style of dough sculpture imitating Chinese painting, which boldly inherited and innovated dough sculpture techniques.

3. Modeling features

As far as the whole province is concerned, Shanxi dough figurines are exaggerated and vivid in shape, bright and generous in color, rough and concise in style, rich in elegant aesthetic feeling and distinctive in folk and local characteristics. Rub a dough in your hand at will and describe it skillfully with a small bamboo stick. In just a few minutes, all kinds of dough sculptures such as animals, flowers, figures and mascots are completed. Within reach. Some of them are magnificent, some are exquisite and vivid, which is amazing and has strong artistic charm. Many of them won prizes in provincial, municipal and even national arts and crafts exhibitions, and some of them also participated in international exhibition sales.

It is only in recent years that these works of art made of flour have appeared in the market as plastic arts. The cultural accumulation of Shanxi people from generation to generation, the creators' utilitarian thoughts and their enthusiasm and talent have made them refined and formed a simple folk culture, which not only added a festive atmosphere to the festival, but has now become a unique local folk custom.

Four. Inheritance and development

The dough plastic products made with fingers, influenced by historical development and influenced by the northern atmosphere, are so interesting and affectionate that they gradually emerge in the market. However, with the rapid development of science and technology, mechanized production has gradually replaced handicrafts, and many folk handicrafts, including dough sculpture art, have less and less space in the market. As an art, Shanxi dough sculpture art needs to be accepted by the market and achieve good economic benefits, and it needs to play the "innovation" card on the basis of inheritance and develop continuously.

20 10 at the third Qingming cold food exhibition in Jiexiu, Shanxi Province, dough sculptures made of various vegetable juices were not only colorful, but also nutritious. The production of raw noodles has developed to the combination of raw noodles and dead noodles, and the combination of raw noodles and cooked noodles. Through various treatment methods of primary colors and dyeing, the modeling color of dough modeling has made a new breakthrough. Pinch, cut, cut, rub, spell, squeeze, clip, press, plate, stack, embed, combine, embossment and embossment, and make appropriate adjustments and choices according to different themes. The exhibits are very beautiful.

Shanxi has a long history, and dough sculpture art has an inexhaustible theme of Sanjin culture on this fertile soil. Ni, a master of Shanxi cuisine in Taiyuan noodle restaurant, said, "Shanxi dough figurines have a very good mass base in all regions, and the people who love and engage in Shanxi dough figurines are gradually expanding. From 70-year-old people to dolls of several years old, their works reflect the happy life of Shanxi people today. Shanxi pasta enjoys a good reputation at home and abroad, and pasta and dough modeling are inextricably linked. We will also promote Shanxi dough sculpture to the market through different forms of exhibitions, tourism promotion conferences, tourist attractions or handicraft fairs, so that more people can understand Shanxi dough sculpture art and expand their influence. A miniature dough figurine named "Blowing to Welcome the Wedding" entered the exhibition area of Shanghai World Expo with great joy.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) Folk custom of Spring Festival.

China's festival customs originated in the pre-Qin Dynasty and formed in the Han Dynasty, which is the accumulation of human understanding and conquest of nature. The Spring Festival is a key festival for people to know the phenological calendar, so the sacrificial activities in the Spring Festival are particularly grand. Exquisite dough sculptures emerged with people's psychological needs and became an important manifestation of festivals.

The main function of Shanxi folk dough figurines in the Spring Festival is to offer sacrifices and pray to the gods of heaven and earth, which is the embodiment of the ideal of pursuing ample food and clothing and all the best. Spring Festival dough figurines are mostly abstract, religious and ideal in modeling consciousness. Jujube hill, which worships heaven and earth, is called Huashan and Huagao, which are both big in shape and called Mimianshan. The legend of southern Shanxi was written to commemorate Dayu's water control. It is a custom to sacrifice a sheep in front of ancestors to show piety. The elders send their children and grandchildren "Qianlong" in order to attract Qianlong to the DPRK and make money into treasure. Besides, all kinds of colorful flower buns are exquisite gifts for entertaining guests and visiting relatives and friends.

6. Local dough figurines

Shanxi dough sculpture itself is a kind of folk art, which is inextricably linked with local customs. The forms, uses and colors of these dough sculptures are closely related to local folk activities and customs, and are developing and changing. In Xinjiang County and Xiangfen County in the south of Shanxi Province, steamed dough plastic pays attention to dyeing, and the dough plastic products are gorgeous and unique. In Huozhou area, dough sculpture does not pay attention to decorative colors, and has the characteristics of simplicity and elegance. The dough sculptures in Xinzhou and Dingxiang are mainly plastic, supplemented by coloring, and the colors alternate with the true colors of dough.

