Jiulong kiln porcelain porcelain period

Based on the accumulation of the kiln site and its technological factors, the development of Songxi Tang and Song dynasty porcelain, roughly divided into two periods before and after.

1. The first period of the late Tang and Five Dynasties period

The products of this period are mainly green glaze, and a small amount of brown glaze.

Tire and glaze characteristics

The porcelain tire bone is gray, bowls, plates, cups and other wares in the form of thin, light, pots, jars, bowls and other wares thick. The glaze is gray-green, gray and yellow, the glaze layer is very thin, the objects are less than the bottom of the glaze. There is a small amount of brown and yellow glaze color. Observed from the quality of artifacts, due to the tire glaze containing more iron and insufficient fire, to the tire body fragile, gray glaze without luster, more open fine ice cracks, glaze peeling phenomenon is more serious.

Modeling features

Typical ware open-mouth bowls, bowls with flower mouth, flower mouth dish, convergence mouth bowl, dish pot, four series of jars, short foot cup, double lamps, Kei ink stone, Guareng pots and so on. Wheeled into shape, round bowls, dishes, more flared mouth, faceted pots, jars and jars inside the foot and bottom of the obvious traces of splicing. Some of the wares imitated metal vessels. The foot has a solid foot, foot ring, flared situation is common.

Decorative Characteristics

Most are plain, with a few engraved with simple and delicate scrolling cloud patterns, and many have embossed straight concave lines imitating metal vessels, as well as flower mouths, or raised double linear marks.

Characteristics of the Firing Process

The firing method is to use a device that overlaps the base of the vessel on a pedestal, with an open-flame firing. Traces of 4-8 pegs are often left on the bottom of the vessel. The glaze is not very clean and sand and ash blemishes are common.

Dating

Of the above wares, the open-mouthed bowl, skimming bowl, and plate-mouthed jug are the shapes that are commonly seen in the Late Tang tombs in Fujian Nan'an and Fengzhou, and Liu Ban in Zhangpu, etc. The flower-mouthed bowls are similar to the flower-mouthed bowls of the Jingdezhen kilns of the Fifth Generation in Jiangxi Province and the sunflower petal-mouthed bowls of the Erling of the Southern Tang Dynasty in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, the bowl of converging mouth is similar to the bowl of the tomb of the Second Tianbao in Zhejiang Province in Jiangshan Province, and the short-footed cups, pots, and inkstones are similar to the bowls of the Yue Kilns of the Fifth Generation of the Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty in Zhejiang Province, such as those of Yuyao and Shaoxing. Tang Five Dynasties to the Northern Song Dynasty Yue kiln sites unearthed in the same shape shape consistent.

Consolidation of the above inferences, this period of porcelain kiln production in the late Tang Five Dynasties, the lower limit may continue to the early Northern Song Dynasty.

2. The second period corresponds to the early-mid Northern Song Dynasty

The products are green glaze, brown glaze, two ways, the variety is more complex.

Tire and glaze characteristics

Porcelain tire bone was light gray or gray, the quality of the earlier firm, the glaze layer is still thin, glaze more than less than the bottom, a small amount of full glaze, there is the phenomenon of glaze flow. The glaze color can be divided into two categories: green and brown, green glaze is greenish gray or light green, brown glaze is mostly soy sauce yellow, and a few are pure black.

Features

Typical wares include flared bowls, open bowls, straight bowls, bowls with streams, open plates, straight plates, two-eared jars, five-pipe lamp bowls, guarleng jugs, flared vases, and high-footed cups. Bowls, plates, higher foot, the jug than the early form of long and thin into a fuller, rounded abdomen. Still inherited the previous modeling process.

Decorative features

Decoration is still mostly plain, a small number of incised straight lines, curved castor lines, clouds, curly grass, flowers, or embossed lotus petals guarang straight stripes, decorations are still relatively simple.

Mounting and firing process characteristics

Firing issued by the base of the burner is still dominated by the burner, but, in addition to the pegs support, the bowl in the inner bottom of the shibuya circle, about the use of gaskets or direct traces of burner.

Dating

Of the above wares, the green-glazed bowls, open bowls, straight bowls in the shape of the Northern Song Shantou kiln in Longquan, Zhejiang Province; open dish in the Shaoxing on the Zao Guanshan Late Tang Five Dynasties Yue kilns; five lamps and five tubes of lamps and the kiln temple of Zhejiang Province, Shangyu County, the Five Dynasties lamps and lamps; amphora jars, bowls, and the Jiangxi Jiujiang, Jiangxi, the Taipingxingguo eight years of the tomb of the same kind of similar wares. Green-glazed and brown-glazed high-footed cups with Jiangxi Jizhou kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty Ⅱ style high-footed cups of the same shape; brown-glazed bottle shape and Jingdezhen kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty shadow green bottle similar.

