Industrial Revolution and the Second Industrial Revolution

I. The Second Industrial Revolution

1, condition:1In the 9th century, great progress has been made in natural science research. Around 1870, new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production and promoted the further development of the economy.

2. Main manifestations of the application of science and technology in industry.

① The extensive application of electric power-the most remarkable achievement of the second industrial revolution;

(2) creating internal combustion engines and new means of transportation;

(3) the invention of new communication means;

④ Establishment of chemical industry

3. Main inventions:

Territorial scope

succedent

Yiyi

The wide application of electric power

1866 Siemens, Germany invented the generator; In the 1970s, practical generators came out. Electric lights, trams, movie projectors, etc. Coming out one after another.

Human society has entered the electrical age.

The invention of internal combustion engine and new means of transportation

Internal combustion engine (using gas and gasoline as fuel) and diesel engine were born one after another; German karl benz invented the automobile; Diesel locomotives, ocean-going ships and airplanes were invented one after another.

The invention of the internal combustion engine promoted the oil exploration industry.

The emergence of petrochemical industry.

The invention of new means of communication

American Bell invented the telephone;

Marconi invented the wireless telegraph in Italy.

Strengthened the economy, politics and culture of the world.

Contact.

Establishment of chemical industry

1867 Nobel invented explosives; In 1980s, the technology of manufacturing smokeless powder was improved. Plastics and man-made fibers are put into production and use.

Greatly promoted the development of military industry.

4. Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution

① Science and technology are closely integrated. During the first industrial revolution, many technological inventions came from the practical experience of craftsmen, and science and technology were not really combined; During the second industrial revolution, the new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production, and science played a more important role in promoting the development of productive forces. The combination of science and technology has made great achievements in the second industrial revolution. )

The second industrial revolution happened almost simultaneously in several advanced capitalist countries, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of one country. (The first industrial revolution first occurred in Britain, and important new machines and new production methods were mainly invented in Britain, while the development process of industrial revolutions in other countries was relatively slow; The second industrial revolution happened in several advanced capitalist countries almost at the same time, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of a country, with a larger scale and rapid development. In some capitalist countries, the two industrial revolutions crossed. At the beginning of the second industrial revolution, some capitalist countries such as Japan had not completed the first industrial revolution. For them, the two industrial revolutions crossed. They can not only absorb the technological achievements of the first industrial revolution, but also directly use the new technologies of the second industrial revolution. The economic development of these countries is also relatively fast. )

Second, the formation of monopoly.

1, reason: the promotion of the second industrial revolution.

Driven by the second industrial revolution, the trend of capitalist production socialization is strengthened, the competition among enterprises is intensified, production and capital are highly concentrated, and a few enterprises adopting new technologies crowd out a large number of enterprises with backward technology.

2. Formation process: the high concentration of production and capital produces monopoly; A few large enterprises that have grown up in the competition have reached an agreement in terms of output, product price and market scope, forming a monopoly organization.

3. Major monopoly organizations: ① Circulation areas: cartels, syndicates, etc.

② Production field: trust, etc.

4. Formation time:1end of 9th century.

5. Overview of the formation: The earliest emerging sectors of monopoly organizations are emerging industries (such as power industry, chemical industry, petroleum industry and automobile industry);

The countries with more developed monopolies are the United States and Germany.

6, evaluation (impact):

The emergence of monopoly organizations is the result of the development of productive forces, and it also promotes the development of production to a certain extent. The emergence of monopoly organizations has further expanded the scale of enterprises and further improved labor productivity; Advanced monopoly organizations such as trusts are more conducive to improving enterprise management, reducing costs and improving labor productivity.

② Essence: The emergence of monopoly organizations is a partial adjustment of capitalist relations of production.

Monopoly capitalists are increasingly interfering in the country's economic and political life, and capitalist countries are gradually becoming representatives of the interests of monopoly organizations.

(4) Monopoly organizations cross national boundaries and form international monopoly groups, demanding economic division of the world and urging capitalist countries to step up their foreign aggression and expansion.

⑤ 65438+At the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, major capitalist countries successively entered the stage of imperialism.

