Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional stories - What are the characteristics and shapes of Lingyuan shadow play?
What are the characteristics and shapes of Lingyuan shadow play?
I. Historical origin
In China, shadow play has a long history of more than 1000 years. More than 2,000 years ago, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died of illness of his beloved Princess Li Furen. He is in a trance and turns a blind eye to state affairs all day. Minister Li Shaoweng went out one day, and the children in Lu Yu were playing with dolls in their hands, and the shadows were vividly displayed on the ground. Li Shaoweng's heart moved. He carved the image of Li Furen with cotton and silk, colored it, and put wooden poles on his hands and feet. In the evening, the emperor was invited to sit in his tent and watch with square curtains and candles. Emperor Wu was so happy that he couldn't put it down. This story in Hanshu is regarded as the earliest origin of shadow play. According to historical records, shadow play flourished in the Song Dynasty, forming a relatively perfect art form of traditional Chinese opera. According to textual research, Lingyuan Shadow Play belongs to Luanzhou Shadow Play School. According to legend, Lingyuan was introduced to Hebei from Changli, Luanxian, Laoting, Feng Run, Yutian and Zunhua in the Qing Dynasty, with a history of more than 300 years. Lingyuan shadow play is an important branch of shadow play in northern China. Because of carving donkey skin, it is also called "donkey skin shadow play" Lingyuan shadow play is similar to the northern shadow play in shape, material, sculpture, color, installation and volume. However, due to the different geographical distribution and the influence of folk songs, folk music, national customs, tone rhythm and other factors, Lingyuan shadow play presents a unique vocal music, singing style and obvious regional characteristics. With the accelerated pace of life, the local characteristics of Lingyuan shadow play are becoming more and more prominent, and the singing is fastidious, and the Daobai dialect has a strong charm.
Two. Artistic feature
Lingyuan shadow play is called the puppet art of "painting with vocal cords", because it is a dead film with a fixed face, and the feelings of the characters in the shadow play, such as joy, anger, sorrow, joy, sorrow, injury and sadness, are all one face. It depends on the artist's singing and recitation to express the expressions of the characters in the play. We should perfectly express the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the play. Artists who need to "walk the line" (referring to the main actors in movies) control the prestige of handsome generals, the stability of actresses, the chic of literati, the masculinity of martial artists, the vitality of old students and the humor of clowns just right in singing.
3. Modeling
In the process of inheritance and development, it has formed a distinctive artistic style and unique artistic charm-the filmmakers carved beautifully, performed vividly and sang uniquely. The structural design of shadow play is also very clever. According to the moving parts, shadow play is divided into three parts: head, neck to waist, waist to knee, including two feet below it. The arms are divided into three parts: big arms, small arms and hands. Wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee and other joints are connected into a whole by wires or rings, which is very flexible to swing, especially suitable for performing difficult movements such as martial arts. In addition, the waist is integrated with the knee, and the large rotor in half of the human body will not move. This decomposition is very scientific and vivid in the design of shadow figures in classical costumes. Once seated, the characters naturally cross-legged, chic and lively, solemn and natural. People's facial makeup is generally designed according to black loyalty, red fierceness, flower courage, white treachery and emptiness; For example, Bao Gong with a bad face, Guan Yu with a red face, Qin Ying with a painted face and Qin Gui with a white face are all typical faces that people are familiar with. And "people who are loyal to the public carve a positive appearance, while evil people carve an ugly shape and cover it up with praise and criticism." Therefore, the positive characters on the positive side are mostly flat, long and narrow eyes, small mouth, straight nose, peace and elegance, while the negative characters on the negative side are often ugly with small eyes and protruding mouth. Except for a few clowns and ghosts who are three-quarters half-sided, other filmmakers are generally positive. This kind of character modeling not only conforms to people's traditional moral evaluation standards, but also conforms to the custom of intuitive appreciation. You can know the quality of the character by looking at Facebook, which is very intuitive and clear at a glance.