Therefore, it is proved that the porcelain kilns in this period flourished in the early-middle Northern Song Dynasty, and the lower limit may continue to the late Northern Song Dynasty.

3. The third period of the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty

This period is the Songxi kiln development of the heyday of the stage, large-scale, better quality, quantity, technology highlights the distinctive characteristics of individuality. The products are mainly green glazed ware, and some black glazed ware is also burned.

A. Green-glazed Ware

Tire and Glaze Characteristics

The tire body is mostly light gray and gray, but also gray, dark gray or gray-yellow. The off-white and light gray tires are harder and more detailed. Gray and yellow, dark gray body, more loose, is not enough fire caused.

The glaze is colored greenish yellow, yellowish green, greenish gray, grayish green, yellowish brown. To greenish yellow is common, is the kiln's main standard color. Green is the kiln's most successful color, bright and transparent, rich in strong glassy. The yellowish-brown color is either thick or light, with tiny bubbles or trachoma in the glaze. All colors of the glaze layer are uniformly thin, the tire glaze combination is tight, the glaze surface is generally smooth. Ware at the turn of the cohesion of thick glaze, so that the thickness of the glaze layer of regular changes, increasing the contrast between light and dark, so that to a certain extent to set off the decorative effect of the pattern. Part of the glaze layer distribution of fine ice crack traces. In addition to the root of the foot and the inside of the exposed tire, full glaze situation is common, more part of the foot of the foot spattered glaze condition.

Modeling features

Wares molding, *** with the same characteristics of the mouth is lighter and thinner, the abdomen to the foot is turned into a thick and heavy. Using the wheel system method of molding, so the outside of the mouth, the abdomen to the foot are seen to repair the billet rotating traces of the string pattern, the general abdomen of the wheel spinning pattern is more sparse, or even rounded without lines, the mouth and the abdomen and foot connection of the string pattern is more obvious. The bottom of the vessel is rotated into a week of shallow circular lines.

The root of the foot was popular inside and outside the separate oblique cut, so the root of the foot is often presented in the middle of the slightly raised ridge or slightly curved, commonly known as the "loach back". At the same time, there is also a flat cut or slightly inward slant cut method, belonging to this method of foot ring shows the characteristics of the regularity. In the process of digging shallow feet in the inner bottom of the knife is often left in the bottom or umbilical spinning billet traces. Of course, there are also more flat feet, but there are not many of them.

Decorative features

Wares in addition to the plain surface, the universal implementation of the carved flower decorations, and part of the molded decorations. Scribed flower decoration, there is a dense layout of double-sided scribed flowers, found in bowls, plates and other forms. Inside the center of a group of flowers, chrysanthemums, daylilies, lotus, grass leaves; vessel wall is usually divided into 2 to 4 areas, respectively, carved theme motifs lotus, daylilies, banana leaves, trailing grass, grass leaves, baby play, or the same direction, or opposite continuous composition. The flowers, grasses and leaves are usually in the form of tangled branches or folded branches. Near the edge of the mouth is one or several string pattern hovering, *** with the composition of the full pattern rich in layered. Inside the bottom and inside the blank space between the theme pattern, filled with zigzag grate point pattern or multiple arcs of the grate comb pattern, so that the layered space adds a few points of fullness of tone. The outer wall of the corresponding engraved fan-shaped long and short diagonal straight lines, there are several long and short straight lines for a group, or lotus petal pattern for a week, around the surface of the device, well-proportioned distribution, and the device in the decorative echo each other, complement each other, presenting a rich decorative scene of the breath.

The layout of the more sparse single-sided engraved flower decorations, generally found in bowls, plates, the theme of the subject matter and composition style and double-sided engraved flowers inside the same. There are also seen in the bowl, the stove outside, carved a week lotus petal pattern, lotus petals thinner, petal surface filled with castor line pattern, slightly similar to the decorative effect of the relief process.

Molding technique, seen only in the bottom of the plate, flower pattern, with autumn chrysanthemums, peonies, as well as Yangwen "Ji", "Zhang" and other inscriptions, and with the inner and outer walls of the scribing pattern Combination, due to the plate is tall, inside and outside of the scribing and then for the upper and lower levels Layout, serious and meticulous, unique.

From the engraving technique, the engraving tool should be metal or bamboo tool, pattern traces of sharp and deep, smooth lines; scratching tool may be made of bamboo, wood or bone horn, or prick point or brush scratch, shallow and slender, point and line uniformity. Techniques are extremely natural and skillful, comfortable, a breath of fresh air. Seemingly haphazard, but no loss of vividness, reflecting the folk artisans frank and romantic creative arts.

