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The Inheritance and Changes of Teochew Folk Habitat

Clothing, food, and shelter are the minimum needs for human beings to survive, and even in the primitive stage of the society people can not do without them. Dwelling, that is, residential, is the origin of the building, it is built with material materials and technical means to meet the needs of people's various needs of the activity space, is with the development of human society and the emergence of an activity "Han Feizi - five" said: "the ancient times, the people are less, the beasts and animals, the people do not win the beasts and animals, insects and snakes, there are saints made, constructed wood for the nest in order to avoid the group harm. " Folk residence that is in this historical context, and with the material life of society, spiritual life and the gradual development of the enrichment of the material life, it is both a scientific and technological production activities, but also a cultural behavior with spirituality, is a symbol of human civilization.

History, geography and natural environment have a significant impact on human construction activities, people living in different regions due to the geographic environment and natural conditions are different, will try to use the local natural building materials, to create a form of construction adapted to the local natural environment and people's way of life, which contains the history of a certain region, the cultural deposits, the trend of thought and aesthetic concepts, reflecting the local cultural characteristics of a certain region. It contains the history, cultural deposits, ideological trends and aesthetic concepts of a certain region, reflecting the local cultural characteristics of a certain region, and the residence is one of the buildings that can best reflect the regional characteristics and the characteristics of the times, which expresses the cultural characteristics of a region and people's spiritual and material pursuits in the form of technology and economy. Due to the characteristics of Chaozhou people's folk lineage belongs to Fuluo folk house, with distinctive regional characteristics, as early as in the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it attracted the attention of the outside world. Kangxi - Lin Hangxue "Chaozhou Prefecture" (hereinafter referred to as "Lin Zhi") and Qianlong - Zhou Shuo Xun "Chaozhou Prefecture" (hereinafter referred to as "Zhou Zhi") had the following description of the residential areas of Chaozhou:

Camping room must be the first ancestral hall, Ming Zongfa, following the heir of the extinction of the heavy sacrifice of the field, more than the house of the poetry and books of the recitation of the voice of the sound heard, Binbin Huo cultural relics in the Ridge Table. ("Lin Zhi")

Looking family to create a house, must set up a family temple, especially magnificent. Its village market, although more thatched bamboo fence, and the city outline, strong half of all high intercalary, thick wall. Sanyang and Cheng, Rao, Pu, Hui seven euphony, Ruoyan Ruoyu, although the town is also more bird leather fly. The family has a thousand dollars, will build a study, carved beams and painted buildings, decorated with pools and bamboo trees. Residences are often built with mirage ash and sand walls, the ground is also like this, as solid as gold and stone. That is, the hurricane ravaged, the fire will be burned, and wall ZhuoLi no collapse. Boundary over Huizhou, Jia Ying, although between the, but not as far as Chao very much. (Zhou Zhi)

Lin Hangxue, Zhou Shuoxun briefly introduced the early Qing dynasty Chaozhou city and countryside of residential construction of the general situation, the environment, craftsmanship, materials, quality and embodied the ideological concepts and aesthetic awareness of the people of Chaozhou, due to these concepts and awareness, only to make the Chaozhou residential construction has become a traditional form of its own regional characteristics.

The development trajectory of the Teochew residential

The Teochew residential has a long history of the formation of the Teochew aboriginal way of life is now insignificant, Chenghai Han Dynasty Turtle Hill site, is a large building complex covering an area of nearly 20,000 square meters. Among them, f1 building site building plan is rectangular, in the middle of the rammed earth partition wall and column base, seems to be a strip row house; f2 building site plan is round, base stone wall; f3 building site has been destroyed, but still can be identified as a triad-style building, the back of a hall, two rooms, separated from the aisle, the front on both sides of the porch, the middle is the courtyard, the whole building rammed earth for the wall, excavated foundation stone is more, the interior seems to be more using Pillar support beams; f4 building site rectangular, with a partition wall divided into east and west 2 rooms, the building's outer wall and partition wall are rammed earth wall, but also unearthed a brick, tiles, tile tops, tiles and so on. The above excavated building sites show that the Han Dynasty building level and the Central Plains architectural culture has been spread to the eastern part of Guangdong, which can be said to be a triple courtyard type of building is the prototype of the development of the late Chaozhou residential; at the same time, from the unearthed tiles, tiles, can be proved from the Song Dynasty, Su Dongpo "and Wu Ziye book" said that the tiled house began in Song Guangping that does not hold water.

Jin Dynasty architectural remains, today is also difficult to see in kind, Jieyang new Heng Town, nine tripe Hill found in the Jin Dynasty all-wooden houses, north-south, square, indoor length and width of 7.5 meters, 3.5 meters high, the vertical wood for the wall, the roof covered with wooden boards covered with clay. This can be illustrated in this period of Chaozhou residential building form and material technology has been no less than the northern part of the ridge.