Jujube hill used by the gods in northern Shaanxi is very particular. This is because it appears as a sacrifice. People think that it has some mysterious power beyond itself and is a bridge between man and God. When making, the noodles are rolled into a big triangle, covered with a layer of red dates, and then the noodles are used to make patterns such as Pan Yun, Panlong, Panrabbit, Ruyi, etc., occasionally decorated with knots, ingots, Phytolacca acinosa, mountain deer, melons and fruits, and steamed out of the pot with miscellaneous grains as the finishing touch. White flour forms an overall color contrast effect with crimson dates, five-color grains and beans. On the first day of the lunar new year, before offering sacrifices to the gods, it means that rice and flour become mountains, expressing the good wish of adequate food and clothing. In some places, cypress trees should be lit and steamed bread baked on a flourishing fire, which is called "evil-avoiding" steamed bread to ensure a year of disaster-free and disease-free, safe and auspicious. The flowers in southern Shanxi also have the shapes of "five sons get into the topic", "skillful husband and mother" and "all the best".

Whether it is jujube hill, Fanshan or Flower Cake, it can be said that in this grand festival, the rural people themselves created a spiritual worship and a way of placing their wishes. As for Ganlong, he is an ideal three-legged animal similar to toad, expressing people's yearning for wealth. In some places, cooking horses and chickens will be offered as sacrifices when offering sacrifices to stoves on the 23rd of the twelfth lunar month. These offerings are not only offerings, but also sacrifices, which are essentially food. If you can't finish them, you can share them. It is these complex functions that make it the most popular and easily inherited art form.

Folk customs make life full of mystery and fun. If we compare the sacrificial activities from old age to old age to the shaping of human life.

The dough sculptures in Yuncheng area can be divided into steamed bread, flour flowers, jujube flowers and dragon and phoenix cakes. Every family should steam some steamed buns, one for ancestor worship and the other as a gift for relatives and friends. There are two distinctive patterns in this area: flower buns in Pinglu, Ruicheng, Yongji, Linyi and Yuncheng, which are simple, rough, exaggerated and naive and can be enjoyed and eaten; The flower buns in Jishan, Wenxi, Xiaxian and Wanrong counties in Xinjiang are beautifully made and have strong ornamental and art collection value. The flower cotton in Gaocun area of Wanrong County is very famous, and its varieties include flowers, birds, insects, fish, fruits and vegetables. The method of making steamed bread is to mix raw flour with white flour, cut samples, shrink and overlap with scissors, bamboo knives, combs and other tools to make flower blanks. Steam in a cage, color, and cut while it is hot. Flower cotton has a texture of agate stone, which is very gorgeous. Noodles are mostly used as offerings, and some artists make many drawers of noodles for rent. If they are a little old, spray them with white wine and they are still as bright as ever. In the rural areas of Pinglu and Ruicheng, a big jujube cake will be steamed before the Spring Festival. This jujube cake is like a small screen. Locals call it "Jujube Flower" or "jujube hill", which is specially steamed for the chef. On New Year's Eve, stand upright against the kitchen gentleman's board. The making method is as follows: firstly, the thick round noodles are rolled into various shapes with many dates in the middle, then each shape is spliced into a square with undulating peaks at the top and two short legs at the bottom, and then steamed into a whole in a cage. When Wenxi married a farmer in Xiaxian County, the best man took a cake with a red bag and sent it to the bride's house. As a festive gift, Longfeng cake is very particular about materials and production. The producer chooses the best flour, adopts the method of decomposition and combination, puts the dragon and phoenix heads, decorative noodles and big round cakes into cages respectively, steams them, lights them while they are hot, and then assembles the dragon and phoenix separately with small bamboo pieces. Insert a bamboo pole into the round cake, and finally connect the dragon and the phoenix with a red rope. At the climax of the rhythm, the general communication etiquette activities naturally enrich every moment of life, and the participation of face-to-face people is essential.

When the new house is put up, Liang Xingwang draws gossip, sticks congratulatory couplets, lights up and sets off firecrackers, and relatives, friends and neighbors call it "Tuoliang" when they make peach buns to celebrate.

The new house was completed and moved into the house. When the new wheat comes on stage, it is necessary to grind a bucket of white flour as a snow-white tribute, stir-fry all kinds of exquisite flour flowers, enjoy the five soils, respectfully invite the land god to settle down, and wish the golden beam and jade column a thousand years.

On the seventh day of July, the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl met at the Magpie Bridge and told their hearts. Weaver's skillful hand has long been the idol of women in the world. So on this day, girls and daughters-in-law eat "thimbles" and "sewing baskets" made of flour, expecting their ingenuity.

On the Mid-Autumn Festival on August 15, moon cakes became a legendary food. The design is exquisite and unique, pleasing to the eye, and it can be called a wonderful flower of dough sculpture art.

In the first year of the new wife's arrival, the bride's family will give her daughter mutton buns. Poor families send a few, and wealthy families send a few or even dozens. They are all complete sets, and there are many modeling patterns related to life consciousness and reproductive worship.

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