What is football?

Football is the abbreviation of football or football match. Of course, it also refers to the use of the ball in football matches. Here it stands for the former. Players of two teams (65,438+065,438+0) take part in the ball games of the opponent's confrontation and attack on the rectangular grass court. Each team has at most 10 players, 1 goalkeeper. The purpose of the game is to shoot the football into the opponent's goal as much as possible, and you can get one point for each goal. When the game is over, the team with the most points represents the winner. If the scores are the same within the legal time of the competition, it depends on the rules of the competition. You can draw lots, play overtime or throw a 12 yard free throw at the opponent. In the football match, except the goalkeeper can touch the ball with his hand in his own restricted area, each player can only control the football with other parts of his body except his hand (except the foul ball).

Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm".

By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America at that time, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born. However, many data show that the appearance of ancient football in China is earlier than that in Europe, with a longer history.

In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu written by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Hanshu Meicheng written by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 In July, when Dr. Havelange, the current president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.

History of football development

Although Britain is not the birthplace of football, it is a country where the sport develops very well. In the early days, there were no restrictions on the so-called examples, venues and number of people, so there were often rude or fighting behaviors, so it was often considered as a rude sport. King Edward II of England even ordered a nationwide ban on football in 13 14, and it was not until 1603 that King James I approved this activity again. 1840 football was introduced to the campus, but the competition methods adopted by various institutions were different. Until 1848, Cambridge University published ten Football Regulations of Cambridge University. Since then, football has also begun to flourish in different classes.

1863, the English Football Association was formally established, football leagues began to appear, and football became professional. The first FA Cup was held in 187 1 year. In the following years, the rules and equipment of football also changed according to the needs of the game. From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, football developed rapidly to other countries. The reason is inevitably due to business travel and British colonial policy. Due to the rapid development of football in the world, the International Football Association was established on 1904 to promote international interest in football. From 65438 to 0908, football was officially included in the Olympic Games. FIFA also hosted the first World Cup on 1930, and Uruguay won the championship.

Introduction of football and venues

Football:

Mass and measuring circle; Made of leather or other suitable materials; The circumference is not more than 70 cm (28 inches) and not less than 68 cm (27 inches); At the start of the competition, the weight shall not exceed 450g (16 oz) and not be less than 4 10g (14 oz); At sea level, the pressure is equal to 0.6- 1. 1 atmospheric pressure (600- 1 100g/cm2, 8.5- 15.6 psi).

Location:

The size of the playing field must be rectangular and the length of the sideline must be greater than the length of the goal line. The length is 90-120m (100-130m) and the width is 45-90m (50-00cm).

The length of the international competition is 100- 1 10 meter (10-10 yard) and the width is 64-75 meters (70-80 yards).

Venue marking The venue of the competition is marked with lines, which should be included in the area as the boundary line of each area in the venue. The two longer boundary lines are called sideline lines and the two shorter boundary lines are called goal lines. The width of all lines shall not exceed 12 cm (5 inches). The playing field is divided into two halves by the center line. Make a center mark at the midpoint of the center line of the site, and draw a circle with a radius of 9. 15 meters (10 yards) from the center mark.

Goal:

The goal must be placed in the center of each goal line. They are composed of two upright posts equidistant from the corner flagpole and a horizontal beam connecting their top ends. The distance between the two pillars is 7.32 meters (8 yards), and the distance between the lower edge of the beam and the ground is 2.44 meters (8 feet). The two goalposts and the cross beam have the same width and thickness, not exceeding 12 cm (5 inches). The goal line is the same width as the goalposts and crossbeams. The goal net can be tied to the goal and the ground behind the goal, and it should be properly propped up so as not to affect the goalkeeper. The doorposts and beams must be white.

Football rule

A football match is divided into the first half and the second half. The legal time for the first half and the second half is 45 minutes each, and the rest time between the first half and the second half is 15 minutes. After the legal time, the card can make up the time according to the time wasted during the game pause. (Change a player according to the rules of the ball, make up for 30 seconds)

In some games, if the two teams can't tell the winner within the legal 90 minutes, extra time will be played. First-half overtime and second-half overtime 15 minutes each. Don't rest after the first half overtime, play the second half overtime directly. Before the game, toss a coin to decide which team will kick off first.

Before the game, each team must have 1 1 individual. If there are less than seven people in a team during the competition, the competition will end immediately and the team with more than seven people will be the winner. There are five reserve players in the general competition, and the three places are interchangeable. However, there are no restrictions on the reserved places and exchangeable places for friendly or exhibition games.

foul ball

When the ball crosses the sideline, the opponent of the last player who touches the ball should throw the ball out of bounds.

Players who throw foul balls must stand on the ground outside or on the sideline, hold the ball with both hands and throw it backwards from their heads.

Goal kick and the corner kick.