The Tang and Song dynasties is a period of rapid development of Chaozhou building, residential materials, in Chaozhou found in a number of Tang kilns, only Chun Guang kiln on the Po there are 26, kiln site unearthed building ceramics printed bricks, tiles, tiles, plate tiles. Unearthed printing tiles have oval and round two types, the surface molded lotus petals and chrysanthemum petal pattern, the pattern is regular, the technique is familiar with the tiles unearthed in xi'an Daming Palace, the same. Chaozhou Tang tomb had a lotus brick, engraved with "yifeng four years" (639) inscription. Northern Song Dynasty Su Dongpo "and Wu Zi wild book" cloud: "ridge outside the tile house began in Song Guangping, since the recent extension of the branch counties, and Chao especially prevalent, fish scales, bird wings, letter such as Zhang Yanguang also said." Unearthed from the Tang kiln and Dong Po's description, although Song Guangping said can not be established, but also know that residential has been widely used brick and tile, and firing level is no less than the Central Plains. It can be seen that the time and frequency of Chaozhou residential architectural style gradually formed, for the attention of the people. In the Song Dynasty, the earliest Chaozhou residential buildings that could be seen in kind and protected should be counted as the national historical relics protection unit - Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team, which is located at No. 4, East Fucheng, Electro Lane, Zhongshan Road, and is the residence of Xu Jue in the Northern Song Dynasty. Because Xu Jue Shang was the great-granddaughter of Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, Princess De'an, so the Chiu Chow people called it "extra horse harnessed by the side of a team". The mansion was built during the reign of Emperor Yingzong of the Song Dynasty, and has been repaired many times over the generations, but it still retains the layout, structural features, and architectural style of the original era. Its layout is obviously the prototype of the team trailer in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to a large number of eight Fujian, Jiangxi immigrants moved to Chaozhou; Southeast provinces of the eunuchs; active in all parts of the country Chaozhou merchants brought around the architectural culture, so that the Chaozhou residential architecture towards maturity, residential architecture has also formed a system of preservation of the ancient form, form of convergence, the adherence to the system of etiquette, and attaches importance to education. Practicality, compatibility, lightness and transparency, exquisite craftsmanship and many other styles of their own (another article). Examples of this period are found everywhere in Chaozhou, and from the examples of this period, we can see that the Chaozhou residential architecture has formed its own style, and has become a brilliant pearl of Chinese architectural culture. In the late Qing Dynasty, because of Chaozhou near Southeast Asia, transnational trade is active, Chaozhou is a famous hometown of expatriates, expatriates are very many, and travel outside the Chaozhou people have to start a business in the outside world, return to their hometowns to build a house of habit in the home at the same time they brought the expatriates of the architectural culture of the residence of the architectural style and the integration of Southeast Asia and the West and gradually tends to modernize the architectural factors. A large number of houses in this period have been preserved to this day and are basically intact, which is an example for us to study the architectural culture of the houses in Chaozhou.

Types and Styles of Teochew Folk Houses

There are many types of Teochew folk houses, the most basic forms are "Downhill Tiger" and "Four Points of Gold", and other forms such as "Hundred Phoenixes in the Morning Sun", "Four Points of Gold", "One Hundred Phoenixes in the Morning Sun", and "Four Points of Gold". Other residential forms such as "Hundred Phoenixes Chaoyang", "Team of Horses Trailer", "Three Walls Company", etc. are mostly derived from the combination of "Four Points of Gold" and "Four Points of Gold" as the basic unit. "for the basic unit combination derived. In some mountainous areas, towns and villages there are still a lot of fortress form and with Hakka characteristics of the residential.

Chaosu residential in the early more by the penetration of the Central Plains culture, the later more by the eight Fujian, Jiangxi culture infiltration and Jiangnan, Guangfu culture, coupled with their own geographical natural, economic and human characteristics, so that it becomes both the Chinese architectural culture of the same lineage; but also both different from the Central Plains and the northern residential buildings of the gravity of the building, bright; but also different from the Jiangnan residential buildings of the handsome and pure, the gradual formation of its own style of residential. Gradually, it has formed its own residential style.

1, retaining the ancient system, the form of convergence

The development of Chaozhou was later than the Central Plains, and the architectural techniques of the folk craftsmen mainly relied on the form of private teaching from master to apprentice. Therefore, in ancient times, the slow dissemination of information under the conditions of the advanced technology of the Central Plains has a spread of the process of time lag. Some of the rare surviving houses in the detailed structure of the rare to retain the ancient system of the previous generation, some of the houses after several times of restoration due to the principle of the better preservation of the ancient system, such as "the bottom of the arch are engraved petri dish plate", is seen in the middle of the Tang Dynasty before the farther can be traced back to the period of the Warring States period (Warring States period of zhongshan state on the copper program of the arch model, the bucket at the bottom of the immediate petri dish plate)

This practice has been rare in the Song Dynasty in the Central Plains, and in the Chaozhou residence from the Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, such as Xu extra horse harnessed by the side of a team of the side of a team, Youxiang Huang House still exist before the Tang Dynasty ancient style.

