Introduction of Buyi Clothing

Introduction of Buyei Clothing Buyei clothing as a material cultural phenomenon, its emergence and change is always in line with the economic development of society. Since ancient times, the Buyi people have lived in the Nanpan River, Hongshui River basin and its tributaries in China. The terrain of the Buyei region is complicated, and the high mountains and dangerous land are the natural barriers of each Buyei region, and the Buyei are developed from the ancient Yue people. Their costumes by and large retain their ancient features. The Old Tang Book? Southwest Barbarians," which reads, "Men are obeisant, hairless, and barefooted. Women wear two horizontal cloths across their heads, which is called a skirt. The traditional dress of the Buyi people is that men wear shirts and women wear skirts, and women's clothes and skirts are decorated with batik, picking clothes and embroidery patterns. Because the Buyi people live in the tropical region, the climate is hot and warm, this loose dress in line with the climate characteristics. on November 11, 2014, the Buyi dress approved by the State Council included in the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.

Features of Buyei Clothing Characteristics of the Buyei Ethnic Group

Buyei men and women mostly like to wear blue, green, black, white and other colors of cloth clothes. Young and strong men mostly wear head scarves, short jacket with lapel (or long jacket with big lapel) and long

Buyei Clothing

Trousers. Most of the elderly wear short or long shirts with lapels. Women's dress varies from place to place, some wear blue and black pleated long skirts, some like to embroider flowers on their clothes, and some like to wrap their heads in white towels with silver bracelets, earrings, collars and other ornaments. Huishui, Changshun area women wear large lapel short jacket and pants, Department of embroidered bibs, head wrapped in home weaving gingham wrapped handkerchiefs. The girls around Huaxi are adorned with "railing" on their clothes and pants, tie a girdle, wear a bandana, and have their hair plaited and pressed on the bandana. Zhenning Biantanshan area women's upper garment for the large lapel short coat, the lower garment pleated skirt, the upper collar, plate shoulder, sleeves are set with "railing" (i.e., lace), the skirt material is mostly with a white background and blue flowers of the batik cloth, they are accustomed to wear a few skirts at a time set, tie a black lace waistband. Before marriage, their heads were plaited and they wore knotted headscarves; after marriage, they changed to wear "fake shells" made of green cloth and bamboo shoot shells. The Buyi women in Luodian and Wangmu wear short blouses with big lapels and wide sleeves and long pants. Women in Qinglong and Huaxi wear knee-length short tops and pants with large lapels, laces on the lapels, necklines and trouser legs, and waistbands embroidered with floral motifs; most of them have green lattice turbans wrapped around their heads, and some of them wear embroidered shoes with thin tips pointing upward, while others wear thin-arsed straw shoes. Duyun, Dushan, Anlong and other counties in some areas of the Buyi women's clothing and Han Chinese women are basically the same. Buyi women like to wear silver bracelets or bone bracelets, rings, silver hairpins, collars and other jewelry. Some older Buyi women still retain their traditional costumes, with their heads wrapped in basket-colored wrapping cloths, wearing green collarless lapel shirts with large sleeves and embroidered laces and piping on the seams and lower corners of the shirts. The lower body mostly wears blue and black pleated long skirts, and some of them wear green cloth waist or embroidered aprons, and the feet wear beautifully embroidered shoes, with the whole set of clothes integrating textile, printing and dyeing, picking flowers and embroidery in one. Middle-aged women's head has been replaced by a white towel, blouse has been changed to wear a collared lapel coat, and in the lower part of the front along the left obeisance inlaid with two or three channels of colorful cloth edges, pre-collar buttons like the silver bubble buttons for decoration, cuffs are still retaining the traditional ancient style, the lower body has been changed to wear pants, feet full of flowers shoes into a half valves type or tip of the shoes at the embroidery of small flowers, modification of the appearance of clean and light and simple and elegant, simple and dignified. Unmarried young women's clothing is generally similar to that of middle-aged women, but they like to embroider brightly colored floral patterns at the end of the head wrapping cloth, which is buried and exposed above the head and between the hairpins. Every festival, banquet, women like to wear a variety of earrings, rings, collars, hair pendants and bracelets and other silver jewelry.