If the ball crosses the baseline (not the goal) and the player who finally touches the ball is the offensive player, the defending side can win the goal kick.

On the other hand, if the player who touches the ball last is the defender, the attacker can get a corner kick, which should be kicked at the corner on the side where the ball crosses the baseline.

have a penalty kick

Indirect free kick should be served at the foul point, but if the ball does not let other players touch the ball into the net, it is not a goal.

The ball card will only award a direct free kick if:

Kicking or trying to kick an opposing player.

Tripping the opposing player.

Jump on the opposing player.

Hit an opposing player with a rude or dangerous action.

Hit the opposing player from behind.

Hit or attempt to hit an opposing player.

Catch the opposing player.

Push the opposing player.

Touch the ball with your hand or arm.

Spit at each other.

When the main kick is a direct free kick, it is also a goal to shoot directly into the net.

When dealing with indirect free balls and direct free balls, if the distance between the defender and the ball is less than 12 yards, if the defender violates ten rules that can lead to a penalty for direct free balls in his own restricted area, he can be fined 12 yards. When executing a 12 yard free throw, all players except the referee and the goalkeeper should leave the penalty area and be at least 10 yard away from the penalty spot.

Football skills and tactics

The basic points of dribbling:

Ordinary people often make a mistake when dribbling, that is, watching the ball without watching the opponent, or watching the opponent without watching the ball. In fact, from the demonstration of star players, we might as well notice that they all have one thing in common, and their foreheads are generally facing their opponents. This can make our line of sight not only notice the ball, but also notice the opponent's activities. Secondly, when pushing waves, the running range should follow the speed of the ball. People are slow, people are slow. How can we master the harmony between man and waves? Try to use your knees as a compass when dribbling, aim at the ball when dribbling, push the ball below your knees, and chase it when it leaves your knees. As long as you practice more, the skill of dribbling is not difficult to get.

Dish ball on the inside of the foot

▲ It is easier to control and protect the ball, but the pushing speed is slower.

Lateral ball of foot

▲ If you want to control the ball, you need some skills, but the pushing speed is high, and you can pass the ball with the outside of your foot at any time.

Dribble on the back of right foot

▲ The dribbling technique that ordinary people don't want to try, because most people are used to dribbling inside or outside their feet. In fact, if the ball on the back of the right foot can be coordinated with the ball, the player can play the highest running speed.

(1) ankle kick method

A. Step on the ground with your feet, slightly bend your knees, slightly lift your toes and supporting feet to 90 degrees and fix them, and push the ball out with your inner ankle.

B. Pay attention to the balance of the body when playing football, and keep the forward momentum to increase the speed of the ball.

C. After the ball is kicked out, quickly move to the next position with your feet to prepare for the next action.

(2) Kicking outside instep

A straighten and fix the ankle, with toes slightly inward and knees slightly bent.

B. behind the ball, push it out with the outside of the instep.

C. The knee joint of the supporting foot is slightly bent and elastic, keeping the whole body balanced.

(3) Heel kicking method

A. Before standing the ball, lift the calf forward and then swing outward.

B support the knee joint of the foot to bend slightly, maintain elasticity and maintain the balance of the whole body.

Capture (control):

In a game, if there is no ball control, there will be no passing, dribbling or even shooting at all, which shows the importance of ball control technology.

▲ The quality of the first ball control is very important. The simpler the better.

▲ Ball control technology is actually very knowledgeable.

▲ Players should decide what kind of ball control techniques they use according to the football situation.

▲ Choosing the correct ball control direction is very important for future actions.

▲ Controlling the ball on the side far away from the opponent can make it difficult for the opponent to grab his own ball.

Heading:

In a football match, you often have to touch the ball, especially the baseline cross. Whether you are a defender or a striker, you must have good skills to break down the attack or create goals.

Shooting:

Right instep shot [impulse shot]

Advantages: great strength, fast ball speed and long range.

Disadvantages: it is easier for opponents to know the direction of their shots, and it is more difficult to master the accuracy.

Key points: the starting point, the ball and the target should be in a straight line, and the knees should easily run to the target. Stand on the side of the ball with your feet, naturally lift your calf backwards, look at the top of the ball, lock your feet and wave your calf to the center of the ball, and complete the whole shooting action after hitting the ball.

Tip: Toe down, the speed of the ball depends on the swing speed of the calf, not the strength of the thigh. Before shooting, the hitting position should be selected in advance, and the muscles of the front thigh should be tightened after shooting to avoid accidentally injuring the meniscus.

Bend one's feet sideways [the banana ball outwards]

Scope of application: medium and long-range shooting that bypasses the opponent's block.

Technical point: run diagonally to the ball. When your feet stand close to the ball, lift your legs and twist your body to lock your feet. Hit the ball with the outside of your foot to the outside third, and then close your knees to complete the shooting.