The homogeneity of the natural environment and culture of the civil system, so that the Chao people's habits and aesthetic interests have many **** common point, reflected in the residential style on the convergence. With most of the residential buildings in the country, Chaozhou residential are abiding by the symmetry of the layout, they have a clear central axis, the hall as the center of the organization of space, left and right symmetry, the main and secondary clear, large scale is a longitudinal extension or horizontal development, when the scale is larger, the combination of more halls, or juxtaposed with a number of axes, the formation of multiple compounds composed of large-scale residential, because of ancestor worship, respect for God's functions, and thus the hall's center in the spatial combination in the irreplaceable. The center position of the hall is irreplaceable in the spatial combination.

2, light and airy, exquisite craftsmanship

Light and airy is one of the important features of the houses in Chaozhou.

The so-called lightness is that the volume of a single body is small, generally less than the spacious and tall residential buildings in the Central Plains and the Jiangnan area; the second is that the visual effect of the appearance is less than that of the Central Plains, and less than that of the Jiangnan area, which is not as handsome as the curve of the roof, the eaves and the corners of the eaves. Whether it is the curve of the roof, the eaves of the lift warping, the layout of the facade, the color of the paint as long as a comparison, you can feel the characteristics of the residential houses in Chaozhou. To color, for example, the north like up and down are colorful, brilliant, flowers and brocade, appearing graceful and luxurious; Jiangnan like to use plain and black, pure colors, and the environment of the water town coordinated. The color tone of the Teochew houses is more gray, focusing on the ridge, beams, walls, eaves and other key parts to strengthen the decoration, and these decorative components are often related to the practical function of the building components. In Chiu Chow houses, usually grey masonry or grey surface le foot, shell grey walls, grey tile roof, only the ridge and the wall, the gate is decorated with more bright and pleasant grey plastic, embedded ceramics, colorful paintings, wood carvings, stone carvings, in the eave and the junction of the roof is often applied to the black border, painted with color (some black) scrolling grass, hanging fish, kui pattern, so that the outline of the eye-catching, in the strong sunlight, rich in the changes of the fa?ade, showing a sense of rhythm and rhythm of the traditional architecture. The sense of rhythm and rhyme of the building.

The so-called translucent, refers to the building as a whole to pay attention to the wind, not only conducive to the building materials to moisture and decay, prolonging the life. More focus on the subtropical region of Chaozhou long summer and no winter in the natural climate conditions, so that living activities comfortable and cool. Chaozhou residential focus on the overall environmental design to achieve indoor cooling effect, the formation of a habitable warm winter and cool summer building environment. In order to make air circulation, the front low and back high, alley to straight to the wind into the room, the so-called "Lubai", strengthen the indoor through the wind and enough sunshine. In the case of residential development to large-scale combination of horizontal and vertical between the fire lane, screen, Finale fan and other separation, both ventilation, but also fire prevention, so that the traffic, to achieve the form of separation. It is the photo wall, bricklaying window, hall, doorway using the door cover, stop dry door, flash door, Bogu and other space-separating components, are made of different materials through the carving, in order to facilitate air convection, to achieve the separation, but not separated, and more so that the stone carving of wood carving and other traditional craftsmanship have a place to use. Wooden structure more than the use of all on the dew Ming made, so that all the building components of ventilation, wood exposed as much as possible to prevent termites, anti-corrosion, the courtyard is mostly open hall, doors and windows more towards the patio, the general public patio are equipped with flower gardens, pools, flowers and trees, lotus tank, evergreen, quiet and elegant, and more conducive to the regulation of indoor temperature. These are the most vivid embodiment of the Teochew residential permeability characteristics.

3. Abide by the rituals and emphasize education.

Jiaqing "Chenghai County Zhi" said: "large clans and small clans, competing to build ancestral halls, boast magnificent, at all costs" because the ancestral halls are linked to the clansmen, the ties of the clan activities, but also a measure of the strength of the clan window. Its role and influence in strengthening the feudal ritual system is self-evident. In the folk houses, the influence of the ritual order on their architectural patterns and functions is also very obvious, such as the Hundred Phoenix Sunrise style house, the foyer to meet the guests, the back hall to set up niches for ancestral worship, and the middle hall to perform all kinds of rituals; the big room on the west side of the middle hall is the residence of the head of the family; the front yard is the guest room, and the backyard is for the inner family members, and the fire lane row house is the residence for the clansmen and the servants, which is a pattern which reflects the rule of the father's authority, the ethical order of the superiority of the male and inferiority of the female, and the masters' and the servants' differences.