Hope to adopt.

The Buyei people's customs, customs and habits Buyei hospitality, warmth, generosity, sincerity, who came to the cottage, family and friends, old friends, never know each other, all will be treated with wine. Buyi people are very polite, do not welcome foul-mouthed, rude guests.

Buyei families are living apart. But despite the separation of brothers, in the distribution of property, to leave the parents pension field, by brothers take turns to plow. After the death of their parents, the old-age field is turned into a grave field for the Qingming Festival tomb sweeping. So that the future generations will always remember the elders of the sincere advice and the grace of nurturing.

The costumes of the Buyi are very distinctive. Clothing is mostly green, blue and white colors. Men's clothing styles are basically the same everywhere, more than wrapped headgear, headgear has two kinds of stripes and pure green; clothes for the lapel short jacket, generally white outside the green or blue, pants for pants; older people wear big-sleeved short clothes or green, blue long shirt, feet wear cloth socks. The dress of modern Buyi women varies from place to place, with women wearing short clothes with big lapels and some wearing pleated long skirts. In the area of Biantan Mountain, where the Buyi people live, young girls like to wear short clothes with rolled edges, satin belts, brocade headkerchiefs, turbans with thick hair braids, brocade patterns and several rings of hair braids on their foreheads, and pants with embroidered shoes underneath. Young women wear batik pleated dresses, short clothes with slanting lapels, embroidered plate shoulders, embroidered with various kinds of floral threads along the shoulders into two rows of small square semicircular patterns, the collar ring on both sides of the throw flowers brocade, eye-catching colors; the middle of the sleeves is brocade, the upper and lower sections are batik; the hem of the clothes is about an inch of brocade inlaid edges, the chest wears a long embroidered or brocaded girdle, the tie of a light-colored satin sash; the head wears brocade head scarf, and the ear hangs down a bunch of playful whiskers made of various colors of threads The headdress is a brocade turban with a bunch of juggling whiskers made of various colors of threads hanging from the ears. Married people's headdress to wear "more ko", made of bamboo shoot shells and cloth, shaped like a handful of skips, the front round after the moment. Every grand festival or banquet, women still like to wear a variety of earrings, rings, collars, hairpins and bracelets and other silver jewelry.

Marriage is practiced independently. When receiving the bride, they have to sing to each other, commonly known as the song of the sisters. The bride to the man's home on the evening of the day, to be held to sing the purse song and want to purse activities, there is a "night purse night song" said. Traditional festivals include March 3, April 8, June 6, Eat New Festival, and July 30th. "March 3" is the traditional grand festival of the Buyi people, the beginning of rice cultivation on the third day of the third month of the lunar calendar, to sacrifice the gods of the mountains, the gods of the land and the gods of the ancestors and the soul of the rice, and make five-color flowers of glutinous rice offerings; the area of Qianxinan Prefecture, the male and female youth to gather in the "Chabai song field" to play the mountain song, the participants reached thousands to tens of thousands of people. In the area of Qianxinan Prefecture, young men and women gather at the "Chabai Song Ground" to play songs on the mountain, with thousands to ten thousand participants. Many unmarried young men and women through the blowing wood leaves, song, acquaintance, love, life

Buyei people idle two meals a day, three meals when busy. To rice, corn as the main food, wheat, sorghum, potatoes and beans as a supplement. There are wooden pots, tripod pots cooking rice, oil stewed rice, rice (rice mixed with corn crushed, also known as rice), bracts poop, rice flour, two pieces of poop, pea flour, rice tofu and other colorful varieties. Among them, glutinous rice dumplings, flower rice and sesame oil dumplings are the most well-known, mostly used for ancestor worship or banquets.