Tip: It is easier to bend and castrate the ball by pulling the ball with the toe down and the instep out of the plane. The greater the shooting power, the greater the arc, the weaker the strength, and it is difficult to bypass the opponent.

An inward-bending ball [an inward-bending banana ball]

Scope of application: medium-distance shooting around the opponent's block.

Technical points: run obliquely to the ball, stand with your feet close to the ball, lift your legs and lock your feet, and hit the ball with the inside third of your feet. During hitting the ball, you will twist your body and hit the ball naturally.

Tip: Tilt your toes forward and use the logo on the inside of your boots to touch the ball, which makes it easier to grasp the direction of the ball. Too much shooting power will cause the ball to fly out, and the strength is weak, so it is difficult to bypass the opponent.

An inside shot [broom shot]

Advantages: the shooting criteria are easy to master, and it is easier to change direction after starting.

Weakness: the shooting power is weak, and the opponent can easily know where the ball has gone.

Key points: run to the ball easily, balance your body before shooting, raise your knees to the ball with your legs, and when you stand on the side of the ball, gently twist your knees to turn outwards, lock your feet and hit the center of the ball to shoot.

Tip: When hitting the ball, raise your toes and hit the ball with the logo on the inside of your boots, so it's easier to know where the ball is going. Usually you can practice patting the wall with the inside of your foot, and it is best to practice only once. If there are two kinds of sounds, it means that the contact surface between the inside of your foot and the ball has not been mastered.

Football war

Competition formation

The development and evolution of 1. formation

In order to meet the needs of offensive and defensive tactics, the position arrangement and division of responsibilities of players on the court are called game formation. The name of the formation depends on the arrangement of the players. Since the middle of the19th century, there has been the first football match formation in the world. Today's "433", "352" and "424", as well as the "cement" and "chain" adopted by some countries, have all evolved and developed along this objective law.

2. Responsibilities of each position

(1) Duties of the full-back: The full-back mainly defends the activities of the opposing winger and other offensive players on the sidewalk and undermines the attack launched by the opposing side. At the same time, you can also use assists to dribble and directly threaten the opponent's goal.

(2) Responsibilities of the central defender: The central defender is divided into two types: the former central defender and the latter central defender. The former's main task is to keep an eye on the most threatening center in front of the opponent, so it is also called man-to-man central defender; The latter is mainly responsible for the command task of the whole defense line, often behind other defenders, and is generally called free central defender.

(3) The important duty of the avant-garde: The avant-garde is usually called the midfield. The midfield is a very important area. Controlling the midfield means gaining the initiative in the game, so teams tend to put more energy into the midfield.

Team attack tactics

Team offensive tactics refers to the way of cooperation adopted by one side in the game to achieve the goal of shooting through the transmission and cooperation between players after winning the ball. Compared with the local attack tactics, the attack area of the whole team attack tactics is wider, such as participating in the attack and quick counterattack.

1, flank attack

The method of attacking on both sides of the court is called flank attack. Flank attack is one of the main forms of the team's offensive tactics, and its main feature is that it is conducive to giving full play to the offensive speed and breaking the gap caused by the opponent's defense.

Step 2 attack in the middle

The middle attack is an attack organized by using the middle area of the stadium. Although this kind of attack can shoot directly, it is the most difficult, because the defense in the middle is the most rigorous, and the forward attack must be a player with extremely keen reaction, strong consciousness, high technology, daring to take risks, fast speed and good road position.

3, quick counterattack

In the game, when the attacker attacks, the defense line is often pressed near the midfield. Due to the insertion of attack and assist, the number of defenders is relatively reduced. At this time, if we can seize the opportunity that the opponent's defensive area is wide and the defense is slow, we can often get good results by using his fumble to launch a quick counterattack.

Quick counterattack is the most threatening means of attack. An effective attack lies in a sudden and quick counterattack, but it is difficult, that is, to dare to take risks and to have accurate and quick passing skills. Fast counterattack should be organized and coordinated very tacitly, and special training must be carried out, otherwise it will be difficult to implement in the competition.

Team defense tactics

Defensive tactics can be divided into two basic types: man-to-man tight defense (man-to-man defense), that is, man-to-man tight defense without changing defense within the prescribed scope; Regional tight defense (combining man-to-man defense with regional defense), that is, the popular comprehensive defense, the combination of tight defense and protection, is to press in the individual defense area and carry out alternate defense. Man-to-man defense means that each has a clear defense object. If the opponent's left wing obliquely inserts into the right, the right-back will follow closely, alternately not defending. The most basic principles of defense are oppression and protection. Only by pressing, can we effectively take the initiative to break the grab, suppress each other's technological advantages and gain the initiative; Protection is to better press and control the space.

Set-piece tactics

Set-piece tactics refers to the tactical method of organizing offensive and defensive cooperation by using the opportunity of restarting the game after the "dead ball" appears in the game. Set-piece tactics include kick-off in the middle circle, corner kick, free kick, penalty kick, throw-in ball and so on.