Burning process characteristics

This period of widespread use of sagger burning, basically divided into two types. One is the use of concave bottom sagger, into the kiln will be inverted sagger, a sagger is generally loaded with billets 2 to 3 pieces, with the support of the bottom of the support nails, overlap the sagger overlap, this method of firing the bottom of the object often left traces of the support nails. There is also a sagger device 1 disk case, the bottom of the billet between the ring-shaped cushion cake. Another is the use of convex bottom sagger, into the kiln when a sagger device billet 1, with the pad cake to support the bottom of the device, and then in turn, said sagger back firing method, this method of firing only the bottom of the object exposed tire. From the kiln site pile condition, the former type accounted for the majority. In addition, the sagger firing method is still retained. As a result of iterative firing, the inner bottom of the object or the root of the foot, often leaving traces of four to six pegs. Kiln furniture is also found in the windlass carousel on the axle top hat and blocking hoop, indicating that the wheel system technology has been quite developed, so that the molding of wares is more standardized, fewer varieties and larger batches.

The bottom of the typical ware are wide mouth, skimming mouth plate, wide mouth, skimming mouth, converging mouth, open mouth small and medium-sized bowls, skimming mouth plate, lamp dish, three-footed stove, high-footed cups, etc., they are the most representative of the Songxi kiln products. The following is a detailed description of the largest number of dishes, bowls and saucers in order to examine the specific connotations of their distinctive features.

Pan dishes, large and heavy, divided into three types

I type, flared mouth and pointed lips, deep belly curved wall, wide and flat inner bottom, short rim. Inside the bottom engraved flowers, five petal-like, flower surface filled with grate line pattern; ten petal-like whirling, petal surface also filled with grate line pattern; folded daylily type, filled with grate point pattern. The inner wall is engraved with twining scrolls filled with dense zigzag pattern. Tangled branches of curly grass to the layout of four points, from the top down, two by two opposite, and the bottom of the group of flowers *** with the composition of the complete pattern. The outer wall are fully decorated with fan-shaped diagonal linear stripes. The more complete one, through the height of 8 centimeters, foot height 0.6 centimeters, foot diameter 8 centimeters, restoration caliber 26 centimeters.

Type II, the mouth slightly outside the folded pointed lip, deep belly round wall full, closed into a flat bottom, rim. Inside the bottom of the seal of the masculine peony or "auspicious" character, both inside and outside the wall decorated with curly grass grate line pattern. One of the more complete, restored caliber 24 cm, height 9.3 cm, foot height 0.8 cm, foot diameter 7.4 cm.

Type III, the mouth and rim are both disabled, deep belly and rounded wall, the inner bottom is wide and flat, the foot is very short and shallow. The inner foot is shallowly stamped in one circle with a blurred pattern of folded chrysanthemums or ducks, while the other is engraved with folded daylilies. The inner wall is arranged with 4 to 5 bundles of water plants, drawn from the bottom upwards, in the same direction around, entwined with a school, the foliage is full of grate lines. The outer wall is engraved with the corresponding watercress grate line or diagonal straight line pattern. Inside and outside the engraved lines are spacious and generous, rounded and sound. The larger one, residual height 6 cm, foot height 0.5 cm, foot diameter 7.4 cm,

Skimming bowl, the shape of the upright and handsome, divided into two styles

I style, the mouth folded outwardly, small rounded lip, deep belly oblique arc wall, the inner flat bottom, rim foot. Inside the bottom of the incised three leaves of small grass filled with grate line pattern. The outer wall is decorated with a folded fan-shaped diagonal linear pattern. Caliber 17.2-18.8 cm, height 7.6-8.4 cm, foot height 0.8-1.0 cm, foot diameter 5.5-6.8 cm,

II style, mouth slightly outwardly flaring, small round lip or pointed lip, shallow belly curved wall, inner flat bottom, foot rim. The exterior walls are plain. The inner wall is carved with four bunches of grass and flowers, each bunch of grass and flowers arranged in one direction or the opposite direction; there are also four extremely simple and practiced baby play patterns carved on the inner wall. The caliber is 15-15.2 centimeters, the height is 6.8-7.4 centimeters, the height of the foot is 0.8-1.0 centimeters, and the diameter of the foot is 4.9-5.0 centimeters.

The bowl with a wide mouth has a solid and stable form. Smaller vessel, mouth wide open, small round lip or pointed lip, deep belly round wall, the inner bottom is wide and flat, rim, the inner wall carved five connected banana leaf pattern, or simplified to five equal distance of the double straight line ribbing. The outer wall is engraved with a line of grated lines between the lotus petals, which are slightly slimmer, or with several sets of line stripes. The caliber is 12.6 centimeters, the height is 5.5-5.8 centimeters, the height of the foot is 0.8-1.0 centimeters, and the diameter of the foot is 4.2 centimeters.

The bowl with a converging mouth, with a dignified and full-bodied form, is divided into two styles.