Their meat comes mainly from domestic animals and poultry, and they also love to hunt squirrels, bamboo rats and bamboo worms. Cooking methods are mostly roasted, boiled, exploded, fried, pickled, frozen, and generally do not eat raw food.

The Buyei people are addicted to dog meat, there are fat sheep against the skinny dog said. VIP guests to home guests, kill the dog hospitality is a very high courtesy. They pick the dog's standard is the first yellow two black three flower class, white dog meat flavor is the most bland. Roasted stewed dog meat, dog sausage, huajiang dog meat are famous party. Guizhou's Buyei people in case of marriage and funeral, like to use the yellow cow as a dish.

Cold vegetables, moss frozen meat, mixed peas and cold noodles, etc., is the Buyei people's favorite food. Sauerkraut and sour soup almost every meal must be, especially the women most like to eat. Most of the Buyi people are good at making pickles, cured meat and edamame, folk unique pickles salt and acid is famous in China and abroad. There are also blood tofu, sausage and dried and fresh bamboo shoots and various insects processed and made of flavorful dishes. Also good at making bad spicy, spicy noodles and pickles, to the beauty of fresh and sour.

Wine plays an important role in the daily life of the Buyi. Every year after the fall harvest, every family has to make a lot of rice wine and store it for drinking all year round. The Buyei people like to treat their guests with wine, no matter how much the guests drink, as long as the guest arrives, the wine is the first, called the welcome wine. Drinking wine without cups and bowls, and to order guessing, singing.

There is a tea in the Buyei area that not only has a distinctive flavor, but also has a very nice name, which is the girl's tea. Qingming (traditional Chinese rituals, tomb-sweeping festival) on the eve of the girl on the mountain to retrieve the tip of the tender flavor, hot fried to maintain a certain degree of humidity, and then the tea leaves one by one stacked into a cone, sun-dried, and then processed, it is made into ...... >>

Buyei clothing, to picture This is the Buyei clothing,

Buyei clothing has several patterns Buyei clothing

Buyei more live in the flat dam or close to the river valley village, men and women like to wear blue, blue, black, white and other colors of cloth clothing. The young and strong men are often wrapped in a turban, wearing a short jacket with lapel (or a long shirt with a large lapel) wrapped in a turban and long pants. Older people mostly wear short or long shirts with lapels. Women's clothing varies from place to place, some wear right-overlapping lapel coat, wearing pants or pleated skirt, wearing silver bracelets, earrings, collars and other jewelry. Some like to embroider flowers on their clothes, and some like to wrap their heads in white towels.

The Buyi girls have had the aura of making batik since they were young, and most of the clothes they wear are hand-sewn, well-fitting, simple and elegant.

Buyei clothing in a few years old to wear what color clothing Romantic purple: represents mystery, romance, love.

Purple is a combination of red and blue color;

Its hue can be cold or warm, according to the ratio of the number of red and blue components;

Purple is the color that appears when the space and distance in the environment gradually increase;

Often makes people think of mystery and illusion sometimes purple is a symbol of noble and rich.

Characteristics of the dress of the 56 ethnic groups Miao: Miao is widely distributed, with many branches, and there are obvious regional differences in dress. The more typical attire for women is a short blouse and pleated skirt. In the past, Hmong clothing was mainly made of hemp-woven cloth, and the unique batik and embroidery techniques were commonly used. Skirts are mostly white and green, and the materials, colors, styles and embroidery of the costumes are all very ethnic. Silver ornaments on the head, neck, chest and hands are the most common accessories, and the silver ornaments of the Miao people are second to none among the jewelry of other ethnic groups. Colorful dress culture fully demonstrates the ingenuity of the Miao people, and still maintain their own national characteristics.