In a close high-level game, set-piece tactics sometimes play a decisive role. In cooperation, we should use a simple cooperation to get the opportunity to shoot. The more complicated the cooperation, the lower the success rate. Therefore, special exercises are needed to play a role in the competition.

Collective and local coordinated attack tactics

Collective tactics refers to the cooperation mode that two or more players take in order to complete the offensive and defensive tasks of the whole team, including "two-one" tactical cooperation, "three-over-two" tactical cooperation and anti-cutting cooperation.

1, "211" tactical cooperation

As the name implies, "two-one-one" means that two attackers break through a defender by passing the ball. "211" is the basis of collective cooperation, which can be used in any venue and any position to get rid of the interception of the other side or break through the defense line. "211" means that the distance between the two attacking players is about 10 meter, and all of them cooperate. Require smooth and timely passing. Generally, the inside and outside of the foot are equal, and the flat pass is the main method. Pass the ball as far as possible to the receiver's feet or two or three steps ahead.

2, "three over two" tactical cooperation

"Three over two" means that three attackers in a local area break through the defense of two defenders through continuous cooperation in the game. Because of this cooperation, two players on the same team can catch the ball at the same time, and the ball bearer has more passing routes and expanded attack surface.

Collective and local cooperative defense tactics

1. Loading position

Replenishment is a way to cooperate with local defense in football match. When the defender was broken by his opponent during the defense, another player immediately stepped forward to stop him.

Surround and rob

Perimeter refers to a local position in the game, in which the defending side uses its relative advantage in numbers (usually two or three players) to contain the ball-holding players of the other side at the same time, so as to achieve the goal of stealing or destroying the other side in a short time.

3. Offside tactics

Offside tactics are defensive tactics designed by rules. Winning by skill is a labor-saving way, so it has become an important defensive means. However, because of the difficulty of cooperation, it may be counterproductive and give opponents an opportunity. Therefore, tactics are often adopted by higher-level teams, but not often used in a game.

chief umpire

When the game is suspended or the game is dead, the referee has the right to punish the foul. The judgment made by the referee according to the actual situation of the game such as the result of the game during the game is final.

International Council resolution

(1) Referees who act as referees in international competitions should wear uniforms that are obviously different from those of both sides of the competition.

(2) The referees of international competitions shall be neutral national personnel, except that the associations of the countries concerned agree to appoint their subordinates.

(3) Referees must be selected from the official list of international referees. This resolution shall not be adopted in amateur and youth international competitions.

(4) Before, during or after the match, if the spectators, staff, athletes, registered substitutes or other personnel are undisciplined or have improper behaviors, whether in or near the stadium, the referee should report to the organizer so as to take appropriate measures.

(5) The referee can only change the judgment before resuming the game.

(6) If the referee has decided to use favorable terms to continue the game, regardless of whether the favorable side benefits or not, even without making any gestures, the original decision shall not be changed at will. The use of favorable terms does not mean that the offending player will not be dealt with.

(7) The purpose of making rules is to make the game run smoothly with as little interference as possible, and the referee should punish the intentional foul. If you often whistle for minor fouls and only suspected fouls, it will make players feel disgusted and angry and affect the mood of the audience.

(8) The referee has the right to terminate the competition in case of serious interference, but he has no right to disqualify any team or decide the result of the competition. The referee shall report the specific situation to the organizer in writing.

(9) When a player has two different fouls at the same time, the referee should punish the heavier one.

(10) If the referee fails to find it, it shall be handled according to the signal prompted by the neutral linesman.

(1 1) During the competition, no one is allowed to enter the competition venue without the permission of the referee.

(12) During the competition, coaches can convey tactical instructions to athletes on the field, but both coaches and other officials must strictly abide by their duties and are only allowed to conduct off-field command within the specified technical area.

linesman

Two linesmen should be appointed in each game, and their duty should be to signal: when the ball is out of bounds and becomes a dead ball; Which team should kick a corner kick, goal kick or throw a foul ball; When asked to replace.

They should also assist the referee to control the game according to the rules. If the linesman misbehaves or improperly interferes with the game, the referee should dismiss him and appoint someone else to replace him. The flag used by the linesman is provided by the club to which the venue belongs.

International Council resolution

(1) The neutral linesman should prompt the referee for the foul behavior that he didn't find, so as to attract the referee's attention, but the referee's decision should still prevail.

(2) For the national A-level competition, the National Football Association must appoint a neutral linesman registered by FIFA that year.

(3) In international competitions, the flags of linesmen should be in bright colors, such as bright red and yellow. It is suggested that flags of this color should also be used in other competitions.

(4) Only according to the unreasonable interference or incompetent report of the referee can disciplinary action be taken against the linesman.