Traditional door gods are two big bosses?

Han was once a symbol of peach blossom.

There are three people in the Han nationality, one is Cheng qin, and the other two are shentu and Lei Yu.

There are three Tang people, two are Qin and Weichi Gong, and the other is Zhong Kui.

From the Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a hundred flowers blossom.

Door-keeper is a door-keeper worshipped by Taoism in accordance with folk customs. Folk belief in door gods has a long history. According to the Book of Rites, the king made seven sacrifices, the princes made five sacrifices for the country, the doctors made three sacrifices, and the suitable scholars made two sacrifices, all of which had "gates". "Ordinary scholars made a sacrifice, or set up a household, or set up a stove." (1) visible since the pre-Qin, up to the son of heaven, down to Shu Ren, all worship the keeper.

Because China has a long history and a vast territory, the specific admirers of door gods often vary from place to place. To sum up, there are three major differences:

The earliest door god was the god of gods. It was first seen in the Classic of Mountains and Seas quoted in Wang Chong's Lun Heng Ding Gui: "There is a crescent mountain in the sea, and there is a big peach tree on the mountain, which twists and turns for three thousand miles, and its branch is called the Gate of Ghost in Northeast China, where ghosts come in and out." There are two gods in the world, one is Shen Tu and the other is Lei Yu. The Lord reads all ghosts. Evil spirits hold reed ropes and eat tigers. "As a gift, the Yellow Emperor established a peach man, painted Shen Tu, Lei Yu and a tiger, and hung reeds to ward off evil spirits. (2) this quotation, not today's "Shan Hai Jing", I don't know why.

Words similar to the above quotations are also common in Han books. Shu Wei's "River Map Around the Land" said: "There is a big peach tree in Du Taoshan, which bends three thousand miles. There is a golden rooster on the tree, so it will sing in the sun. And Er Shen, a space, a baseball. " He holds a reed rope to guard ominous ghosts. If he gets them, he will kill them. (3) Ying Shao's "Custom Yi Tong" volume Yakumo: "I would like to record the Yellow Emperor's book. In ancient times, there were two brothers, Cha and Lei Yukun, who owned ghosts. Under the peach tree on Dushuo Mountain, it is unreasonable to read all kinds of ghosts, which harms others and does not benefit others. Tea and Lei Yu were tied by reeds, and they clung to the tiger. "So county officials often take Lunar New Year's Eve as a holiday, and people who decorate peaches ride reed painting tigers at the door, all in order to catch up with the past. (4) Cai Yong's "Arbitrary" said: "There are mountains in the sea, with peach trees on them, and there are ghosts in the northeast in the north, and ghosts come and go. Two gods, Shentu and Lei Yu, live at their door, and God reads and guides ghosts. Their evil spirits eat tigers with reeds. Therefore, in1February, it is often removed by the first night of wax.

It is to draw tea, fences and hang reeds on the portal to ward off evil spirits. ⑤ It can be seen that Shen Tu and Lei Yu were popular customs in the Han Dynasty.

Shen Tu and Lei Yu are two people in the above book, and Ying Shao's Custom Yi Tong thinks that Kundi is two people. Yu refuted this in Qing Dynasty, thinking that it should be a person first, or a peach tree person. There are thirteen clouds in the manuscript of Gui Si Cun: "Sima Jin said in the Book of Rites of Continuing the Han Dynasty:' When it is finished, stand a peach stalk. "Is the base of tea monopoly or a peach man, not the cloud god CAI. Jin's Book in the Pillow said: Wang Zhen said: Cai is the ghost emperor of Dongying. "Although the language is unfounded, we can know that the Taoist priest in the Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties said that the goddess Lei Yu was a god, and his surname was Cai Ming Lei Yu. In the Han dynasty, the court etiquette system was also considered to be one person's. "6. Although this statement is justified, it can only reflect the evolution of customs, and it cannot be concluded that it is the fault of Er Shen; In the Han Dynasty, Shen Tu and Lei Yu were divided into two applications, which became the custom at that time.