Analysis of key and difficult problems

1, on the premise and conditions of the second industrial revolution:

① Political premise: 65438+the bourgeois reform revolution in the 1960s and 1970s in 2009, and the capitalist system was established worldwide. ② Economic conditions: the development of industrial capitalism after the industrial revolution; The colonial expansion during the period of industrial capitalism prepared sufficient raw materials, funds and markets for the second industrial revolution. ③ Scientific conditions:/kloc-In the 9th century, great progress was made in natural science research, and new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production. Natural science is closely related to technological development. Therefore, the great breakthrough of natural science in19th century created conditions for the new technological revolution needed for the further development of capitalism.

2, about the influence of the second industrial revolution:

(1) Economically, it greatly improved the social productive forces of capitalism and made the capitalist economy develop rapidly (the first golden age appeared in the history of capitalist economic development); It pushes capitalism from the stage of liberal capitalism to the stage of monopoly capitalism. (2) Politically, capitalist countries have turned to imperialism; The democratic system of capitalist countries is becoming more and more perfect, and capitalism is becoming more and more mature politically. The economic model and political model of modern capitalism are basically stereotyped. (3) Colonization: Imperialism demands exporting capital economically and dividing up the world politically, which makes imperialist countries set off a frenzy of dividing up the world; 19 At the end of the 20th century, the world was carved up and the capitalist world colonial system was fully formed.

The contradiction between imperialism and colonialism and semi-colonialism has intensified. (4) International relations: aggravating the imbalance of capitalist political and economic development; The imbalance of capitalist economic and political development led to the intensification of contradictions among imperialist countries, which became the profound root of the First World War ⑤ National liberation movement: the expansion of the second industrial revolution to the east led to the development of national capitalism in Asia, Africa and Latin America and promoted the upsurge of national democratic movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America. ⑥ Socialist movement: The second industrial revolution further expanded the ranks of industrial workers and promoted the development of the socialist movement and Leninism.

3. Comparison between the first industrial revolution and the second industrial revolution

① The first industrial revolution started from the light industry represented by cotton textile industry, and marked by the use of steam engines, a capitalist factory system was established. The second industrial revolution began with heavy industry, marked by the application of electricity, and monopoly organizations were formed.

The first industrial revolution made Britain stand out from the agricultural society and dominate the world, and was known as the "world factory". In the second industrial revolution, the United States and Germany started first, and they shocked the world with new industries. After this reform, the United States and Germany are far ahead of Britain and France.

(3) The first industrial revolution created a large machine industry, which made the workshop handicraft industry a thing of the past and capitalism gained a dominant position. The second industrial revolution was carried out within the large machinery industry, which made capitalism transition from the stage of free competition to the stage of monopoly.

④ Liberalism economic thought prevailed after the first industrial revolution; After the second industrial revolution, Keynes's economic thought came into being. After the first industrial revolution, the great powers stepped up colonial expansion in order to compete for raw material producing areas and commodity markets, which led to the initial formation of the capitalist world system; After the second industrial revolution, the powers set off a frenzy to carve up the world, and the capitalist world system was finally formed.

4. Understanding of monopoly organizations

An important sign that capitalism has entered the monopoly stage is that monopoly organizations have become the basis of all economic life. Although the monopoly of production and market by monopoly organizations will inevitably lead to stagnation and decay, its appearance is conducive to the development of productive forces, and its positive role is mainly manifested in three aspects: ① As far as objective conditions and influence are concerned, the emergence of monopoly organizations has promoted the further development of productive forces, which is not only conducive to the improvement of labor productivity, but also conducive to the development and application of science and technology. (2) From the subjective motivation, it is to adjust production to adapt to changes in the market, which is essentially a partial adjustment of capitalist relations of production to adapt to the development of productive forces. (3) Advanced monopoly organizations such as trusts have more favorable conditions for improving enterprise management, reducing costs, improving quality and improving labor productivity.

Monopoly capitalism is a new stage in which capitalism begins to mature economically, which also means that the inherent explosiveness and aggressiveness of capitalism are strengthened, mainly in the following aspects: ① Monopoly organizations monopolize the market and prices, which will inevitably reduce the living standards of the broad masses of residents. Therefore, the formation of monopoly organizations means strengthening the plunder of working people. Second, the formation of monopoly capital is the result of large-scale production devouring small-scale production, which is full of violence, fraud and various despicable and ugly means. The formation of monopoly, accompanied by the emergence of the rentier class, has become an idle parasite class. (4) The formation of monopoly organizations promoted colonial expansion, and there was a frenzy of dividing up the world, which made more countries and regions become colonies and semi-colonies. Monopoly capital is the root of war, colonial expansion will inevitably lead to hegemony, and war will inevitably occur, such as "World War I".

