Professional knowledge guidance: the development course of industrial building survey (1)

The investigation of industrial buildings in Shanghai has developed with the implementation of the first five-year plan. In the past 40 years, the city has built a large number of various industrial buildings and facilities. The survey units that mainly undertake industrial construction projects are: Shanghai Survey Institute, CSSC Survey Institute, East China Electric Power Institute Survey Institute, China Shanghai Design and Research Institute of Light Industry (referred to as Shanghai Institute of Light Industry). By 1990, * * has completed more than 5,800 engineering geological exploration tasks of various industrial construction projects. The projects undertaken are from small to large, and the survey technology is gradually modernized.

During the First Five-Year Plan period (1953 ~ 1957), the main industrial projects investigated in Shanghai are: Shanghai Diesel Engine Factory, Shanghai Machine Tool Factory, Shanghai Steam Turbine Factory, Yangshupu Power Plant, Zhabei Power Plant, Jiangnan Shipyard and Hudong Shipyard. Most of the workshops in these projects have a span of less than 24 meters, with traffic 10 ~ 20 tons, column spacing of 6 meters and column weight of about 100 tons. Most of them are single-column foundations with natural foundation design. The hull processing workshop built by Jiangnan Shipyard has a span of 30 meters and a lifting weight of 30 tons, and adopts pile foundation. The survey methods are basically drilling and geotechnical test.

Since 1953, subordinate survey units serving industrial construction have been established one after another. Professionals mostly change their careers from civil engineering and study while doing surveying, mainly according to the technical specifications and regulations of Soviet surveying. Generally, they only provide borehole histogram and data of soil and water analysis results, and do not prepare survey reports. When working in the field, only pay attention to the borehole layout of undisturbed soil, and don't use small drills to find hidden streams. Later, due to the excavation of foundation construction, a hidden river was found, which caused a shutdown accident and caused concern. The design unit adopts the survey data, the natural foundation is designed according to the age of 8 tons/square meter (80 kPa), and the pile foundation is designed according to the allowable friction between soil and pile 10 kPa. 1In June, 1955, the survey room of Architectural Design Institute of East China Industry Department conducted a detailed engineering geological survey of the third workshop of Jiangnan Shipyard, including loading, electric hinges and hull. The project leader is Lu Ruxing and the reviewer is Xu. In the detailed investigation, in addition to the general arrangement of soil boreholes, two shallow load tests were carried out in each workshop, and groundwater samples were taken for concrete erosion tests. The allowable bearing capacity of natural foundation is determined to be10t/m2 (100 kPa), which is higher than the traditional "8t". According to the Soviet Union's reconnaissance specifications, the engineering investigation collates data, draws geological profiles, prepares written reports, and puts forward conclusions and suggestions. It was the earliest engineering geological survey report in Shanghai during the First Five-Year Plan period, which played an exemplary role at that time. During the period of 1955, nearly 1,000 people were organized by five units, including the Survey Office of the General Administration of Design of the First Ministry of Machinery Industry (now CSSC), and it took half a year to complete the engineering geological survey task at the initial stage of the expansion of the Northeast Bohai Shipyard. This project is one of the key projects of 156 aided by the Soviet Union. The technical work of the survey was carried out under the arrangement requirements and guidance of Soviet engineering geologists. Through this engineering survey, we have systematically studied the norms and regulations of engineering geological survey in the Soviet Union and the experience of writing data analysis and arrangement reports. The Shanghai Workstation of Central South Survey Institute (now Shanghai Survey Institute) and East China Electric Power Institute have engineering geological experts from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe hired by the relevant Ministry of Industry of the central government. They also visited Shanghai many times to guide the survey and technical work of industrial construction projects. At the beginning of 1957, the Chinese translation of the Soviet Union's Design Standard for Natural Foundations of Buildings and Industrial Structures was officially published. After the code is implemented in Shanghai, it has a guiding role for Shanghai soft soil to be named after muddy cohesive soil, to calculate the allowable bearing capacity of foundation according to shear index, and to design foundation according to allowable deformation of foundation.

During the second five-year plan period (1958 ~ 1962), there were many major industrial construction projects in Shanghai, and a large number of survey tasks were concentrated in the period of 1958 ~ 1960, and about 700 industrial survey projects were completed. In completing the investigation task, we can not only work independently according to the technical specifications and regulations of the Soviet Union, but also sum up a set of rapid investigation methods that conform to the characteristics of Shanghai soft soil foundation, mainly including: for small and medium-sized industrial construction projects with natural foundations, we use small drills to combine with large drills (soil holes), and mainly use small drills to find out the thickness of dark streams and yellow-brown hard soil layers on the surface; Make full use of Shanghai engineering geological atlas and give full play to the potential of natural foundation; Accumulate the law and experience of Shanghai soil-water test, simplify or delete some test items, and greatly shorten the test period; Workers' innovative achievements such as casing hydraulic drilling can not be popularized in drilling, and the efficiency is 4 times higher than that of the original drilling method; The experience of taking dark green hard clay layer or silty sand layer as the bearing layer of pile foundation is established.