Stair design of residential buildings

1 Stair Design of Residential Building

Stairs are an important part of multi-storey residential buildings. At present, although elevator is the main mode of vertical transportation in high-rise buildings, stairs are still indispensable.

Based on the code, this paper briefly expounds the composition, evacuation function and seismic requirements of stairs in design.

Residential buildings; Stair design; Evacuation; quake-proof

As we all know, the vertical traffic connection in residential buildings is the basic function of stairs, which involves the convenience, safety, comfort and specificity of stairs.

The design of stairs is analyzed from the elements of stairs in residential buildings.

I. Elements of stairs

(1) step

With the improvement of people's material life and spiritual life, users should have functional space in the house and improve the aesthetics of the facade, which is beyond reproach. But as a designer, we can't reduce the use quality of stairs simply to improve the use area coefficient or meet the requirements of developers.

According to the current codes in China, the stair tread width of residential buildings is not less than 0.26 m, and the maximum tread height is not more than 0. 175 m, that is, the slope is about 1: 1.49.

Therefore, as long as we grasp the elements of steps, fully meet their functional requirements, tap their potential in formal expression, and comprehensively consider various factors such as structure, materials, structure and construction, we can create a reasonable and expressive form.

(2) Handrails

The function of stair railing is mainly protection, and its main content is safety, comfort and beauty.

Because it is dangerous for people to walk on the stairs off the ground, protective measures should be taken. At the same time, we should also consider how to guide the upper and lower floors. These are the practical functions of railings.

In addition, the forms of railings and handrails are ever-changing, which can play a very good decorative role.

Its shape can be summarized into three types: line, surface and combination of line and surface.

Lines can be divided into vertical lines, horizontal lines, oblique lines and curves: the surface is thick, light and transparent, and the combination of lines and surfaces is more varied.

According to the current stair railing specification, the height of stair railing should not be less than 0.90m from the front of step. When the length of stair railing is more than 0.50m, its height should not be less than1.05m, and the gap between stair railing uprights should not be more than 0. 1 1 m. ..

(3) rest platform

Because people's physical strength and endurance are limited, the length of stairs can't be infinite, and the rest platform provides a place for people to rest.

At the same time, for straight stairs, people may roll continuously after falling.

The existence of the rest platform reduces people's psychological anxiety, and also plays a role in guiding people to change their walking direction when turning stairs.

According to the current code, the minimum width of the platform at the turning end of the handrail should not be less than the width of the ladder section, and should not be less than1.20m. If it is necessary to carry large objects, it should be widened appropriately.

(4) Staircase

When we climb the stairs and look down, the stairwell becomes vivid, especially the multi-folded circular staircase, which cannot be experienced by a single flight.

Here, repeated steps are no longer simple and boring, but become rich and vivid: here, the overlapping of steps is not simply the addition, but the reorganization of entity and space is completed, and the entity becomes more interesting and the space becomes more profound.

According to the current code, the clear width of stairwell should not be greater than 0.11m. When the clear width of the stairwell is greater than 0. 1 1m, it is very dangerous for children who like to climb, and measures must be taken to prevent children from climbing and sliding.

Second, the evacuation design of stairs

The most basic and common function of stairs is to connect vehicles on different planes. When there is an abnormal situation, such as fire, stairs are also an essential escape and evacuation passage, so whether its design is reasonable or not is directly related to people's life safety.

According to the height of residential buildings, the design of evacuation stairs is analyzed.

1) When the building is more than two floors, the corridor-style residential building should be provided with a closed staircase, and when the door adopts a Class B fire door, the closed staircase is not required;

2) When the residential building with more than 6 floors or the building area of any floor is more than 500m2, a closed stairwell shall be set up. When the doors or windows leading to the evacuation walkways and stairwells are Class B fire doors and windows, closed stairwells are not required.

3) Stairwells of residential buildings should be connected to the roof, and doors or windows leading to flat roofs should be opened outwards.

4) When the number of floors is no more than 4, a direct outdoor exit can be set at a place less than or equal to15m away from the stairwell.

5) 1 1 No enclosed stairwell is provided for the unit-type residence below the floor, but the doorway leading to the stairwell should be a Class B fire door, and the stairwell should rely on the external wall for direct natural lighting and natural ventilation; Corridor-style houses with eleven floors and below should be equipped with closed stairwells; If it is a corridor-style residence, the storey height is higher than 1 1, a smoke-proof stairwell should be set up;

6) 12 and 18 unit rooms shall be provided with closed stairwells.

