What development stages did the bidding system go through in China?

Development and Application of Bidding in China

Bidding originated from government procurement more than 20 years ago and is the product of highly developed commodity economy. Developed countries and international organizations in the world have brought bidding into the legal track one after another in order to improve the economic benefits and transparency of procurement, maintain equal competition, standardize bidding behavior and protect public interests. As an advanced, organized and standardized transaction mode, the comprehensive development and application of bidding in China is after the reform and opening up. 1980, the State Council put forward in "Interim Provisions on Developing and Protecting Socialist Competition" [1] that "for some production and construction projects and business projects suitable for contracting, the bidding method can be tried out", which opened a new chapter in China's bidding. In the past 20 years, China's bidding has made great progress in many fields.

(1) Bidding in the field of civil engineering

In the early 1980s, in order to reform the management system of construction industry and capital construction, China took the lead in implementing the bidding system in the engineering field. 1983 the Ministry of urban and rural development issued the "trial measures for bidding and tendering of construction and installation projects" [2], which stipulated that the owner should select the construction unit by bidding, and the construction unit can undertake the task through bidding. This is the first departmental regulation on bidding for construction projects in China, and it is also the first method in China to make detailed provisions on bidding. Its promulgation laid the foundation for the implementation of the bidding system in China. 1992, the Ministry of Construction promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Engineering Construction [3] to standardize the bidding activities. At present, 2 1 people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have promulgated the Regulations on the Administration of Construction Market. Seven provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government have promulgated the Regulations on the Management of Bidding for Construction Projects. After the promulgation of these local laws and regulations, many places have also formulated supporting rules and normative documents, including "Regulations on Management of Construction Application, Bidding Agent, Bidding Declaration, Bidding Documents and Pre-tender Price, Bid Opening, Bid Evaluation, Bid Selection and Hundred-point System", so as to standardize bidding management and reduce the arbitrariness of work. In order to strengthen supervision and management, the construction system has set up bidding management offices at all levels from top to bottom to conduct daily supervision and management of construction project bidding. All these have greatly promoted the development of construction project bidding.

In recent ten years, bidding for civil construction projects has developed rapidly. In 1984, the bidding area only accounted for 4.8% of the construction area in that year, and the proportion increased to 13% in 1985, 15% in 1986 and 1987. 1996 reached 54%. Shaanxi, Hebei, Jiangsu and other individual provinces and cities as high as more than 90%.

(2) Bidding for key national construction projects.

Bidding for construction projects is an important part of China's investment system reform. 1984, the state planning commission and other relevant departments jointly issued the "Interim Provisions on Bidding for Construction Projects", and then issued a series of measures, requiring that the design, equipment procurement and construction of construction projects should create conditions for bidding except for special reasons; According to the objective conditions such as the nature, scale and complexity of the project, open bidding and invitation bidding can be adopted respectively, and the relevant procedures and substantive issues of construction project bidding can be stipulated.

At present, the national construction project bidding has been widely promoted, and remarkable economic and social benefits have been achieved. The Three Gorges Project, Ertan Project, Xiaolangdi Project and other major projects are all major projects with national investment as the mainstay and related to the overall national economic and social development. The bidding of these projects has a great impact on the investment management of fixed assets and the improvement of investment efficiency.

(3) mechanical and electrical equipment bidding

1985 in order to deepen the reform of circulation system and reform the management of mechanical and electrical equipment import, the State Council decided to carry out bidding for mechanical and electrical equipment and approved the establishment of China mechanical and electrical equipment bidding center. The development of mechanical and electrical equipment bidding has gone through three stages. The first stage is the initial stage. 1985 after the establishment of China mechanical and electrical equipment bidding center, eight central cities including Beijing and bidding agencies were approved while formulating the bidding system and methods. At present, it has grown to more than 30. And select some suitable projects, refer to the world bank and other international experience and procurement procedures, and combine China's national conditions to conduct pilot projects in bidding procedures and effects, and accumulate some basic experience. The second is the comprehensive promotion stage of domestic bidding for imported mechanical and electrical equipment. Starting from 1987, this stage puts forward the following requirements: all mechanical and electrical equipment that needs to be imported for domestic construction projects must first be entrusted to the tendering agency under the China Mechanical and Electrical Equipment Tendering Center for public bidding in China; Where domestic production enterprises can win the bid for production and supply, they will no longer approve the import; If China fails to win the bid, it may approve the import. The third is to carry out the international bidding stage. With the deepening of China's reform and opening-up, China has taken a series of important measures in tariff and import management reform, explicitly requiring that the bidding of mechanical and electrical equipment should be in line with international practice. Since 1992, the domestic bidding for importing mechanical and electrical equipment has gradually turned to international bidding, that is, open international bidding for mechanical and electrical equipment that users need to import is conducted, and domestic and foreign bidders are treated fairly, and the successful bidder wins the bid. During the period of 1994, China carried out a major reform on the import system. In addition to greatly reducing tariffs, it has also carried out major reforms in the non-tariff system, and divided the management of mechanical and electrical products into three categories: the first category is mechanical and electrical products under quota management; The second category is the specific mechanical and electrical products for bidding; The third category is automatic registration of imported mechanical and electrical products. For specific mechanical and electrical products, the bidding shall be conducted by a full-time institution recognized by the state.

For more than ten years, a relatively perfect system has been established in the field of mechanical and electrical equipment bidding. 1986 formulated the Interim Measures for the Administration of Domestic Bidding for Import Applications of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment [4]. 1993 issued the bidding guide for mechanical and electrical equipment. The principles and basic procedures that should be followed in bidding are clarified, and the bidding guidance in line with international practice is put forward. 1996165438+10. In October, the State Economic and Trade Commission promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Bidding for Mechanical and Electrical Equipment and the Interim Measures for the Administration of Qualification of Bidding Agencies for Mechanical and Electrical Equipment. 1999 MOFTEC issued the Measures for the Administration of International Bidding for Imported Mechanical and Electrical Products.

