Who has the historical data of Mongolian yurts?

When the Mongols were looking for a room suitable for their own life, after thousands of years of exploration, they finally made a unique Mongolian yurt out of wood and felt. Mongolian yurts not only stand the test of nature, but also are very suitable for the production and lifestyle of nomadic people.

1. Suitable for the natural environment of Mongolian Plateau:

Mongolians use sheep bellies to describe their felt bags, because this is the shape of Mongolian yurts in the 13th century. The top circle of the yurt is sharp, and the middle is wide and round. The following can be regarded as a "quasi-circular" formal feature, so that sandstorms and snow on the grassland, after being buffered by yurts, form a crescent-shaped gentle slope behind them at an appropriate distance. This is because the yurt has no water chestnut, which is smooth and streamlined. The top of the package is arched and has the strongest bearing capacity (such as the arch of a bridge) to form a solid whole. There's a strong wind. It's very strong. The sand above ran away, and the sand below piled up behind. Strong yurts can withstand the ten winds in winter and spring.

The yurt can also withstand the heavy rain on the grassland, which is due to its morphological structure. In the rainy season, the wooden support of the yurt should be relatively "steep" and covered with a top felt, so it is difficult for rain and snow to invade. The top of the bag is round, so the rain can only flow away from the felt at the top. However, the pressure of yurts will increase in rainy days, and it is very common for yurts to bear the pressure of 2000-3000 kg. The reason why Mongolian yurts can bear such great pressure is because Mongolians know mechanics very well and scaffolding is scientific, so they share the pressure.

Mongolia has been extremely cold since ancient times. However, Mongols have lived in yurts for generations and have never heard of freezing. First, there is fire in the bag, and the dung of cattle and sheep is the best fuel. Secondly, in winter, the felt bag is thickened outside, and a layer of felt is tied inside, which has better windproof performance. Third, you can also warm the kang in the bag. How can it be cold with a leather mattress?

Mongolian yurts are warm in winter and cool in summer. Because it is a sphere, it is white and has good reflective effect. Wind windows can also be opened on the back, and the edge of the felt can be lifted.

2. Adapt to nomadic life:

Mongolian is a nomadic people, engaged in nomadic production, Mongolian yurts came into being, which brought great convenience to the free migration of thousands of miles.

(1) Quick capping

Build a yurt, any season, anywhere. As long as the ground is flat and the surrounding water plants are good. Because yurts are modular houses, and all parts are separated, a woman can build them. Go to a new place, unload it from the car or camel, and when the life is on fire and the tea is cooked, put up the yurt.

(2) easy disassembly

It is several times easier to remove a yurt than to cover it. The rope and the belt are all live knocks, which are easy to untie. As soon as the belt is untied, the felt and the frame will automatically separate. Hana, Wuni and Taonao are all divided into blocks, which can be disassembled and folded after three times, five times and two times. In an emergency, one person can unload it quickly.

(3) convenient loading

The wood of the yurt-Hana, Wuni, Taonao and the door-is separated. The felt on the top and the felt around the outside are single, and any one can be lifted by a woman and put in the car. Mongolian yurts are especially suitable for camel pack and car pack. For thousands of years, a fixed program has been formed, and it has been installed without thinking.

(4) Relocation is light.

Except Tao nao, the scaffolding is made of light wood, so it is easy to move. Mongolian yurts have served the nomadic economy since ancient times, and there is nothing extra except necessary daily necessities. If it's a rich family, just put your things in the car and it's convenient to go anywhere. The average family has two or three humped camels or two or three Lele cars.

Whether grazing or fighting, we all go with our families. Therefore, there is a idiom in Mongolian called "homeland"-Geritirige (family car).

3. Easy to build:

Mongols have been making their own yurts. There are many mountains in the Mongolian plateau, so don't worry about wood. Cut the wool roll felt and you'll have something to hang outside. Cut off the mane and tail of the camel and rub it into ropes and belts. The materials used are all adapted to local conditions and local materials.