5. The capitalist economic model is becoming more and more mature, and the economic functions of capitalist countries are getting stronger and stronger.

In the early days of the bourgeois revolution, handicraft workshops were the mode of production and operation for the development of capitalist economy. In the stage of industrial capitalism, economic development is dominated by machine production, and factories have replaced handicraft workshops as the organizational form of production; Entering the stage of monopoly capitalism, monopoly is the organizational form, science and technology is the foundation, and labor productivity is the means, which has become the main capitalist economic model. As the representative of capitalist interests, the economic function of state power is expanding in the process of economic development. At first, it escorted the development of capitalist economy, then began to intervene in social and economic life, and finally developed to directly participate in monopoly capitalist economy, and finally formed state monopoly capitalism.

Chapter IV Formation of Monopoly Capitalism (19- 1970s of World War I)

2 major capitalist countries transition to imperialism

First, the rapid development of the American economy and the characteristics of imperialism

1, reasons for rapid economic development

① Vast territory, superior geographical environment and abundant resources;

(2) The development of the western region has provided more abundant raw materials and a broader domestic market;

(3) Eurasian immigrants have provided sufficient labor force and brought necessary technology and experience for the development of American economy;

The American Civil War ended the slave plantation economy in the south and cleared the way for the rapid development of capitalism.

⑤ After the Civil War, American politics was relatively stable, and a large amount of European capital poured in.

2. Rapid economic development.

(1) 1894 American industrial output value ranks first in the world;

(2)19 At the end of the 20th century, the United States became an industrial country dominated by heavy industry.

3. Characteristics of imperialism: Because trust is the most popular monopoly organization in the United States, the United States is called "trust imperialism".

Second, the rapid development of German economy and its imperialist characteristics

1, reasons for rapid economic development

(1)1871year completed national reunification and opened up a unified domestic market;

(2) France paid 5 billion francs after the Franco-Prussian War, which provided Germany with the necessary funds for economic development;

(3) The mineral deposits in Alsace and Lorraine in France have supplemented the important resources for industrial development;

(4) Germany is a rising capitalist country, and it is easier to adopt new technologies and equipment.

2. Rapid economic development: the development speed of industrial production is second only to that of the United States, and the industrial output value ranks second in the world.

3. Characteristics of imperialism: "Brave bourgeois imperialism"-reason: Brave landlord interests are closely related to bourgeois interests, and Prussia's militaristic spirit is combined with the expansion desire of monopoly bourgeoisie.

Third, Britain's slow economic development and its imperialist characteristics.

1, the reasons for the slow economic development

(1) Britain is an old capitalist country. The equipment in the textile industry and other departments that dominated the first industrial revolution is outdated, but capitalists would rather export a lot of capital abroad than use it to update domestic production equipment and adopt new technologies;

As the largest colonial empire, Britain has a vast sales market, raw materials and cheap labor. Even in the case of low technical level, British capitalists can make huge profits from the colonies.

2. The situation of slow economic development.

(1) Although British industry still occupies a certain position in the world, especially its shipbuilding industry and financial industry still play a decisive role. 1at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Britain's capital export ranked first in the world, but from the middle of the 9th century, it lost its monopoly position in the world industry (the status of "world factory");

(2) British industrial output value fell to the third place in the world.

3. Characteristics of imperialism: "colonial imperialism".

Fourth, the slow economic development of France and its imperialist characteristics.

1, the reasons for the slow economic development

(1) The poverty of French farmers and the backwardness of agricultural management have caused the backward development of agricultural production technology and the narrow domestic market;

The existence of a large number of small enterprises limits the adoption of new industrial equipment and technology;

(3) The failure of the Franco-Prussian War and the compensation for the land ceded after the war also hindered the development of French economy to a great extent;

(4) Monopoly capitalists invest a lot of capital in the credit field, not in the production field, and their investment abroad far exceeds that at home, and they charge huge interest every year.