Buyei: Buyei men wear short clothes with lapel or lapel, long pants underneath, and also long shirts and long pants, wrapped in green or lattice headscarves. The color is mainly blue or white. Women generally wear short clothes with large lapels and long pants. The lapels and cuffs are decorated with colorful lace, and the legs of the pants are also decorated with lace, and their heads are wrapped in green or lattice turbans, or white printed bandanas are put on their heads, and the young women's chests are also hung with waistbands embroidered with beautiful floral motifs. Buyei women like to wear silver bracelets, earrings, collars and embroidered shoes with pointed noses, and the overall color of Buyei costumes is light and simple, maintaining a natural harmony with nature.

Dong: Dong men have three kinds of tops: lapel, left overlapping and right overlapping, and long pants with tied legs. The head-wrapping cloth is a three-meter-long bright cloth with a row of jagged patterns embroidered with red and green silk threads on both sides. Dress wear "silver hat", and wear other silver ornaments. Women wearing skirts, upper body with open-breasted tights with the chest around the green embroidered scissors mouth-shaped "hood", wrapped tied legs; wearing pants, to match the right-over-oblique short clothes. When in full dress, women often wear chicken feather skirt. There are also wearing right-over-right collarless blouse, with silver beads for buttons, ring shoulder edging, foot buckles pointed embroidered shoes. Dong women like to wear silver flowers, silver hats, collars, bracelets and other silver jewelry. The clothing materials of the Dong people are mostly self-weaving and self-dyeing "Dong cloth", which is divided into coarse yarn and fine yarn. Dong women are good at embroidery, handmade skill is exquisite.

Yao: There is a big difference in the costumes of the Yao tribes. Men's costumes are in greenish-blue as the basic color, mainly in the lapel, slanting lapel, pipa lapel short clothes, and some of them wear cross-collar long shirts with pants of varying lengths, tie head scarves, tie the legs and are plain and unadorned. The women's dresses include big-breasted tops with waist-bound pants, short round-necked shirts with pleated skirts, and long shirts with pants. The floral composition of Yao clothing is unique, and the whole pattern is geometric. The headdresses of the Yao people are more prominent, including "dragon plate", "A" shape, "flying swallow" shape and so on. The dyeing and weaving industry of the Yao people is well developed, and their clothing is made of self-dyed cloth, with a complete set of indigo dyeing and printing technology. There is a complete set of indigo printing and dyeing technology. The colors are often red, green, yellow, white and black, and the costumes are made by picking flowers, embroidery, brocade, batik and other techniques.

The Bai people: the Bai people advocate white, men's heads, women's hats, men's and women's tops, pants like to use white and close to the white light green, light blue and other colors. Bai women often embroidered colorful patterns in hanging bags, wrapped back, belt, head wrapping cloth, shoes and other accessories. Light and simple, harmonious color tone, elegant aesthetic realm. Dali's Bai men wear white lapel tops and black lab coats, white pants, white or blue bandanas wrapped around their heads, and hand-embroidered hanging bags hanging from their shoulders. Women wear white or light blue over-over-right blouse, under the white or light blue wide pants, waist tie embroidered or embellished with embroidered short aprons, footsteps embroidered shoes.

Jing: Jing clothing clothing features distinctive, simple and elegant. Men generally wear knee-length clothes, chest and waist, narrower sleeves. Women are hanging inside the diamond-shaped chest cloth, outside the collarless, lapel short blouse, tighter body, narrow sleeves, under the wide-legged pants, mostly black or brown. When they go out, they wear light-colored cheongsam-style long tunics with narrow sleeves. The custom of dyeing black teeth and tying anvil buns still exists among a few women. The most distinctive decoration of the Jing is their bucket hats.