By the Northern and Southern Dynasties, he was not only named as a god (Cai) in Ge Hong's Pillow Waiting for Dan, but also called the Eastern Ghost Emperor (one of the Five Ghost Emperors) to govern the mountain. The Xuanzhong Ji also recorded: "Today, people face the court, and two Taoist priests stand by the door, with the male feather in the middle and the brave." ⑦ From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Tang and Song Dynasties, many people recorded Shen Tu and Lei Yu. In the Chronicle of Jingchu written by Liang Zonggu in the Southern Dynasties, it was said, "When you make a peach board, it falls to the household, which is called immortal wood." Draw two gods on the door, Shen Tu on the left and Lei Yu on the right, which are often called door gods. Today Du Taiqing's Jade Candle Collection (Volume 1) in the Sui Dynasty also led ministers to draw Shen Tu and Lei Yu in the portal. After quoting all the books, Volume V of Guang Ji in the Song Dynasty wrote an article "Distinguishing Tea Base", saying, "The number of tea bases is different." ..... But now, people are writing Taofu, and they use Lei Yu and Shen Tu more. The article "Writing a Peach Board" quotes the miscellaneous notes of the imperial dynasty: "The peach symbol system is made of thin wooden boards, which are two or three feet long and four or five inches big, and are painted with the gods" Sister-in-law ","Bai Ze ","Left "and" Right ",or write Spring Festival couplets or prayers. 18 years old is even worse. " Pet-name ruby Song Gaocheng Ji Yuan Shi (Volume 8) is quoted from Shan Hai Jing and Yu Zhu Ji. , speculating on its origin time, said: "Set up a door peach board, draw a jade base to ward off evil spirits, ... and cover it from the Yellow Emperor." Therefore, in this world, it is better to draw a statue on the board than to write a book on the board,' Right Lei Yu, Left Shen Tu' and set up a porter on January that day. AB can see that Shen Tu and Lei Yu were door gods, and they were still there in the Song Dynasty.

After Shen Tu and Lei Yu, the story of Zhong Kui catching ghosts appeared in the Tang Dynasty, and Zhong Kui was also regarded as the guardian of exorcism. See Chen's Book of Tomorrow, which quotes four articles from the History of Tang Yi (lost): "(Tang) Ming Chengzu Kaiyuan (7 13 ~ 74 1) said that his martial arts were magnificent, and he returned to the palace, but he was unhappy on earth because of illness (. Who asked, teasing play yue:

"I am a loser." As the saying goes,' I have never heard of the name waste', the little devil replied,' If you are free, you will see that the empty thief is like a play, which will consume people's happy events into troubles. Angry, want to call samurai. I saw a man from GREAT GHOST, wearing a broken hat, a blue robe and a horn belt. He stomped on his boots and went straight to catch the little devil. First, he gouged out his own eye, and then spit on it. Ask the master:' Who are you?' Yun:' I'm a scholar from Nanshan, Zhong Kui. Because of martial arts (6 18 ~ 626), he should be ashamed to go back to his hometown and touch the temple steps and die. It's time to give him a green robe and bury him. Grateful to tears, vowed to work with my king to eliminate evil things. "Say that finish is sleepy, disgusting.

Painter Wu Daozi said,' Try to dream with me.' Tao Zi's command seemed obvious, so he drew a picture and presented it. He looked at it and said, "This is your dream and my dream! Give one hundred gold. "Records about Tang Yi in the history of AC may not be credible, but since the Tang Dynasty, people believe that it is a fact that Zhong Kui can catch ghosts and exorcise evil spirits. According to records, Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty did have Zhong Kui's paintings, Sun Ti and his anthology had Zhong Kui's paintings, and Liu Yuxi also wrote Du Gong Xie Li and Zhong Kui Xie Li on behalf of Li Zhongcheng in the Tang Dynasty. In addition to the portrait of Zhong Kui by the royal family in the Tang and Song Dynasties at the end of the year, many people also painted it as a deity against ghosts. Hanging indoors or sticking on the door is regarded as the door god. This custom lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Jia Qinglu (Volume 5) quoted the Yang Shen Biography as saying: "Zhong Kui is Zhong Kui, and the ancients took Zhong Kui as their name and later mistook it for Zhong Kui. The habit is to draw an idol, stick it on the door, and hold the spine to kill ghosts. " A.D. Ming Shi Xuan "Legacy of Old Beijing" cloud:

"In addition to the forbidden year, the doors of the palace were changed into Spring Festival couplets, and Zhong Kui was placed in silk paintings. It looks like a three-inch wooden screen with a copper ring hanging down, which is the most elegant. " A few days ago, the statue of Zhong Kui was awarded to the royal family in various palaces. Aoe Qinggu Yanwu's Record of the Day (Volume 32) and Zhong Kui said: "Today's people paint Zhong Kui at home, but the Tang people can catch ghosts." AF can be seen that Zhong Kui is a keeper and has been popular for quite a long time.