2. Slow economic development:1In the middle of the 9th century, French industrial production was second only to Britain, ranking second in the world; By the end of 19, it fell to the fourth place in the world.

3. The characteristics of imperialism: "usury imperialism".

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Russia's economic development and its imperialist characteristics

1. Reasons for the development of capitalism: The main reason is that 186 1 year, the development of Russian capitalism obtained the necessary labor, capital and market, and Russian capitalism developed rapidly.

2. Development of capitalism: Russian capitalism has developed rapidly, but it still lags behind other capitalist countries.

3. Characteristics of imperialism: Because Russian feudal forces are still very strong and the czar government is keen on foreign aggression and expansion, Russian imperialism has a strong feudal and military nature and is called "military feudal imperialism".

The intransitive verb Japan's economic development and its imperialist characteristics

1, reasons for rapid economic development

① Meiji Restoration created conditions for the rapid development of Japanese capitalist economy;

(2) Industrial Revolution. The climate of 1885 witnessed the climax of Japan's industrial revolution, which was completed in the early 20th century.

③ The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 had an important impact on Japan's economic development and further promoted the development of Japan's capitalist economy;

(4) In the process of industrial development, Meiji government played an important role (such as fostering private capital).

2. The situation of rapid economic development: under the protection of the government, Japan has produced monopoly organizations; 19 At the end of the 20th century, Japan also made a transition to the imperialist stage.

3. Characteristics of imperialism: "Imperialism with military feudalism"-Reasons: Japan retains a large number of feudal remnants, with a narrow domestic market, insufficient resources and backward agriculture. But rely more on military means to seize colonies and obtain markets and raw materials. Therefore, monopoly groups with strong feudalism colluded with warlord groups and frantically pursued the policy of aggression and expansion.

4. Japan's foreign aggression

① Reasons: The Japanese Emperor's government vigorously developed militarism and formulated a "mainland policy" centered on the conquest of China. Conquering Korea is the first step to conquer China.

(2)1876, Japan forced North Korea to sign the declining river treaty;

Content: Forcing North Korea to open trading ports; Forcing North Korea to allow Japan to set up consulates at trading ports and enjoy consular jurisdiction.

Influence: The Jianghua Treaty is the first unequal treaty between North Korea and capitalist countries. Since then, the United States, Britain, Germany, Russia and other countries have forced North Korea to sign similar treaties.

(3)1894-1895 Japan provoked the Sino-Japanese War: the Qing government was defeated and Japan strengthened its control over North Korea.

(4)1904-1905 Japan launched the Russo-Japanese War, and used the victory of the war to turn Korea into a de facto colony with the support of the United States.

⑤ 19 10, Japan forced the DPRK government to sign the Japan-Korea merger treaty and formally annexed Korea.

Analysis of key and difficult problems

1.1Three types of economic development of major imperialist countries in the late 9th century.

Because the second industrial revolution was carried out in different countries and because of their different historical and realistic conditions, six imperialist countries

Economists showed three types of economic development in the late19th century: ① rapid economic development: represented by the United States and Germany. These two countries have relatively more scientific and technological inventions and sufficient funds, resources and market conditions, so they have developed rapidly; ② The economic development is relatively slow, represented by Britain and France. /kloc-In the mid-9th century, these two countries were still in the forefront of capitalist countries, with a good foundation of the second industrial revolution and developed overseas markets, but they were not urgent enough to update their machines, adopt the achievements of the second industrial revolution and expand their investment scale, and their economic development was not as fast as that of the United States and Germany. Represented by Russia and Japan, both countries realized the transition to capitalism in 1960s. Because the two industrial revolutions were almost carried out in two countries at the same time, their industrial production developed very rapidly. However, due to the retention of a large number of feudal remnants, the economic foundation is weaker than that of the first four countries, and it still lags behind the United States, Germany, Britain and France.

2. 19 The development of the transition from capitalism to imperialism at the end of the 20th century.

country

Economic development situation

Reasons for the speed of economic development

Characteristics of imperialism

know

faster

United States of America

The economy developed fastest, and the industrial output value jumped from 65438 to 0894, ranking first in the world.

① Vast territory and rich resources; (2) Western development provides raw materials and markets; (3) Eurasian immigrants bring labor, technology and experience; ④ Inflow of European capital; The civil war cleared the way and post-war politics was relatively stable.