Zhuang: Zhuang men mostly wear a jacket with buttons knotted with cloth. A small pocket is sewn on the chest to match the two large pockets on the abdomen, and the hem is folded inward to form a wide edge; the bottom is short and wide, and some are wrapped around the bindings; and the turban is embroidered with a flower pattern. Women wear navy or dark blue short-collar, right-over-oblique blouse, collar, cuffs, lapels are embroidered with colorful lace; under the black wide fat pants. There are also black pleated skirts with colorful embroidery on top and colorful cloth stickers underneath in brilliant colors. They also wear cloth stickers and embroidered loincloths, and black headscarves embroidered with floral patterns. They wear embroidered shoes on festivals and market days. They wear embroidered shoulder pads. Women's hair style varies from place to place. The Zhuang costumes are generally made of self-woven cloth.

Li: Li men generally wear a lapel collarless shirt and pants, wrapped in a turban inserted pheasant plume. Women's clothing has regional differences, some wear black round-necked through the head clothes, clothes decorated ...... >>

What are the customs of the Buyei people I. Dress

The Buyei people like to dress in green, blue and white colors.

Before the liberation, the Buyi young adults wrapped the head of the Pa, the head of the Pa more for the stripes and solid green two, clothes for the lapel short and long lapel shirt, pants for the pants, trouser leg longer, the elderly more wear large-sleeved short clothes and long shirt. （There is a big difference in the costumes of women in the (second) and (third) native-speaking areas. After the liberation of the country, the men of the Buyi ethnic group mostly wore Han Chinese costumes. （Women's costumes in the (third) dialect area are categorized into two types: casual and dressy.

Casual dress: clothes in blue and blue-colored, lapel short clothes, collar with clothing material to do pot flower buttons nailed on the chest to wear embroidered indigo girdle, tie brightly colored belt (in addition to married), disk long discovery to cover with a bandana, headscarf **** twelve layers, the inside of the eight layers of cotton floral line edging, outside the four layers of the top and bottom ends of the pick flowers brocade, married women do not wear a headscarf, and wear a more test with the green cloth and bamboo shells made of.

Dress: the upper wear oblique lapel short clothes, green plate shoulder, with various colors of floral threads on both sides of the small square set into a semi-circle embroidered on the shoulders, collar ring right pick flowers brocade. The sleeves are divided into three sections, brocade in the center, batik on the upper and lower sections, and the lower part of the garment is all edged with one-inch wide brocade. The chest wears an embroidered waistband with a light colored belt. Underneath is a batik pleated skirt that reaches to the instep. Dress in the grand festival to wear, dress embroidered brocade patterns to geometric shapes, a set of exquisite dress needs three or five years to make. There is another kind of pleated skirt, called "powder order" in Buyei, the upper pattern is the same as the batik skirt, but the skirt is made of reddish-red dyed fabric, which is simple, elegant and solemn, and it is mostly loved by the elderly women who wear it on festive and grand occasions. (Secondly) women in the native-speaking areas wear big-breasted clothes and pants with blue poles and laces along the edges and embroidered waistbands.

The young women of the Buyi ethnic group like to wear silver headdresses made of worms, fish, flowers, birds and silver or jade bracelets.

Second, food

County of the Buyi people to rice as the main food, individual villages with little land to the valley as the main food. They like glutinous food and steam glutinous rice or make glutinous rice patties on festivals. They like to drink wine, and make their own rice wine and bract wine, which is generally about 30 degrees, and are brewed at all times of the year. In the winter and winter months, they make glutinous rice sweet wine and glutinous rice prickly pear wine to prepare for guests or self-catering. Guests to, must first drink, hospitality, general male guests male companion, female guests female companion, the elders and the main guest is sitting, drink wine and pickle by the elders to take the lead. In addition, the Buyei people also eat good dog meat, beef.

Third, live

Buyei people in the county live along the water, dozens of households to hundreds of households gathered for the village, small villages also have more than ten households, no single family living in the diaspora.

House construction is mostly adapted to the local conditions, the use of slopes built buildings, the upper floor to live, the lower level off the livestock, or the front half of the building after half for the cottage, the bottom of the building is still used for livestock enclosures, a few absorbed the Han Chinese architectural forms, repair into cottages. The structure of the house is mostly "inside the wood outside the stone", the column head is made of cedar, rowan or toon, roof tiles or slate, home life with stone pestle and mortar, stone mill, stone bowl, stone groove, stone tanks, villages and stone walls, nearby mountains are also a lot of stone Tun, to form a more typical stone architectural complex.

