Examples of Chaoshan houses

There are too many Teochew dwellings constructed with distinctive features, and Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the Emperor's side which is the oldest in Teochew Prefecture, Chen Cihong's former residence in Chenghai Longdu with the largest floor area, and Chenghai Camphorwood's residence which preserves a continuous historical sequence are the most outstanding representatives among them. Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the emperor's son-in-law's house is located in East Fucheng, Grape Lane, Zhongshan Road, Chaozhou City, which is rumored to be the residence of Xu Jue. Xu Jue was the great-grandson of Xu Shen, a famous sage of Chaozhou in the Song Dynasty, who married the Imperial De'an County Princess during the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Northern Song Dynasty, so he had the title of extra horse harnessed by the side of a team, and his mansion was also called Xu Emperor's Son-in-law's Mansion.

This Song Dynasty mansion was rebuilt in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Now Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the side of a team, the whole building is 42 meters wide and 47 meters deep, with an area of about 1,800 square meters, is a courtyard type courtyard. Residential seat three into, around the fire lane row houses, after the package is the building, called "imperial book building". The main building adopts five columns through the bucket type beam frame, rammed earth wall. The roof is a hard hilltop with a tilt angle of less than 20 degrees and gentle eaves. This is quite different from the form of the roofs of Chaoshan houses in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which is said to have preserved the architectural style of the Tang and Song Dynasties. If we consider the way of building, this kind of roof with small inclination angle is probably the original way of covering with butterfly tiles. When covering the roof, no cementing material is used, the first layer of tiles is laid directly between the two rafters, with the concave side facing upwards, and the second layer of tiles will have the concave side facing downwards, covering the joints between the two rows of tiles. This type of roof is called a butterfly tile roof. This kind of roof is called butterfly tile roof, which has strong air permeability and can prevent the beams from rotting by moisture, and is commonly used in southern houses. In recent times, the tile roof of Hakka houses still adopts this form. In this way, the roof frame should not be too slanting, otherwise the tile roof will be easily affected by heavy rain or other external forces, and the danger of slipping and falling will easily occur. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the roofs of Chaoshan houses were built with gray sandy soil as cement, and the tiles were firmly bonded, so the angle of inclination could be steeper. The difference in style may indicate that Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of the emperor's side house was built, indeed, before the Ming Dynasty.

The building decoration of Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team is simple. The door hairpin is wooden and round, and the threshold is high. The pillars are mostly round wooden pillars, and the bases of the door wall pillars are placed on the stone foundation. The arched bucket in front of the second hall is decorated with simple scrolling cloud carvings. The difference is also obvious with the decorative style of large-scale residential houses in Chaoshan during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The House architectural form of simple and generous, thick and solid, retaining the traditional characteristics of the Song Dynasty residential buildings. 1981 included in the Chaozhou City key cultural relics protection units, in 1989 as a key cultural relics protection units in Guangdong Province. Chen Cihong old residence is one of the most representative of the large residential mansions in Chaoshan. This residence is located in the Chenghai Long all before the United States Township, including "Langzhong first", "Shoukangli", "good room" three mansions and "three hut". "study, the construction time from the end of the Qing Dynasty to the war. These four houses were linked together and covered an area of 25,400 square meters with a building area of 16,000 square meters and 506 large and small halls, making it one of the largest mansions in Chaoshan.

The former residence of Chen Cihong adopts a combination of Chinese and Western architectural forms. Each mansion is built in the traditional pattern of Chaoshan folk architecture of the hundred phoenixes facing the sun. Outside the whole mansion, a two-story foreign-style building was built to form a complete independent structure. The building faces the courtyard with the back wall facing outward. When viewed from the outside, the contrast between the large pink walls and the dark roof is striking. In this exterior form of the mansion lies an inner spirit of solidity and seriousness that makes one feel its inoffensiveness. Behind the high walls, the mansion becomes a space isolated from the outside world, maintaining stillness and tranquility, while the ritual order embedded in the order of the mansion's pattern appears equally stable and difficult to change.

The decoration of this group of buildings is also a combination of East and West. Or decorated with Chinese gold lacquer wood carvings, stone carvings of famous calligraphy Dan, elegant and generous, or decorated with Western-style patterned tiles, stained glass, brilliant. Whether it is the material appearance or cultural character are very different styles are placed in one place, so that the whole decoration becomes very incongruous. But it is in this incongruous form that an eclectic spiritual power is presented.