Type I, slightly converging mouth, small rounded lip or pointed lip, deep belly oblique arc wall into a small flat bottom, rim. Double-sided engraved flowers, there are two forms. One inside the bottom of the plain, some of the remaining traces of the four pegs, the inner wall of the incised curly grass plus the character-shaped grate point pattern; outer wall to 6 to 8 long and short straight lines as a group, arranged around the abdominal wall at intervals. The caliber is 16.8-20 centimeters, the height is 6-7 centimeters, the height of the foot is 0.6-0.8 centimeters, and the diameter of the foot is 4.8-5.2 centimeters.

The other type has an inner base with a group of flowers in the form of swirling chrysanthemums, and the inner wall is incised with symmetrical entwined lotus flowers filled with zigzag grate-dot motifs; the outer wall is incised with folding fan lines, or with patterns intersecting with five transverse line patterns. The caliber is 19 cm, the height 1.0 cm, and the foot diameter 5.6 cm. In addition, fragments of the bottoms of such bowls were also collected, one with a grate line pattern filled in between the inner bottom to the X-shape, with hooked flowers and grasses on the inner wall, and one with the inner bottom as a four-petal group of flowers pattern.

Type II, converging mouth, deep belly and rounded wall, decorated with curved curly grass grate line pattern on the inside, and engraved diagonal straight line stripe on the outside. Mouth 16 cm, height 6.3 cm, foot 0.4 cm, foot diameter 5.0 cm.

An open-mouthed bowl with a lean and steely form.

The vessel is small, with an open mouth and small rounded lip, a shallow belly with sloping walls slightly curved, and a concave inner base in the shape of a small circle. One kind of inside and outside of the plain surface or the inner wall carved double rotating arc shape of the group of flowers, between the filling of the horizontal grate line pattern; caliber 11.4 cm, through the height of 3.8 cm, the foot height 0.6 cm, foot diameter 3.8 cm. The other is open-mouthed and flared, with the inner wall incised with a curly grass-grate pattern and the outer wall incised with several sets of linear stripes. The caliber is 13 cm, the height 3.8 cm, the height of the foot 0.6 cm, and the diameter of the foot 4.0 cm.

Dish, the shape of the flat and short and flowing, divided into two

I style, flared mouth pointed lip, shallow belly bottom folded into a wide flat bottom, small rim foot. The outer wall are plain, the inner bottom engraved folded flowers, there are three kinds of forms: one for daylily flowers, flowers filled with four groups of zigzag grate point pattern; a kind of skinny petal-shaped lotus, flowers slightly crab claw-like, filled with zigzag grate line pattern inside the circle; a kind of folded lotus, some of the upper part of a round fruit, both sides of the olive shaped petals, the bottom of the stem under the side of the lotus leaves is broad, in the form of a mountain, the flower surface and the surface of the leaves filled with grate-shaped curved pattern, the The inner wall of the dish is arranged with equidistant double linear ribs, a perfect composition. Caliber 14-15 cm, height 3.6-3.8 cm, foot 0.6-1.0 cm, foot diameter 4.4-4.5 cm.

Type II, with a small rounded lip in a flared mouth, a wide flat foot with a shallow belly, and a small rounded foot. The outer wall is plain, and the inner wall is full of engraved curly grass grate line pattern. The caliber is 15 cm, the height is 0.8 cm, the height of the foot is 0.8 cm, and the diameter of the foot is 5.0 cm.

B. Black Glazed Ware

Tire and Glaze Characteristics

The bones of the tires are light grey, grey and grey-black, the former two are more detailed, the latter contains a small amount of fine yarn and appears rough. The wares are mostly thick and solid. The glaze is black, black brown, brown, glaze layer is thin and with the body of the dense paste, the mouth to the abdomen glaze color is more consistent, some of the mouth is slightly lighter. The glazed water vessel is full of glaze, while the outside of the vessel is covered to below the bottom 2/3 of the abdomen. The bottom of the abdomen and feet more exposed tire. Some wares in the bottom of the abdomen due to the flow of glaze water thin, then showed a partial rust color, so that the glaze to form two different shades.

Modeling features

Wares are also wheel-shaped, some wares in the bottom of the abdomen left a week of jumping knife marks, the bottom of the abdomen and the foot of the junction is often cut inward a knife flat or diagonal cut, cutting off the excess of blank clay, resulting in the bottom of the abdomen to retain a clear ridge traces, and the formation of a flat shoulder or sloping surface. The foot wall is vertical or slightly flared, and the root of the foot is often cut diagonally, with a short and shallow digging foot or even a nearly solid foot, leaving traces of spinning billet on the bottom of the foot. Typical shapes include bowls with a bunched mouth, bowls with a flared mouth, and marigolds.

Decorative Characteristics

Decorative characteristics

Not decorative, but rely on the kiln firing produced by the kiln change rabbit hair pattern, although the number of less or less obvious.

Firing process characteristics

Generally placed in the sagger with the glaze together with the kiln firing, so the vessel inside and outside the bottom of the remaining four to six spike traces. At the same time also use convex bottom sagger to cushion cake between the single piece of tilt firing, the use of this method of mounting and firing of the artifacts of good quality.