In the past ten years, more than 65.438+0000 projects have been carried out in the national bidding system for mechanical and electrical equipment, and the bidding for imported equipment has exceeded 65.438+050 billion US dollars, with an average exchange rate saving of over 654.38+0.00%. The bidding for domestic equipment is more than 65.438+0 billion yuan, and the average capital saving rate is over 654.38+0.5%, which has achieved good economic and social benefits.

(4) Bidding for government procurement

In recent years, with the reform of China's financial system and the wide promotion of bidding, some places have started the pilot work of government procurement bidding with bidding as the main way. At present, government procurement mainly focuses on medical equipment, office supplies, official vehicles and related services. From 65438 to 0996, Shanghai took the lead in bidding for government procurement of medical equipment with financial allocation. Since then, the Shenzhen Municipal Government has purchased 27 official vehicles through public bidding in1June 1997165438+1October, which has aroused widespread public concern. Since then, tenders for government procurement have never been accepted. Judging from the situation in the pilot areas, the fund saving rate of bidding procurement is generally 10- 15%, and a few projects reach 30% or even 50%. At the beginning of this year, central government procurement started. At present, the Ministry of Finance has promulgated the Measures for the Administration of Government Procurement and other related measures. On June 29th, 2002, the 28th meeting of the Standing Committee of the Ninth NPC passed the Government Procurement Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) [5]. It is estimated that the national government procurement amount is about 200 billion yuan. If the average capital saving rate is 10%, the purchasing capital can be saved by 20 billion yuan every year. The prospect of government procurement bidding in China is very broad.

(five) the use of foreign loan project bidding.

Since the reform and opening up, China has gradually expanded the scale of loans from international financial organizations and foreign governments. At present, the loans used by international financial organizations and foreign governments in China mainly include loans from the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the Japanese Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund. From 65438 to 0996, the balance of loans from international financial organizations in China was $65438 +06739 billion, and the balance of loans from foreign governments was $2265438 +064 billion. According to the requirements of lenders, the projects that use these loans generally need to adopt international or domestic competitive bidding (except for a few special circumstances). China's window management department for these loans has also formulated some management implementation rules according to the relevant provisions and requirements of lenders, such as the Guide to Domestic Competitive Bidding and Purchasing for World Bank Loan Projects, the Evaluation Method for Bidding and Purchasing of Mechanical and Electrical Equipment for World Bank Loan Projects, the Notice on Adopting Standard Texts for Bidding and Purchasing of World Bank Loan Projects, and the Notice on Publishing the Entrustment Guide for International Bidding Agencies for World Bank and Asian Development Bank Loan Projects. In this way, China has formed a unique competitive bidding with loans from international financial organizations and foreign governments.

Generally speaking, the bidding of the above-mentioned loan projects is relatively transparent and standardized, and every step of the procedure has corresponding supervision measures, such as the review of bidding documents, the review of pre-qualification decisions, and the review of bid evaluation. , thus ensuring openness, fairness and competitiveness.

(6) Bidding for science and technology projects

1996, the state science and technology commission conducted the first public tender for the national science and technology industry major project "high definition TV function prototype development project". The influence and significance of this bidding activity has gone beyond the project itself, which not only has a positive response in China's scientific and technological circles, but also laid the foundation for further promoting the bidding system of China's scientific and technological projects.

For a long time, China's scientific and technological work has been managed and regulated mainly by planning and administrative means. From the determination of scientific research topics to research and development, and then to test production, it is arranged by the national mandatory plan. The funds used by the state to develop scientific and technological undertakings, especially scientific research projects, mainly come from financial allocations, and the investment and distribution of funds are decided by plans. The top-down or bottom-up closed method is often used to determine scientific research projects and their funds. This practice is not only blind in decision-making, but also has some disadvantages in the specific implementation process, such as duplication of projects, division of departments, diversification of investment, humanistic care and so on. , making it difficult for limited investment in science and technology to play its best role. Therefore, since 1985, the relevant national science and technology policies and regulations have repeatedly made it clear that the bidding system should be implemented for science and technology projects.

At present, government investment in science and technology still accounts for a considerable proportion of the total investment in science and technology. 1995, the state invested in science and technology, and the central government allocated 301880,000 yuan; The national "863" plan implemented by the State Science and Technology Commission has allocated 2.45 billion yuan since 1987. The national science and technology research plan, which is under the responsibility of the State Science and Technology Commission, has allocated 654.38+389 billion yuan during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period and 2.325 billion yuan during the Ninth Five-Year Plan period. In addition, other competent departments, military scientific research management departments, local governments at all levels, and state-owned enterprises and institutions in the State Council have also invested a lot of money in R&D activities of scientific research projects. How to make better use of these scientific and technological investors, get the best results with the lowest investors and promote scientific and technological progress has become an important task of scientific and technological bidding. However, due to various reasons, such as system limitations, different understandings, outdated concepts and practical difficulties in science and technology bidding, the progress of science and technology project bidding is slow, and it is still in the pilot exploration stage. This year, the State Economic and Trade Commission issued and implemented the Management Measures for the Site Selection and Bidding of National Technological Innovation Projects, and the Ministry of Science and Technology is also formulating relevant management measures, which will surely usher in a new development situation for the bidding of scientific and technological projects.

In addition, bidding is sometimes used in enterprise material procurement and talent recruitment.