After the Yuan Dynasty, Tang Qin Bao Shu and Hu Jingde (or Wei Chijingde) were regarded as door gods. This theory can be found in the orthodox Taoist scriptures Sou Shen Ji and Three Religions Sou Shen Ji compiled in Yuan Dynasty and slightly edited in Ming Dynasty. The article "Door God" in Sou Shen Ji says: "God is General Hu Jingde of Qin and Tang Dynasties. According to legend, Emperor Taizong threw bricks and tiles outside the bedroom door when people were unprepared, crying and howling, and the night was restless. Emperor Taizong dared not sue his ministers. Uncle Bao said,' I've killed people all my life, and I've accumulated corpses to gather ants. Why should I be afraid of imps? I am willing to put on my uniform and serve with Jingdezhen. "Taizong can play, but there is no police at night.

Emperor Taizong Jiaji said that the two men were full of anger when they kept awake and asked the painter to paint their portraits. Hanging around the palace gate as usual, evil things are precious. Future generations follow, and it will always be a door god cloud. "The record of AG only exists in these two books (actually from a book), but not in previous books. Although it is said that the Qin couple came from the Tang Dynasty, it cannot be proved that this custom originated from the Tang Dynasty. However, there was a military goalkeeper at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. Is it from the late Northern Song Dynasty? I want to record this for inspection. The Xiao Family at the Maple Window, an anonymous writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, recorded a cloud: "Before Jingkang, there were many door gods in the border, wearing tiger helmets and princes' doors decorated with clay gold. "Ah, Song and Zhao's Biography of Soldiers said," On New Year's Eve, there were two generals in the town hall, wearing armor. "Ai, they didn't specify the name of the army goalkeeper, maybe there is no specific one at all (such as Qin, etc. ), just because the military image is dignified, it is easier to have a deterrent effect on ghosts and gods. Ming and Qing dynasties, known as Qin, and. In the Qing Guru Jia Qinglu, Volume 12, Door God, he said: "Night changes easily. Qin He's folk paintings are printed and pasted on paper by small households. "

He also said, "Either write it on the bamboo paper and live in the left and right doors instead, or write the word" Zhong Kui Jinshi "and stick it diagonally on the back door to ward off evil spirits. AJ shows that the three door gods that appeared in the past dynasties were all worshipped in the Qing Dynasty.

In addition to the above three influential door gods, General Wen and Marshal Yue were also door gods in Suzhou in the old days. "Wuxian Zhi" says: "Door gods paint in five colors, and often write articles and images of the Moon God." AK, the "Wen" god, is either the Wen Bridge in the Jin Dynasty or the Wen General under the Emperor Dongyue. The "Yue" god refers to Yue Fei. There are also so-called door gods, martial door gods and praying door gods. The literate god is a portrait of an ordinary civil servant painted with an imperial robe; In addition to Qin's harmony, there are also those who do not specifically refer to military attache; Pray for the door god, that is, the person who sticks the three gods of happiness, wealth and longevity on the door. In addition, there are some areas where Zhao Yun, Zhao Gongming, Sun Bin and Pang Juan are guardians. According to Yao Fujun's "Casting Ding Yu Wen" in the Qing Dynasty, Taoism has a door god to worship, saying: "Song Fanzhi can't" Yueyang Ji "cloud:' There is Er Shen in the Laozi Temple, the so-called Qinglong White Tiger. "... Yao Ming Zongyi's Private Records of Changshu describes the temple: facing the two great gods at the entrance of the Taoist temple, Alina Zhang, the god of Qinglong, is on the left, and the god of white tiger is on the right. "LB should point out that the successive appearance of the above three door gods is not entirely in the form of metabolism, that is, not all door gods immediately replace the status of the old door gods after their appearance (only in some cases), but more often the old ones remain unchanged after their appearance, or the old and new door gods are enshrined at the same time. As mentioned above, Shen Tu and Lei Yu were still the door gods worshipped by people at that time, and Zhong Kui had already appeared. Even in the Qing Dynasty, on New Year's Day, Shen Tu and Lei Yu still hung in aristocratic houses. See Textual Research on Old News of Sun Xia, Volume 147, The Story of Jinghua Years and Lu.

This phenomenon shows that it is difficult to change a custom after it is formed. Another situation is that the old and new door gods are enshrined at the same time, which is most typical in the record of Volume 12 of Lu cited above. Li's "The New Search for God" also reflects this situation. He said:

"Today, the secular world goes hand in hand. On the first day of the first lunar month, we either painted civil servants, wrote books on peace, or painted military commanders, thinking that Emperor Taizong was ill and let Weichi Gong watch the door, and he would be fine. " LC All these reflect the diversity of folk beliefs, and Taoism only obeys and worships folk customs.