Judgment

Huoba kiln green glaze products, the basic characteristics of thick and thin glaze, green-yellow, yellow-brown, green-green, green-gray glaze as a characteristic, popular double-sided carved flowers, more complex decorations. The characteristics of this type of craftsmanship are similar to the style of Longquan Kiln's works from the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty to the early and middle of the Southern Song Dynasty. For example, the convergence of the mouth bowl and the third layer of Longquan Jincun kiln site excavated double-sided carved flowers residual bowl, carved flowers residual plate, the shape and decoration are the same, the kiln excavation report authors believe that the age is equivalent to the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty. The second layer of the Jincun kiln site is comparable to the early-mid Southern Song Dynasty, and the excavated double-sided carved I-type I, II, IV, and VIII bowls and III-type I bowls have similar products in the Huiba kilns. Hui field kiln of double-sided carved flowers convergence mouth bowl, skimming bowl, wide mouth bowl, inside carved open mouth bowl, skimming dish, double-sided carved flowers plate, and Longquan Longdong BY22, Y13, Y15, Y24 Northern Song Dynasty to the early and mid-Southern Song Dynasty product modeling decorations are also more than consistent with the technical style of crafts.

Shunchang county, this province, daping field Song tomb excavated 2 pieces of green and yellow glaze engraved flower bowl. 1 for the convergence of the mouth bowl, tire gray, glaze transparent tea-yellow, there are ice cracks, the bowl engraved with flowers inside the grass and leaves grate point pattern, the bowl outside the slightly curved straight flute pattern. Height 6.2 cm, caliber 15.7 cm, foot diameter 4.8 cm. The other is a wide-mouthed bowl with a transparent, tea-colored glaze on grey clay, with ice cracks. The interior of the bowl has a smooth line of curling grass and dots; the exterior of the bowl is decorated with radiating lines of stripes. Height 6.4 cm, caliber 15.7 cm, foot diameter 4.5 cm. The latest copper coins excavated from the kiln are Yuanfeng Tongbao from the reign of Emperor Shenzong of the Northern Song Dynasty. It can be concluded that these two bowls should be from the Huichang kiln. The date is in the late Northern Song Dynasty.

Hui field kiln, bowls, plates, plates in the outer wall decoration embossed variant chrysanthemum petals straight road concave pattern, the inner bottom of the plate molded flowers or "Ji" type of inscription, the age of the relatively late, when in the late Southern Song Dynasty, and high-footed cup is close to the Yuan Dynasty form.

Consolidating the above features, the age of the period of the upper and lower limits of the Northern Song Dynasty, as late as the late Southern Song Dynasty and the early years of the Yuan Dynasty, its basic prosperity in the late Northern Song Dynasty to the late Southern Song Dynasty.

Relationship with neighboring kilns

1, and the relationship between Zhejiang celadon kilns in Zhejiang is the main birthplace of celadon in ancient China, the late Tang Dynasty to the mid-Beijing Song Dynasty is the heyday of the Yue kiln. After the Northern Song Dynasty, Yue kiln weakness, inherited the tradition of Yue kiln Longquan kiln instead, to the Southern Song Dynasty, the formation of white-flavor celadon and black-flavor celadon two road, more prosperous and developed. White celadon is famous for powder green and plum green, while black celadon is famous for imitating the characteristics of the official Gao kiln. The superb skills of the Yue kilns and Longquan kilns had a great influence on celadon in the south of China, resulting in the formation of a wide range of celadon kiln systems, which are renowned at home and abroad. Songxi County is a close neighbor of Zhejiang Province, and it is only natural that the porcelain industry should also emerge and be in the same lineage as the Yue Kiln and Longquan Kiln. From the history of the evolution of the political region, before the Tang Dynasty, Songxi Fujian Jian'an County, the early Five Dynasties belonged to Wuyue, Zhejiang Province, East Township, looking for the State of Min, Songyuan Township, Song Kaibao end of the change said Songxi County, still belongs to the Jianzhou. Ancient Songxi County engaged in handicraft production smelting, pottery, bamboo and wood and many other craftsmen from Zhejiang, so far, there are still many "Zhejiang masters" within the territory of the skills taught. It can be asserted that Songxi County, the Tang and Song dynasty porcelain kilns, should be the Yue kiln and Longquan branch. From the former testified that the porcelain kiln pile condition and its products of the shape of the characteristics of the late Tang Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty, mainly by the influence of the Yue kiln, the late Northern Song Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, it is affected by the influence of the Longquan kiln, and the Yue kiln and Longquan kiln trends consistent with the growth of the rise of the Longquan kiln.

The quality of Songxi kiln products from the late Tang and Five Dynasties is not as good as that of the Yue kilns, and it is easy to distinguish the differences. The products of the Song Dynasty are extremely close to those of the Longquan kilns.