All parts of the yurt can be disassembled. Any part that is broken or old can be replaced. The yurt can be extended and contracted. But traditionally, Mongolians don't like shrinking. My son is married and wants to build a new small bag. Expand the felt bag in order to have children in the future. When expanding the felt bag, just change the sleeves and add Wuni and Hana. Mongolian yurts are simple to make and easy to maintain, which makes them still in use today.

4. The eternal sundial:

Mongols calculate the time by observing the sunrise and sunset for a long time and according to the shadow of the sun shining into the yurt. Mongols used sundials for a long time. According to scholars' research, from the Xiongnu era, yurts were built towards the place where the sun rose. The most standard yurt for calculating time should be four hanas (fourteen heads). Sixty UNIs (there are four UNIs on the door), and the door will open to the southeast. This is the original rule. According to the sunshine time, it is divided into the outer circle of pottery brain, black mud head, black mud middle, hanatou, hana middle, quilt table, main cushion, east cushion and bowl leg. According to this time division, one day's affairs can be arranged in an orderly manner. In short, people at home look at the sun shadow from the yurt, while people outside look at the sun shadow shining on themselves, and look at the moon and stars at night.

The calculation time of yurts starts from rabbit (wool) time (now six o'clock) and ends at chicken (especially) time (now eighteen o'clock). So the yurt itself is a sundial. People who live in yurts still live by watching the shadow of the sun.

5. From the inside out:

The yurt is made of felt, so it is easy to know what is going on outside. Especially in the middle of the night, what happened outside, herders know clearly. Nomadic tribes are engaged in animal husbandry economy, especially in the season when sheep don't enter the circle and wolves and eagles run rampant. In the era of war, this role of yurts is more obvious. Compared with the houses of agricultural nationalities, yurts are more suitable for animal husbandry economy and have incomparable advantages over other bedrooms.

6. Auspicious and bright hall:

The yurt gives you a spacious and bright feeling. The yurt is a hemisphere, and the canopy of the yurt is open at the top, so the sun can shine in at sunrise and sunset, so it is always bright. The dome of the yurt is open on it, so it is easy for smoke to go out. Taonao is close to the door, and the air is easy to exchange. There will always be bright sunshine in the yurt, and it will always be filled with the healthy and fresh air of nature.

Secondly, after thousands of years of practice, the Mongols have made all the parts of the felt bag with exquisite craftsmanship, which makes it have a unique aesthetic feeling. Seen from a distance, it looks like a white pearl on the grassland. A closer look shows that the pattern on the felt bag is clearer and more beautiful. When making felt bags, Mongols should sew camel hair and ponytails on the edges of the top felt, ceiling and surrounding felt. The snow-white felt is set with a black border, which is clear in black and white and looks very beautiful. Three thick ropes are tightly tied to the felt, and six crossed ropes bind the yurt into a unique shape. In the place where the ceiling is connected with the felt, in order to prevent the wind from pouring in, the felt bag looks more beautiful by making an auspicious pattern with a thong and winding it around the top of the bag. In addition, the bottom of the yurt is made of felt with moire or wood engraved with flowers and plants. The yurt felt is also exquisite, surrounded by various patterns, with auspicious patterns and moire patterns in the middle. The felt door embroidered with yurts is also very beautiful. The felt on the crossbar of the door head or door frame should also be embroidered with various patterns to increase the aesthetic feeling, and the cover on the top of the bag is more beautiful. The outer cover is also called "the top felt with legs". Cover the felt with a cloth and dig out a piece as big as the sleeve. The yurt of the outer cover is also the lotus petals and the clouds in which direction. The shell is red and blue, just like red-violet and violet. A yurt with a cover is more colorful than a normal yurt.

The inside of the bag also has its own unique beauty. Wooden frames of yurts-Hana, Wuni, Taonao, doors, etc. Exquisite workmanship, wooden frame and felt match well. Secondly, the ground is covered with embroidered felt, the edges are inlaid with various colors of wool, and the middle is embroidered with moire and auspicious patterns, which looks very beautiful. The furniture in the third yurt, from the Buddhist shrine to the quilt table, box, closet and bowl rack, are colorful and lifelike figures such as knives and horses, feather flowers and wild deer. Sitting in such a yurt can be said to be a kind of enjoyment.