What are the basic structures of the ancient Chinese economy?

(1) the origin of agriculture: primitive society that is the formation of southern rice and northern corn crop cultivation pattern. (2) The main farming methods of ancient agriculture: slash-and-burn farming → stone hoeing → iron plow and oxen plowing. Among them: ① early / primitive agriculture, the main farming methods: slash-and-burn - stone hoeing, the basic model: collective farming slaves, large-scale simple collaboration. ② traditional agriculture, the main farming methods: iron plow ox plowing, farming economy, began to form in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States, the basic model: intensive farming, smallholder economy. (3) the fundamental reason for the change in farming methods: the development of productive forces. Specific performance: ① the improvement of production tools: primitive society: stone tools, bone tools - the Shang and Zhou: the emergence of bronze farming tools, but very few, still mainly stone tools, bone tools - the Spring and Autumn period: the emergence of iron oxen ploughing - the Warring States: iron oxen ploughing -Western Han Dynasty: plow wall, columbarium - Three Kingdoms: turning cart (manpower irrigation tool) - Tang Dynasty: twisting plough (traditional) step plow basic stereotypes), tube car (hydraulic irrigation tools). ② water conservancy facilities: Spring and Autumn: peony pei - Warring States: Dujiangyan, Zhengguo canal - Han Dynasty: Caoquan, Baiquan, the western region features project Qanyi wells, governance of the Yellow River. ③The maturity of farming technology: Spring and Autumn to Qin and Han dynasties: two years and three crops, generation field method, district field method - Wei and Jin dynasties: "Qi Min Yao Shu" the earliest existing agricultural book, green manure and crop rotation more than 1000 years earlier in Europe - Song and Yuan dynasties: the full maturity of intensive cultivation, rice and wheat replanting system, Southern Song dynasty Jiangsu and Zhejiang as the economic center of gravity - Ming and Qing dynasties: multi-cropping system, cultivation of new varieties of crops, the introduction of high-yield crops such as corn and sweet potato, and the expansion of the area of cash crops. (4) the center of economic gravity to the south: ① process: Wei and Jin developed Jiangnan; after the Anshi Rebellion began to move south; the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangsu and Zhejiang became the center of economic gravity ("Suzhou and Lake are ripe, the world is enough"), complete the southward shift. ② reasons for the southward shift: people from the north moved southward, bringing labor and technology, stability in the south, superior natural conditions, rulers attach importance to. 2. Ancient China's land system (1) primitive society: land communal. (2) slave society: land state ownership, on behalf of: the well-field system during the Shang and Zhou dynasties: ① Evolution: the emergence of the Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou prevailed, after the Spring and Autumn disintegration. ② Substance: nominally state-owned, actually owned by the nobility. ③ Reasons for the collapse: the development of productive forces, the increase of private land (the root cause); wars reduce the labor force; tax reforms in various countries, legislation to establish private land ownership. (4) Impact of disintegration: feudal exploitation. (3) Feudal society: ①Feudal private land ownership was the main system: there were three kinds of private ownership: private ownership by the monarch, private ownership by the landlords, and private ownership by the peasants; private ownership of land by the landlords was dominant, and the annexation of land (converting public land into private land, rewarding and buying and selling, etc.) was the main way for the landlords to expand their estates; the annexation of land had a serious effect on the state's tax revenues, and it led to social unrest, and the rulers often took the measures of "equalization of land" and "equalization of land". equalization", "limited" measures to limit the high concentration of land, to protect the economy of peasant farmers. ② Feudal land state ownership: A. Three Kingdoms: Tuentian system, the military, civilian Tuentian; to ensure military food, maintain social stability, and promote the economic development of the north. b. Northern Wei to the Middle Tang Dynasty: equalization of land. a. Content: according to the gender and age of the state-controlled land allocated to the peasants, the main part of which is only permitted to use, not allowed to buy and sell; the farmers who receive the land must pay the state rent and tax, and to serve in corvée service and military service. b. Implementation of the prerequisites: the state control of enough land. c. Implementation of the premise: the state control of land. d. Implementation of the premise: the state control of land. (c) Effect of implementation: to ensure the state tax and corvée, stabilize the society and restore the economy; but it could not really prevent land annexation. (4) Land management: ①The peasant economy (small peasant economy): until the Ming and Qing dynasties have been dominant. ▲Conditions for the emergence of: a. The establishment of feudal private land ownership. b. Advances in production tools and farming techniques: the gradual popularization of oxen plowing and iron farming tools. c. The development of the agricultural industry. d. The development of the agricultural industry. e. The development of the agricultural industry. ▲Features: individual farming, male farming and weaving, combination of farming and weaving, iron plow and oxen farming, self-sufficiency. ▲ status and impact: a. is the basic mode of agricultural production in feudal China. b. is conducive to the development of agriculture and social stability. c. is the main source of revenue for the feudal dynasty and the feudal society for a long time. d. Limitations: decentralization, closed, backwardness, weak resistance to disasters; is the most important factor in the slow development of the feudal society, hindering the development of modern society. ②Tianzhuang-style operation: typical of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty. ③Tenant system of operation: arising from the Warring States, second only to the homesteaders in the Song Dynasty, popularized throughout the country in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, dominant. ▲ The significance of the popularization of tenant-tenant management: tenant farmers to the landlord personal dependence weakened, farmers have the autonomy to choose employers and dominate the product, and even contact with the market, motivation, in favor of agriculture and the steady development of the commodity economy.