Buyei houses, halls with shrines, halls on the left and right sides of the stove room, bedrooms, guest rooms, indoor fire pit for the winter fire, each village village or beside the fortress built a land temple dedicated to the God of the mountains, but also a place to meet and discuss.

Fourth, the family

The Buyei family is patriarchal, and the father as the head of the family has the power to control the family economy and dominate the family members. After the death of a parent in old age, the eldest son inherits the family, and there is a traditional concept of "elder brother is the father, elder brother and sister-in-law is the mother". When a husband dies, the wife inherits and utilizes the property of her husband during his lifetime. If the wife remarries, she loses the right to dispose of the property.

The Buyei family structure has two generations of small families, there are three generations, four generations of the same family. When the children grow up, the family elders will preside over the division of property, in addition to the parents of the "old age field" and unmarried daughters of the "girl field", the rest of the field and the house are equally divided into sons, the field by the eldest son to choose from, the house by the youngest son to choose from. The property of heirless families was inherited by their relatives, and married daughters had no right to inherit property. After the separation of the family, the parents lived with the youngest son.

V. Marriage

The Buyei marriage in the county is monogamous, and there is no intermarriage between people of the same family name. Before the liberation of the rich people have the custom of taking concubines. Marriage is concluded, first by the male party to ask the matchmaker to the female family, the female family agreed, the male family invited people with chickens, wine, sugar and other gifts to go to the female family and the eight characters of the birth date, called the "open mouth pro" or "betrothal". After the betrothal, before the wedding to the female side to send bride price, the male family in addition to send about 100 yuan (must be an even number) of the bride price, but also with a string of firecrackers, a pair of wedding candles, two pots of wine, sugar, a number of seals ...... >>

4 ethnic dress characteristics Manchu clothing Manchu headdress

The ancestors of the Manchu people live in the white mountains and black water, in order to adapt to the cold climate for a long time and chose to wrap the warmth of the robe as a good daily dress. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the Manchu absorbed the Zoroastrian clothing of the Han Chinese in the Central Plains and improved it into the "flag dress", also known as the "cheongsam", with its national characteristics. After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, due to the mandatory promotion of the Manchu aristocratic rulers, the cheongsam was popularized throughout the country, but it was soon fused with the traditional Han Chinese clothing. To the Republic of China period and added modern Western fashion components, the formation of a modern cheongsam with Chinese national characteristics. Since the twentieth century, the Manchurian economy and culture have undergone great changes, and many traditional costumes have been very rare. Manchurian ancestors are hunting people, in the hairdressing technology is not yet developed, in order to adapt to the life of long-term hunting and trekking, Manchu men chose to braid hair as a hair style. The practice is to shave the hair in front of the forehead to avoid blocking the line of sight, easy to shoot arrows or fighting. The hair at the back was braided instead of being a hair registry to accommodate the bumps of horseback riding. This style of hair was enforced by the rulers in the Qing Dynasty by political means throughout the country.

Historically, Manchu men wore robes and coats with horseshoe sleeves, waist harnesses, or robes covered with a lapel coat, summer head cooler hat, winter wear leather sloppy hat. Clothes like to use green, blue, brown and other colors of cotton, silk, silk, satin and other textures of the clothing material production, trouser legs tie green leg bands, feet wear cotton boots or leather boots, winter wear leather Ula. Top stay braided, shaved around the hair.

Flag dress

Since the twentieth century, the Manchu economy, culture have undergone great changes, many traditional costumes have been very rare. But from the movie, television and museums, we can often appreciate the style of the flag dress of the past. Among them, women's heads and wide and long, like fan non-fan, like crown non-crown headdress DD Chinese called "flag head", Manchu called "answer Lachchi" this headdress for Manchu women around the world is unique, thus becoming a typical national costume features, very striking.