Because of the plan layout of the mansion with foreign-style buildings instead of walls, the overall layout of Chen Cihong's former residence has been a new change, coupled with the use of new building materials, this complex in the cultural landscape, should be a quasi-traditional residential. The new changes in the architectural form of Chen Cihong's old residence show the influence of socio-economic factors on the folk culture. It is of high value to the study of Chaoshan folk architecture and its evolution, and to the study of changes in the cultural concepts of modern Chaoshan people. Zhanglin is located in the northern edge of Han River Delta, the ancient coastal, is the Han River North Stream outlet - a small fishing village, the late Ming Dynasty to build a fortress. Qing Dynasty began to develop maritime trade, Qianlong Jiaqing has been a prosperous commercial port. Since the late Qing Dynasty, the vicissitudes of life, Zhanglin into an inland rural areas, but is still a famous overseas Chinese township.

Existing early Zhanglin Zhai houses, mostly built in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. Layout is mostly square, the center is a large courtyard, with a well. Rooms around the courtyard built a circle, the portal towards the courtyard open. Rammed earth walls, outwardly thicker back wall, small and high windows. The slope of the roof, facing outward, is steep and short, while the side facing inward is gentle and long. The whole house has only one big door that connects with the outside, and when the door is closed, the house is isolated from the outside world. Considering the comfort and convenience of living, this kind of residential building has quite a lot of defects, but it has obvious defense function. This has a very close relationship with the historical background of the early period of Zhanglin's establishment, when the sea atmosphere was unsettled and often attacked by mountain bandits and sea invaders.

The Qianlong Jiaqing period, with the prosperity of the commercial economy, Zhanglin's residential appearance changed greatly. Social stability, the commercial economy developed, so that Zhanglin people have the resources to improve their living conditions. During this period, many tall and spacious downhill tiger and four-pointed gold dwellings were built in Zhanglin.

Driven by the commodity economy, Zhanglin appeared some new settlements with the name of "street", centered on the street, with stores and warehouses built on both sides, most of which were also used as residences. Due to the limitations of the location, these buildings are generally long and narrow, narrow and deep, and the layout adopts the traditional architectural form of Chaoshan's "bamboo pole house", which is transformed into a two-story building to utilize more space. The lower floor of the street frontage is mostly used as a store, with a living room and kitchen at the back, and a small patio in the middle to solve the problem of ventilation and light. The upper floor was used as a storehouse to store goods. Along the river and built in the emerging street many residential river back door, there is a private dock built of stone. The locals called it "Tapu Tou". The kitchens were located at the back door, and the women used the dock to pull out rice, wash vegetables, and do laundry. Goods from the store also came in and out through the dock. A small private dock brought a lot of convenience to the owner's life.

Then the Zhanglin, north and south merchants traveled like clouds, many firms built a delicate and elegant garden-style residence to entertain foreign guests. Among them, when pushed "Xitang" as the best. Xitang was built in the Jiaqing four years (1799), between the Guangxu rich merchant Hong Zhiweng purchased the site of the remnants of the reconstruction of Suzhou garden style. There is a small courtyard at the entrance of the mansion, which is connected to the main courtyard by a moonhole door. The left side of the courtyard is a flower wall, the right side is the living room, and the front is the garden. The garden is dominated by a rockery, with cliffs and holes. Under the mountain, there is a pond with small bridges and flowing water. Pavilions and pavilions, echoing up and down, between the strange stones and flowers. Although the garden covers an area of only acres, but a variety of gardening techniques, Mo does not have. Its halls and apartments maintain the characteristics of traditional residential architecture in Chaoshan.

In the early years of the Republic of China, due to the impact of the First World War, the economic depression in Nanyang. Zhanglin overseas Chinese businessmen returned to their hometowns with their capitals and built houses. These residential settlements named "Li", most of the traditional team trailer pattern. In terms of function, it still shows the old tradition of living together; in terms of architectural form, the use of cement components, foreign tiles, stained glass and other new building materials, showing the progress of residential construction in this period.

The complete historical sequence of Zhanglin residential buildings reflects the influence of socio-economic factors on the changes of traditional residential building forms in different periods.