Huiba kiln, no matter the glaze, molding, loading and firing technology, can be found in the Longquan kiln site similar **** the same characteristics, the above analysis clearly proved this point. Here, two more very typical examples.

One is rare in celadon local kiln products. Back to the field of kiln bowl, dish class ware found in two pieces, Longquan JinZhongWan kiln site also unearthed a few pieces, the same glaze is cloudy blue milky white color, indicating that the two in the glaze formula composition and firing technology and technology there are the same factors. The reason for the effect of milky, Longquan porcelain glaze burning with grass ash, both containing phosphate, the main ingredient for the emulsifier. In long-term practice, people have noticed that when the grass ash (or kiln sweat) and the kiln in direct contact with the red hot kiln wall or kiln furniture, sometimes produces blue-white patches and streaks. This is due to the high temperature decomposition of phosphate (ferrous phosphate or calcium phosphate) to produce many microscopic bubbles, which promotes the liquid phase separation. This phenomenon is rare in other kiln sites in Fujian so far.

The second is a variety of decorative patterns in the decoration of the objects. Baby play pattern is one of the popular decorative themes of the Song dynasty north and south porcelain kilns, Yaozhou kilns, Ding kilns, Jingdezhen kilns, magnetic kiln system are used, the composition of the most children play flowers, baby all full-bodied, lively and endearing, with a strong sense of life. Longquan kiln baby play pattern works are still found in a small number. Hangzhou, zhejiang north bridge song tomb has unearthed a piece of longquan kiln celadon baby play lotus pattern bowl early rare exquisite work, about when the southern song dynasty early middle. Longquan gold village kiln site unearthed 1 example of celadon bowl Ⅰ type six bowl, "the inner wall is decorated with grate pattern, decorated with grass leaves, lotus". Report written "grass leaves", the actual error, should be revised for baby play pattern. The bowl of the inner wall carving of the three baby image, with a few strokes outlined, round head tilted forward, two hands were up and down, short body, feet rolled back, as if the caricature approach, so it is not easy to recognize. three babies were spaced out 1 lotus, carving is also very concise, sparse and evocative composition. Songxi back to the kiln site of the baby play pattern bowl, has been found in two cases, one case for the wasteful mouth bowl, the inner wall carving 3 babies, looking back for the shape of, respectively, the arrangement of folding and pulling the lotus, the bowl of the bottom for the group flower. Another 1 bowl bottom baby play figure is more perfect to simple and exaggerated. Are similar to the Longquan kiln cartoon style of writing, indicating that the style of painting is a lineage.

Then again, in a class of plants and flowers used to be regarded as "wild flowers and grasses", Mr. Li Zhiyan in the excavation and finishing specimens, combined with fieldwork, found that local farmers are very familiar with the Longquan celadon on these patterns. A group-shaped pattern, the masses called "floating ping", in the Longquan mountainous areas of paddy fields, ponds grow very much, farmers use it as green manure. There is a five-petal-shaped weeds, the masses called "taro cabbage", is a kind of bitter vegetables, you can eat, you can also feed pigs. Normal years, the average person will not go to eat, famine years, people will pick to feed. Another five-petal-shaped flowers, the masses called "Za Cai", is a kind of herbal medicine, can cure mosquito bites, swelling. These floral content is more contact with the local people, and people's lives are closely linked to things that can bring help to people, but also become a source of porcelain artisans and aesthetic orientation, overflowing with rich and full of local life and mood, the same is back to the field of celadon products on the decorative subject matter and pattern of the happy.

Mr. Zhu Baiqian pointed out in the "Longquan kiln celadon" book: "Longquan kiln site is widely distributed in the south of zhejiang province, longquan, qingyuan, yunhe, jingning, lishui, suichang, songyang, jinyun, wuyi, qingtian, yongjia, wencheng, taishun more than a dozen counties and cities, as well as in fujian province, pucheng, songxi and other counties. Now has been found in various periods of Longquan porcelain kiln site more than 500 outside, forming a kiln site numerous, wide distribution range of the capital kiln system." Here said Fujian Pucheng, Songxi kiln, namely Pucheng bowl kiln back and Songxi back to the field kiln, obviously, they are Longquan kiln branch. Longquan kiln system kiln sites are numerous, the quality of their products are not consistent, can be roughly divided into delicate, more delicate, more rough, rough four types. The first two are distributed in the central area centered on Longquan County, while the latter two belong to the local types in southern Zhejiang and Fujian. In terms of overall style, the Huichang kilns should be among the rougher types, indistinguishable from their counterparts in southern Zhejiang, while most of the other kilns in Fujian belong to the rougher category. Therefore, the Huichang kiln can be regarded as the intermediary form of the spread of Longquan kiln technology in the Song and Yuan dynasties that influenced the Fujian area.