Four. Word case
1. Overview
Lingyuan shadow play has a unique national style and strong local flavor. Over the years, the compilation of shadow play documents has formed a set of laws. Shadow words are composed of three parts: poetry, vernacular and lyrics of stage figures and stage couples. Compared with the literary scripts of the two brothers' plays, there is no director's language and the inner monologue of the characters in the film. No matter how the characters feel, actors need to express their feelings with their voices. Therefore, shadow play is a comprehensive art with feelings and scenery, full of scenes, vocal cords and sound paintings. The neat antithesis and language practice in poetry are closely related to the environment, thoughts and emotions of the characters on the stage. When the emperor went to court, the marshal raised his account, mostly four poems, usually two, five or seven. The ending of a couple is often a summary of a play, which can also play a connecting role. Pour white is the main narrative way of shadow play. The vernacular should be easy to understand, concise and clear, with catchy numbers and slang dialects. Artists have the saying that "white is bone, singing is meat" and "singing is a thousand pounds", which shows the importance of vernacular.
In addition to the seven lines and cross-sentences of the same brother drama, the lyrics of shadow play also have the unique word form of this drama. These lyrics are mostly composed of upper and lower sentences. Its rhyme, flat on the top and flat on the bottom, is difficult to sing, also known as hard track. Different from the lyrics of brother operas, the lyrics of Beijing opera and Pingju opera have the same rhyme, with the first ending being flat and the second ending being flat and flat. However, the lyrics of shadow play are restricted by the fixed singing method. The ending words of the first sentence of seven sentences and cross-sentences can be fixed or not, the ending words of the second sentence rhyme flat, and other sentences rhyme flat, whether up or down.
2. Seven words
This is a cut sentence of "two, two, three", which is the most widely used basic figure of speech in shadow play. Sometimes you can add three prefixes or lines to a sentence as needed, which is flexible and easy to sing.
Exodus: I will go to Chen Zhou to distribute food and relief, and the people will be safe. ......
3. Cross sentences
This is the word case of "three, three, four" and "three, four, three". Mostly used for flexible board. Usually, two kinds of syntactic lyrics should not be mixed in a aria to avoid singing.
(1) Di Guizhi, sitting in the cold palace, burst into tears, crying, Dad, hurting the baby ... (2) I am a slave for you, forgetting to eat and sleep, regardless of the cold, I am a slave for you, making soup and making medicine, and I am diligent. ......
4. Three to seven o'clock
Three drives and seven is also called "three tops and seven". Each lyric consists of 50 words * * *, two three words, two four words, two five words, two six words and two seven words. You can sing in a single paragraph or in several paragraphs. When several paragraphs are used together, they should be the same, which can be used for lyric, narrative and landscape writing.
Example: more pathetic. It's no use having a baby. If you live in Jianghu, your father's revenge can't be avenged. As long as you shout behind your back, the enemy will know that it is Shen Xiang. The reason is very confusing. How can your father get out of trouble? There must be a benefactor to save you.
5. Five-character brocade
Five-word brocade is also called "five bytes" or "five words tight". Each sentence has five words, which is a antithesis. No matter up or down, the next sentence is mostly silent, also called five-word brocade.
Example: The audience will stand on both sides, wearing phoenix-winged helmets and chain mail. ......
Put the sentences together
Accommodation sentence, also called "_ wordy sentence", is called from different places, and the number of sentences is uncertain. The following sentences are mostly silent and trivial. The feature is that the last sentence of the short lyrics is three words, repeated once or twice. This figure of speech is used for ugly narration and lyricism, and the language is humorous and vulgar.
7. Do you like it
Zan, also known as Zan, Yao, Er and San, etc. The six sentences of "two, two, two" sentence pattern are often used in "six, seven, seven, seven" sentences. The first sentence is a symmetrical sentence with three sentences followed by three seven sentences. Every four sentences are a story, which is composed of many times or many times and rhymes freely.
It can be the same or it can be the same several times. Watched the battle and boasted about it.
For example, according to the gods Dong, A, B, Mu and Erlang, holding swords and three-pointed and two-edged knives in their hands, it is difficult for the enemy to enter the array. ......
8. Others
Shadow play has a long history and is widely spread. Due to different geographical distribution and writing years, its word forms are praised and criticized differently in various places. In the singing practice of several generations, according to the development of art, some figures of speech have become less and less used, while others have emerged. In addition to the words mentioned above, there are four sentences, six prefixes, seventeen characters, bitter three and so on, some of which are independent and some are attached to other sentence patterns.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) business
China's folk operas are commercially divided into life, American drama, pure drama and ugly drama. Lingyuan shadow play is similar. The "life" of shadow play can be divided into: literary life and martial arts life, and there are differences in age between young students and old students. The difference is that the old people in the shadow play are all single-minded, called "beard" and "big beard" According to different ages, it is divided into "three tips", "five strokes" and "white beard".