Even the most basic "downhill tiger", "four points of gold", the upper hall of the main house, must be higher than the lower hall, the length of the depth of the big room must be more than the lower room, up and down the hierarchy of inferiority and superiority can never be crossed the minefield half a step.

In the decorative themes, the twenty-four filial piety, loyalty and righteousness opera stories, and heroes and myths, fishing, farming, woodcutting, reading, and other traditional themes are used most frequently, learning for the colorful paintings, wood carvings, stone carvings used for the door, flash doors, partitions and other components, which reflects the teachings of the builder of the dun dun.

And "the family has a thousand gold, must be constructed study" ("Zhou Zhi"), a simple 8 words portrayed the prevalence of Chaozhou culture, from which can be seen more Chao people attach importance to the degree of education.

4, practical, highlighting the compatibility.

Chaozhou is located in the subtropical, surrounded by mountains on three sides, one side of the sea, the river and the sea within the confluence of rain, typhoons, flooding, buildings must be based on practical, solid. And because the Chaozhou forest resources are not abundant, so the building materials to stone, sand, shellfish ash-based, "Zhou Zhi" that "the people often use mirage ash and sand to build the wall, the ground is also such as it, firm as gold and stone. That is, in the event of hurricanes, push and flap, the fire burned after, and the wall ZhuoLi no collapse," shellfish ash sand is widely used, is a major feature of the Chaozhou residential construction.

The Chaozhou residential roof more hard mountain type, because it is all the roof form of better wind fire performance, and out of the rafters are not long, not easy to be showered, in order to wind, the roof is on the gentle, and appropriate to reduce the height. Eaves plus sealing eaves board to block the airflow into; roof tiles laying double, in order to facilitate the heat insulation, tile surface intersection dash made of tile ridge, in order to increase the weight of the roof, as well as the aforementioned lightweight modeling, transparent stone carving, wood carving components, etc. all reflecting the characteristics of the Teochew residence is practical.

As for highlighting the compatibility, before the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Chaozhou residential architecture by the culture of Fujian and the Central Plains culture radiation, since then, due to the frequent activities of the Chaozhou merchants in the Jiangnan area, is subject to the greater influence of the Jiangnan culture, in modern times, it is earlier absorbed some of the overseas cultural factors, it is this kind of compatibility with the sea, which makes the continuous development of the Chaozhou residence, appearing to be colorful and unique styles, since modern times, the overseas Since modern times, overseas building materials, model with a strong momentum into the local, many homes have to use "red hair gray", glass, ceramic tiles, such as the garden of the construction of the glass hall (folk proverb has a "big house, radical glass" sentence), Chen Cihong Chenghai's former residence of the archway, the eaves and beams of the contents of the archway, and even used the English letters, windows and doors decorated with both porcelain and plaster components, floor with mosaic. Shunde residence of the book decoration, as well as everywhere along the streets of the ancient city riding buildings, etc. ....... But the general layout and appearance of these homes and gardens are mostly based on the traditional style of Teochew architecture, reflecting the strong vitality of Teochew culture and the ability to integrate and absorb foreign cultures.

We can see that Hakka houses, as one of the five major houses in China, the Hakka Tulou and the Wei Long House have been completely abandoned by the new generation of Hakka people. With the passage of time, Hakka dwellings may become history forever in people's memories if they are not strengthened for protection. The inheritance and development of Chaoshan Folk Houses, on the other hand, has found a better world for the preservation of fine Chaoshan art. With the continuous application of new building materials, the Chaoshan houses themselves have been well developed. The application of modern tiles and marbles in Chaoshan houses has greatly enriched the artistic style of Chaoshan houses, and made the original old-fashioned Chaoshan houses take on a new look. Of course, this kind of development of Chaoshan houses, which mainly focuses on living functions, does not explain the development and innovation of Chaoshan houses as a whole.

As one of the representatives of Chaoshan culture, the inheritance of Chaoshan houses reflects the characteristics of a regional culture. In this inheritance, we see the figure of Chinese culture in the Central Plains, and at the same time, we also see the essence from various aspects. When Chaoshan Folk House absorbs these essences, it will undoubtedly have an impact on the development and innovation of Chaoshan Folk House. The eclecticism of Chaoshan folk houses not only reflects the depth and breadth of Chinese culture, but also reflects the oceanic nature of Chaoshan culture. We have reason to believe that Chaoshan houses and the whole Chaoshan culture will continue to extend towards this road in the future development.