From the overall characteristics, Huichang kiln and Longquan kiln there are more **** characteristics, there are also some differences.

The tire glaze. Both have gray tires, but Longquan kiln gray and white tires more, back to the field kiln gray and white tires less. Southern Song Dynasty Longquan kilns and white tires, black tires, glaze layer thickening, improved by the lime glaze for lime alkaline glaze, improved by a glaze to become a number of glazes, the emergence of thin tires and thick glaze, the emergence of a jade moist pinkish green, prune green success of the color and lustre, with a purple mouth and iron foot features. It also contains some of the works imitating the official kilns with open ice cracks. Back to the field kiln is more retained in the Northern Song Longquan kiln thick tire thin glaze form style.

Modeling. Hui field kiln ware variety is not as rich as the Longquan kiln, before and after the daily use of food and beverage purposes of the bowl, plate, dish type of round ware for the bulk. Longquan kiln and art of elegant works, such as imitation of bronze or imitation of jade and other furnishings and a variety of figures, animals, sculpture art, back to the field kiln in the basic not seen. Ware foot treatment, Longquan kiln is generally more organized, back to the kiln more sloppy situation see more.

Decoration. Huichang kiln used a large number of carving techniques, the motifs are derived from the Longquan kiln, and some of the molded decorations. But Longquan kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty, after the use of thin tire thick glaze, the green color significantly improved, the decoration should not be used again carving and grate pattern, because the tire is thin, carving easy to rupture, glaze thick, grate pattern is difficult to reveal. And back to the kiln because continue to thick tire thin glaze, is still popular carved flowers and grate pattern decoration. The lotus petal pattern with a raised ridge and the double-fish pattern, which were popular in the mid- to late-Song period at Longquan kiln, have not been found in Huichang kiln products so far. In addition, the Longquan kilns' stacking and sculpture, as well as the Yuan dynasty's underglaze color decoration techniques, have not been found in the Huichang kilns.

Firing techniques. Back to the field kilns and Longquan kilns, are used in the Long kiln and sagger burning method, but back to the field kilns sagger only concave bottom, convex bottom of the two shapes, and the sagger double overlap and the situation of repeated firing of the seat of the majority, so many products left on the bottom of the nail traces of this situation, in the Southern Song Dynasty Longquan kilns have been greatly improved.2. 2. the relationship between the other celadon kilns in the Fujian region

After the Song Dynasty, the center of gravity of the country's economic and cultural center of gravity gradually moved to the southeast, in addition to the increasing prosperity of overseas trade activities. After the Song Dynasty, the center of economic and cultural gravity of the country gradually shifted to the southeast, and overseas trade activities are becoming increasingly prosperous, the ceramic manufacturing industry in the Fujian area, such as the spring, the kiln. Green glaze, green and white glaze, black glaze color porcelain products are endless. Longquan kiln technology and flow of wind, outside of Songxi, northern Fujian Pucheng, Jianyang, Nanping; southeast Fujian Lianjiang, Fuqing, Putian, southern Fujian Quanzhou, Nan'an, Tong'an, Zhangpu and other kilns are into a batch of burned celadon wares.

On the overall shape style, these celadon kiln sites in fujian, they all follow the longquan kiln thick tire thin glaze all the way, the wind carved flower decoration, glaze, modeling, decoration and other crafts with a lag. One of the most illustrative of the problem is the extensive use of incised flower pattern in the castor pattern technique. This technique, is with a comb in the blank before the drying of stabbing and scratching, the form of continuous dots and scratching the parallel lines of stabbing. It is a very old primitive decorative method, originated in the Neolithic pottery and the Shang and Zhou period on the primitive porcelain. Into the Song Dynasty, it became fashionable again due to the simplicity of the technique. However, it has evolved into an auxiliary decorative technique in the engraved flower theme pattern, engraved with a flat blade or beveled edge tool, scratching with a needle or sign-shaped tool, often combined with each other, so it is called engraved flowers. Song dynasty this method is prevalent, yueyue kiln to slender, yaozhou kiln to knife sharp lines strong, full pattern said the most, jingdezhen kiln with the so-called half-knife clay features, longquan ware of the incised flowers, lines of the existing sharp diagonal, there are also round soft and smooth style, without losing the vivid and lively dashing gesture. Scribed flowers plus castor pattern, in Longquan kiln, Jingdezhen kiln porcelain in the Southern Song dynasty before the middle of the common, then castor pattern is basically not used. Fujian celadon carved flowers with castor decoration directly modeled on the Longquan kiln, but the continuation of a longer period of time, this lag and even the formation of a strong local characteristics.

On the condition of each kiln, due to the different composition of the real estate porcelain soil and production, mounting and firing process differences, each kiln has a corresponding personality traits. Among them, Songxi back to the field kiln and Pucheng bowl kiln kiln all kiln celadon similarity, should be summarized as a type of archaeological typology, they are the closest relationship with the Longquan kiln, the firing age is earlier, more retained Longquan kiln early celadon style, can be regarded as Longquan kiln and fujian celadon between a transitional form.