Trust imperialism

Economic and political development

Unbalanced development reform

Changed the emperor

The power between righteousness

Changes in contrast,

Aggravated the empire

Interactive socialist

Contradiction, lead to

The first world.

The outbreak of the world war

hair

Germany

With the rapid development of economy, the industrial output value ranks second in the world.

(1) The country was unified and the domestic market was opened; (2) France provides 5 billion francs in compensation funds; (3) The rich mineral deposits in Alsace and Lorraine provide resources; (4) It is easier for countries to adopt new technologies and equipment.

Yongke bourgeois imperialism

Relatively slow

Britain, England

The slow economic development has lost the monopoly position of the world industry, and the industrial output value has dropped to the third place in the world.

(1) The colonial empire enabled Britain to make huge profits at a low level of technology; (2) Old capitalist countries are backward in technology and equipment, and a large amount of capital is exported abroad.

Colonial imperialism

France

The economic development is slow, and the industrial output value has dropped to the fourth place in the world.

(1) The poverty of farmers and the backwardness of agricultural management have resulted in backward agricultural technology and narrow domestic market; ② The existence of a large number of small enterprises hinders the adoption of new technologies and equipment; (3) The Franco-Prussian War caused huge losses, and the cession of land compensation hindered economic development; (4) Capital is invested in the credit field and abroad.

imperialism

Fast but backward

Russia

Rapid development but overall backwardness.

Feudal remnants are serious

military feudalimperialism

Japan

The economy has developed rapidly, but it is generally backward.

(1) Meiji Restoration created conditions; ② The two industrial revolutions crossed; ③ The Sino-Japanese War provided funds, raw materials and markets for Japan's economic development; Under the protection of the Japanese government, a monopoly organization was formed.

Imperialism with military feudalism

3. The evolution of Britain's status as a "world factory"

① Reasons:/kloc-The bourgeois revolution started earlier in the middle of the 7th century, and the bourgeois rule in China was established; Master the world colonial hegemony and have the most extensive colonies; The industrial revolution first began in the 1960s of 18, which greatly promoted the development of productive forces and was completed at around 1840 at the earliest. Therefore, in the middle of19th century, Britain became the "factory of the world".

(2) Reasons for losses: the industrial equipment in the old British capitalist countries is outdated, and capitalists invest a lot of capital abroad, unwilling to use it to update equipment and adopt new technologies; Britain has a vast market and lacks due enthusiasm for adopting new technologies and equipment, resulting in low productivity; The industrial production of the United States, Germany and other countries developed rapidly, and soon caught up with and surpassed Britain, which gradually lost its position as the "world factory". Therefore, at the end of 19, Britain lost its monopoly position in the world industry.

4. How to know and understand1the changes of Japan's economy and international status at the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century and its influence on the world situation?

① Economic changes: After Meiji Restoration, Japan's capitalist economy developed rapidly, and Japan completed its industrial revolution in the early 20th century; Under the protection of the Japanese government, Japan produced a monopoly organization. ② Changes in international status: Get rid of the crisis of being enslaved and invaded by western countries and become an Asian power. (3) Impact on the international situation: Due to the narrow domestic market, insufficient resources and backward agriculture, Japanese imperialism cannot compete with other imperialist countries by economic means, but relies more on military means to seize colonies and obtain raw materials and markets. Therefore, monopoly groups with strong feudal nature colluded with warlord groups and vigorously pursued the policy of foreign aggression and expansion. On the one hand, the improvement of Japan's international status is the result of Japan's own reform and vigorous development of capitalist economy, on the other hand, it is based on the invasion and plunder of North Korea and China.

5. On the imbalance of capitalist economic and political development.

(1) Economic imbalance: In the modern history of the world, the economic development of capitalist countries has gone through the process from Britain's "world factory" to the monopoly of world economic hegemony by the United States and then to the multipolarization of capitalist economy.

Unbalanced development of capitalist economy:1From the end of 9th century to the beginning of 20th century, driven by the second industrial revolution, capitalist economy was in a period of rapid development. However, under the influence of the unbalanced law of capitalist economic development, the economic development speed of capitalist countries is different. Emerging capitalist countries such as the United States, Germany and Japan have developed rapidly, while established capitalist countries such as Britain and France have developed relatively slowly, and Russian capitalism has also developed to some extent. The imbalance of this exhibition is highlighted in the changes in the status of major capitalist countries in world industrial output.