In the past, Manchu women at an early age with the same boys to learn to ride, hair and boys are similar to shave the top of the head around the hair, leaving only part of the hair braided into two yatou pigtails, hanging on the temples, until the age of 16 years of age when the adult can be stored hair. After marriage, they began to ò big basin head, rack head, two head and other types of hair buns, which is more typical of the two head. The two-pronged head is to bind the hair at the top of the head, divided into two locks, each into a bun, and then the remaining hair at the back of the bun into a long, flat bun with a "swallow-tail style". Normally, the bun horizontal insertion of 20-30 centimeters long, two or three centimeters wide, known as the "big flat side" of the headpin, festive occasions or reception of guests will have to wear the answer to Lachchi.

Flag head

"Flag head" Manchu called "answer Lachchi" it is Manchu women in general ceremonial or wedding occasions to wear headdress. Specific practice is to wire or bamboo for the hat frame, with green satin, green velvet or green yarn for the face, wrapped into the long about thirty centimeters, about ten centimeters wide fan-shaped headdress. Wear fixed on top of the bun can be. Above also often embroidered patterns, set jewelry or decorated with a variety of flowers, adorned with a long tassel. This headdress is mostly used by Manchu women of the upper class, the general folk women's marriage, festivals, or ancestor worship party to decorate. Wearing such a long and wide ornaments, limiting the neck twisting, so that the body straight, coupled with a long cheongsam and high bottom flag shoes, so that they walk to the slender step, extraordinarily stable, elegant.

Horseshoe bottom shoes

In addition to the "cheongsam", "answer la chi", Manchu women's "flag shoes" is also very rich in features. Old Manchu women and Han Chinese women are different, they advocate strong feet, mountaineering and horseback riding, refused to foot-binding habits and big feet "sky feet" for the United States. As a result, there was ample room for creativity in the decoration of shoes and socks, and "flag shoes" were thus produced. These beautifully embroidered flag shoes had wooden soles, with the root of the shoe in the center, and were commonly known as "flag shoes" or "shoes with high soles". There are two main types of "high sole shoes", one is called "flowerpot sole" shoes; the other is called "horseshoe sole" shoes. The wooden bottom of the heel is generally about 5-10 centimeters, some up to 14-16 centimeters, the highest up to about 25 centimeters.

Generally wrapped in white cloth, and then set in the middle of the sole of the foot part. Because of the different shapes of the heel sole usually distinguish between two styles: one is open on the bottom convergence, the root of the oval, inverted trapezoidal shape is very much like a flowerpot from a distance another is thin on the bottom of the wide, flat in front of the back of the round, the shape and the landing marks are like a backward marching horseshoe prints. The "flowerpot bottom" and "horseshoe bottom" are thus named, and collectively called "high bottom shoes". In addition to the upper decorated with embroidered patterns or decorative pieces such as cicadas and butterflies, the part of the wooden heel that does not touch the ground is also commonly decorated with embroidery, gold and silver or beads. Some shoes are also decorated with silk thread braided pom poms or spikes at the tip, and the longest spikes can reach the ground. This ...... >>

What are the types of ethnic minorities, their costumes and customs? The general characteristics of Chinese minority dress culture

China is a unified multi-ethnic country. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, there are fifty-six ethnic groups in China*** after careful scientific identification. In addition, there are a number of people***similarities that are yet to be further ethnically identified.