Compared with other celadon kilns in Fujian, back to the kiln's porcelain tires are more dense, the bottom of the foot to deal with the more regular, glaze application more covered to the foot wall and wrapped feet, coloring is darker. Other kilns have more rough tires, air holes, cracks, sand and jump knife marks appear from time to time, foot treatment is common in the case of sloppy, the foot end of the width of the foot is not the same, the inner bottom is not very flat. Glaze generally half-glaze, the color is lighter, there are slightly cloudy. Decoration, back to the kiln's double-sided carved flowers, more dense and rich, other kilns tend to be more simple, more random. In the burning process, Longquan kilns created concave bottom sagger duplicate method, back to the field of kilns inherited, but also for other kilns used, but also convex bottom sagger is placed on the back of the burner and the seat of the burner method. Huiba kiln double firing ware in the inner and outer bottom left nail traces of the bottom of the situation, rare in other kilns. Other kilns in the implementation of iterative firing, more than a week of glaze scraping inside the vessel and then overlap, so the inner bottom of the traces of shibori circle. This kind of situation is rarely seen in Huichang kiln. As for the individuality of each kiln, should be from the specifics of each kiln's product process to identify the full range of 3, and Fujian and Zhejiang black glaze porcelain kiln relationship

Songxi kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty by the influence of the Jian kiln and black glaze bowls and lamps, but the kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty or earlier brown black glaze ware, shape and style of Jian kiln in a very different, obviously belong to a different system. From the process, black glaze and green glaze are iron as a coloring agent, black glaze is derived from the green glaze. From the historical point of view, as early as in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhejiang Province, Ningbo and other places that began to produce black glazed porcelain, to the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Deqing kiln of black glazed porcelain has been quite mature, the Tang Dynasty, Yue kiln green porcelain also has brown color process. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that the early black-glazed ware technology of Songxi kiln may also have originated from the Zhejiang side. In the pile of the kiln, black glaze and green glaze with *** survival relationship, confirmed to be the same kiln firing, indicating that the porcelain production process has mastered the formula of different glazes or loading and firing kiln position of the difference between the technology, so that the porcelain show different shades.

In the Song dynasty tea ceremony wind prevalent and Jian kiln firing beautiful subtle tea bowl and highly respected before, black glaze ceramics are generally only as a folk day-to-day coarse ware and is not valued. Jian kiln firing, the same can be traced back to the early Northern Song Dynasty, the earliest documented in the Tao Hub's "qingyilu", said, "Minzhong manufacture of marigolds, patterned partridge spots, point test tea family treasure." In the summer of 1977 in the Jian kiln Luhuaping site, found in the Northern Song Long kiln site repeatedly pressed in the late Tang Dynasty Five Dynasties green and yellow glazed porcelain and kiln equipment on the pile layer, indicating that the early Jian kiln is also burned green porcelain. 1991----1992 Jian kiln site archaeological excavations, and found in the late Tang and the Five Dynasties period of the sauce glaze cans and Five Dynasties of the Northern Song Dynasty in the early years of the black-glazed marigolds, and so on. It shows that Jian kiln also fired sauce glaze and black glaze ware in the early period. Similar to the Songxi kiln early firing of green-glazed and brown-glazed ware.

By Songxi early black-glazed porcelain firing technology, combined with the early history of Jian kiln firing, may be able to get on such a revelation: Jianjian firing also experienced a production development process, its technology may be originated in the Zhejiang Yue kiln celadon system, and then improved in the Song Dynasty and the earliest original rabbit hair decorative kiln to. In the history of craft development, the inevitable development often produces accidental techniques and achievements, which is also an objective law.

The Songxi kiln's imitation of the Jianyao kiln bowls and lanterns also differed from those of the Jianyao kiln.

Back to the field of the black glaze bowl, gray, gray-black, thick form and Jian kiln ware similar to the Jian kiln, Jian kiln's black glaze ware or glaze water Pu hanging hanging pendant flow, back to the field of the kiln is applied to more thin glaze. The rim of the ware, kiln ware more ochre rust color; back to the field of ware is tea brown, ware more black, black brown or brown, brown rabbit hair pattern is not as common as the kiln, blue and blue beautiful rabbit hair pattern is even more rare. In terms of modeling, back to the field of kilns mainly imitated the Jian kiln bowl type, which are similar, there are also faded, such as the mouth along the outer wall of the circle of concave convergence into convergence, the inner wall is retained a week of convex circle. Molding process, back to the field of ware belly outside the bottom of the jump knife marks, and the foot connection is often left when repairing the billet to the inward flat cutting of the angle, the foot is not neat enough, reflecting the wheel system process is not as skilled as the Jian kiln rigorous.