The "Dan" in Beijing Pingxi and Lingyuan shadow plays is collectively called "Zi". According to different characteristics in life, "children" are divided into Wendan and Udan, Lao Dan and Xiao Dan in age, and Wendan is divided into Qingyi, Hua Dan, Guimendan and Cai Dan.
In the two brothers' play, Jing in Lingyuan shadow play is called Da, Leng Jing in big lines is also called Mao Jing, and the young man with broom eyebrows, big eyes and black beard is called Lao Zuozi, commonly known as the big traitor.
Ugliness is also a main business in Lingyuan shadow play. Ugliness is divided into five businesses: fate, beard, son and ugliness.
Heritage of intransitive verbs
Lingyuan shadow play is a kind of pure folk art, although it had its heyday, there are 120 shadow play troupes in the city, which are entertaining, semi-agricultural and semi-artistic, and highly professional. As early as 1979, Lingyuan Shadow Play Troupe participated in the first shadow play in Chaoyang City, and the modern play "Double Happiness" and the fairy tale "Legend of the White Snake" won the first prize.
199 1 participated in the first shadow play in Liaoning province and performed the traditional play "Flame Mountain", winning the championship in one fell swoop; 1[2]/kloc-0 participated in the provincial exhibition in 1994, and the modern drama "Red Sister" won the second prize; 1998 Participated in the third shadow play in the province, and the traditional opera "Red Lotus Eliminating Overlord" won the first prize. 198 Mid-Autumn Festival Gala was a special performance for seven foreign guests, including Egypt and Russia, who came to Chaoyang to participate in the "Exhibition for a while", which was well received by foreign friends.
In order to carry forward the excellent national folk culture, excavate, rescue and sort out the folk art heritage, lingyuan city Cultural Center began to collect and sort out the shadow play in northern China from 1988. After more than ten years' efforts, we have collected 3300 volumes of traditional and modern films, reaching 34 million words. It has accumulated a lot of valuable materials for China folk art, and its quantity and neatness are the first in China.
1992, the Liaoning Provincial Department of Culture named Lingyuan as "the hometown of shadow play art". 1996, the Ministry of Culture named Lingyuan as "the hometown of folk shadow play art in China". 65438-0999 Liaoning Provincial Department of Culture allocated special funds to support Lingyuan to establish Lingyuan Shadow Play Art Park, which integrates the art of shadow play sculpture, achievements, shadow play collection and singing operation, making the construction of Lingyuan Shadow Play Base reach a new level. We have reason to believe that in the dawn of the new century, Lingyuan shadow play art will definitely go out of China and enjoy a world-renowned reputation.
The art of shadow play suffered catastrophe for the first time during the Cultural Revolution. At that time, shadow play was regarded as the "four old", the shadow people were burned and the shadow volumes were destroyed, and the number could not be counted. At that time, two shadow boxes of Lingyuan Shadow Play Troupe [3] were set on fire. All the young actors were driven back to the countryside to farm, and two old artists were sent to the factory to work overtime. In recent years, with the continuous development of modern culture, the impact on ancient culture has become more and more serious, and shadow play is shrinking. The inheritance of folk shadow play art, whether it is a shadow sculptor, or taking, playing, pulling and singing, is based on teachers or holding special classes to train talents. In this way, the art of shadow play can be passed down from generation to generation and developed from generation to generation. At that time, Ma Zhanrong began his artistic career after studying with artist Zhang for half a year. 1986, I took photos with my suitcase tied and performed everywhere. Nowadays, artists in this field are facing embarrassment: "Shadow play has never been learned and has not been passed on. Some of the previous things have been lost, and some are disappearing. " Up to now, there are only seven active shadow play classes in lingyuan city, with less than 60 shadow play artists engaged in singing and only 3 shadow play artists under the age of 30. Compared with their predecessors, there are few artists with unique skills and profound attainments. "It's hard to make a living acting now. Shadow play was very popular when I was studying. I thought that as long as I learned this well, I wouldn't have to worry for a lifetime. Unexpectedly, fewer and fewer people want to see movies now, and the audience is over 40 years old. Young people don't even look. They are not interested and can't see it. " Nowadays, due to the impact of modern culture and the death of old artists, the art of Lingyuan shadow play is lacking, so it is urgent to rescue and protect Lingyuan shadow play.
The state attaches great importance to the protection of intangible cultural heritage. On May 20th, 2006, Lingyuan Shadow Play was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
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