Political imbalance: the imbalance of economic development determines the imbalance of political development in capitalist countries, and the imbalance of political development has different manifestations in different periods. For example, at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, the political development of major capitalist countries showed two different development trends, while in 1930s, under the influence of the great crisis, major capitalist countries embarked on two different development paths. There are many reasons for the unbalanced development of capitalist politics, but generally speaking, historical reasons and realistic differences are the two main reasons.

The differences in political development of major capitalist countries at the end of 19 are mainly caused by historical reasons. Britain, France and the United States embarked on the capitalist road through the bourgeois revolution. The revolution had a great impact on the old social system and the transformation was relatively thorough, so these countries had a high degree of democratization. Germany, Japan, Russia and other countries have established the development direction of capitalism through incomplete social reforms or dynastic reunification wars, and there are a lot of old social remnants, so the traditional forces of absolutism and militarism are strong.

In 1930s, due to the dual reasons of history and reality, the imbalance of political development in major capitalist countries intensified. Historically, Britain, France and the United States have a strong democratic tradition, while Germany, Italy and Japan have a tradition of absolutism and militarism, so the latter is easy to establish a fascist dictatorship; In reality, Germany, Italy and Japan were hit hard by the economic crisis and got rid of the crisis. Britain, France and the United States have a solid economic foundation and it is relatively easy to get rid of the crisis. Therefore, the former is eager to restore its economic order through totalitarianism.

(3) The imbalance of economic and political development of imperialist countries is the root of its contradictions, and the outbreak of two world wars in world history is inseparable from the imbalance of economic and political development of imperialism; But at the same time, this imbalance in economic and political development is also conducive to mutual learning among capitalist countries, thus promoting the development of the capitalist system in a more reasonable and scientific direction. Therefore, the evaluation of the unbalanced development of capitalist economy and politics cannot go to extremes.

6. Stages and laws of political development in major capitalist countries.

Politics is the reflection of economy, and the development of politics is also determined by economy. Therefore, the stage of capitalist economic development determines the stage of political development. For example, as far as the capitalist political system is concerned, handicraft workshops have only established some basic political principles (freedom, equality and the rule of law) because of their underdeveloped economy, and there is no complete political system; In the era of industrial capitalism, the industrial revolution accelerated the development of capitalism, and the construction of bourgeois democracy and legal system also accelerated accordingly, gradually forming a relatively complete capitalist institutional structure system; After entering the stage of monopoly capitalism, with the finalization of the capitalist economic model, the political system of the bourgeoisie has matured (such as party politics, parliamentary system, electoral system, judicial system, etc.). ), especially in the stage of state monopoly capitalism, the political system of the bourgeoisie is more perfect and a set of self-regulation mechanism has been established.

7. Political development trends of major capitalist countries.

The great development of social productive forces and the formation and growth of monopoly organizations caused by the second industrial revolution have had a profound impact on the social politics of major capitalist countries, showing two different trends. One is the United States, Britain, France and other countries where bourgeois democracy is fully developed. These countries experienced a fierce bourgeois revolution, which dealt a thorough blow to the old system and tradition, and enabled the process of economic development and political democratization to develop smoothly; The United States and Britain are typical two-party countries, and France has maintained its political system, effectively ensuring the political stability of capitalism; The United States has become trust imperialism, Britain has become colonial imperialism, and France has become usury imperialism. The other is Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries with strong feudal autocracy, which retain more feudal remnants and pursue autocratic and high-handed policies. These countries have gradually embarked on the path of militarism. Germany has a tradition of militarism; Russia is characterized by czar's autocratic rule, and internal absolutism and external militarism are the main features of Russian policy at the end of 19, which is full of military feudalism. The characteristics of Japan during the imperialist period can be simply summarized as the trinity of monopoly, autocracy and aggression. The way of monopoly is very special, and it is on the road of monopoly with the support of the government; Autocracy is manifested in the supreme power of the emperor; In foreign aggression and expansion, it is Japan's national policy to regard militarism as the main means of its own development.