The formation of the Chinese nationalities has gone through a process of differentiation or fusion for at least two thousand years. From China's ancient texts have long appeared in the "Xia", "Rong", "Di", "Jingban", "barbarians", "Pu", "Baiyue" and other ethnic names, our country as early as before the Qin dynasty has been a multi-ethnic country, and the establishment of the Qin dynasty feudal autocracy, make such a The establishment of the feudal autocratic system of the Qin Dynasty made such a multi-ethnic country highly unified under the central authority. It is for this reason that the cultures of all ethnic groups in China have a long history of development, including the culture of dress. From the real situation to examine, China's minority dress culture has the following five general characteristics;

First, China's ethnic minorities are diverse, widely distributed, and the vast minority areas have long been inconvenient transportation, difficult to communicate with each other, and thus the national dress colorful, rich in dress culture, inexhaustible dress resources.

China's 55 ethnic minorities, living in the country's more than 2,000 counties in 70 percent of the county, a wide distribution. Among these minorities, some ethnic groups have many branches, such as the Miao are divided into red Miao, black Miao, white Miao, green Miao, flower Miao five categories, which includes the flower Miao and the big head Miao, unicorn Miao, Monza Miao, flower foot Miao, etc., are divided into different costumes. In this way, not only different ethnic groups have different costumes, only the same ethnic groups also have different costumes because of the different branches, making the costumes of China's ethnic minorities appear to be extraordinarily rich.

China's minority costumes are very rich in terms of material and color, as well as in terms of style and style. Yunnan Province, with 25 ethnic minorities, held a national arts festival, thousands of ethnic minority cultural and artistic team is also thousands of ethnic minority costume performance team. Kunming Ethnic Song and Dance Troupe to "sun, moon, wind and fire" as the theme of the national costume lyrical ball, divided into "spring sunshine", "summer moon dissolve", "autumn wind send refreshing ", "winter fire" four scenes show three hundred sets of national costumes, the variety of varieties, styles of strange, colorful, complicated pattern is amazing. A short one and a half hour performance, convincing proof: Yunnan is not only a sea of songs and dances, but also a sea of minority costumes. And this is a microcosm of multi-ethnic China.

Secondly, due to the differences in the natural environment and national customs and aesthetic tastes, the costumes of China's ethnic minorities show a great difference between the north and the south, the mountains and the grasslands, and display different styles and characteristics.

China's natural conditions are very different between the north and the south; the north is cold and snowy, with wide forests and grasslands, and the ethnic minorities in the north rely on hunting and animal husbandry to make a living; in the south, it is hot and rainy, with mountains and mountains, and the ethnic minorities living in the south engage in farming. Different natural environments, modes of production and lifestyles have resulted in different national character and psychology, as well as different clothing styles and clothing characteristics. Living in the plateau pasture and engaged in animal husbandry Mongolia, Tibet, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz, Tajik, Yugu, soil and other ethnic minorities, wearing more from livestock fur, with sheepskin sewing clothes, pants, overcoats are mostly for the light plate, some in the collar, cuffs, lapel, hem set with color cloth or fine fur. Tibetan and Kyrgyz with precious fur trimmed robes and skirts look elegant and thick. The Kazakh "kup" is a coat lined with camel's hair, which is very light and warm. Their clothing style is wide robe and big sleeves, thick and solemn. Southern minority areas are suitable for planting hemp and cotton; self-woven linen and cloth is the main use of dresses and skirts. The tools used are very simple, but the fabrics are exquisite, and the patterns are marvelous. Because of the hot and humid weather, the need to open chest and legs, dresses and skirts are more short, narrow and thin, and its style is more lively and lively, a variety of styles, not the same. In short, a variety of styles, different features are very prominent, constituting another feature of the Chinese minority dress culture.

Third, due to various historical, geographical, political, and economic reasons, China's ethnic minorities were still in different stages of social development and corresponding levels of productivity until the middle of this century, and the resulting differences were so profound that they have not yet been completely overcome, so that the cultural contents expressed in ethnic minority costumes have obvious hierarchies.

Due to various historical, geographical, political, and economic reasons, some of China's ethnic minorities already had a clear sprout of capitalism before the liberation of China, while others remained at the end of the primitive commune, which demonstrated the extreme imbalance of social development. In this regard, ...... >>