All units below 18 floor are equipped with evacuation stairs leading to the roof. The stairs of each unit should be connected on the roof, and the partition wall between units should be designed according to the requirements of firewall. The door is a Class-A fire-proof door, the width of window wall and the height of windowsill wall are greater than 1.2, and it is a unit residence, and the wall is incombustible, so a safety exit can be set.

So that multiple stairs can form a vertical with the roof platform? Escape circuit? ; If it is a tower residence with 18 floors (inclusive), there are 8 households or less on each floor, the construction area is less than or equal to 650m2, and there are smoke-proof stairwells and fire elevators, only one exit can be set;

7) 19 and above units should be equipped with smoke-proof stairwells.

For those with more than 18 floors, each unit is provided with an evacuation staircase leading to the roof, and the stairs of adjacent units with more than 18 floors are connected through Yantai or an arcade (the roof may not be connected). Firewalls are set between some units on the 18th floor and below, and the doors are Class A fire doors. The width of the window wall and the height of the windowsill wall are greater than 1.2m, which can provide a safety exit for the unit candle without burning wall.

But in reality, the corridor affects the overall effect of lighting and facade, so the author thinks that the scissors staircase can be used instead of the corridor.

Third, the seismic design of stairs

During an earthquake, stairs are an important escape route. Studying the previous earthquake damage, it is found that stairs often cause serious damage before the main structure is destroyed, which affects the emergency use.

Therefore, the following aspects should be paid attention to in the seismic design of stairs.

(1) Stairwell layout, in order to prevent the structural plane from being particularly irregular due to the layout of stairwells, stairwells should be arranged symmetrically as far as possible, and should not be arranged at both ends and corners of the building to reduce the torsional effect of the structure;

(2) The stairwell partition wall must have reliable Rachel measures to ensure that it will not collapse during the earthquake;

(3) In the design and calculation of stairs, the components of stairs should be taken as a part of the structure to participate in the calculation. In the design calculation, the stiffness of stair slab can be considered as inclined beam, and the earthquake action of stairs can be considered as part of the overall calculation;

(4) When designing the stair tread plate, the load from the stair platform plate should be considered, and the stair tread plate should be calculated as a supporting or bending member, which can increase the thickness of the rest platform and stair slab and improve the reinforcement ratio. The negative bending moment reinforcement of the bearing should be arranged through, so as to make the stiffness of the stair board as uniform as possible, and make the stair board form a double-layer bidirectional configuration reinforcement, so as to improve the ductility of the stair board and prevent the stairs from being damaged;

(5) The platform beam that can support the stair section should consider the thrust and torque generated by the stair section, increase the height and strengthen the longitudinal reinforcement of the upper and lower parts, and the stirrup of the beam should be encrypted to ensure the effective energy consumption in this area under strong earthquakes;

(6) Should reinforced concrete frame structures be avoided? Frame short column? The formation of, in the formation? Frame short column? When should I guarantee? Frame short column? Shear strength and deformation ability to prevent premature shear failure of frame columns.

Stirrups should be along? Frame short column? Full-height encryption (stirrup spacing is not more than 100mm), or a certain number of diagonal steel bars are set in the column body to control its shear-compression ratio, so as to avoid premature brittle failure of concrete columns and make stirrups fail to give full play;

(7) In order to ensure the reliability of the connection between the platform beam and the constructional column, the longitudinal reinforcement of the platform beam should be anchored in the constructional column.

In the masonry structure, in addition to setting constructional columns at the four corners of the stairs, constructional columns should also be set under the platform beams of the stairs, and all constructional columns should be connected into a whole with ring beams, so that the stairs can truly become a safe escape route;

(8) If conditions permit, it is suggested to use sliding bearings to separate the pedal inclined plate from the main structure, so as to reduce the influence of earthquake effect.

Four. conclusion

Stairs have always been an important part of architectural space.

Therefore, the stair design of residential buildings should first meet its basic functional requirements, and at the same time fully consider its evacuation and seismic safety requirements, so as to create a safe and comfortable living environment for people.

Stair structure in residential building design II

In this paper, from the perspective of architectural construction drawing design, the detailed structure of residential stairwells is deeply and carefully studied and analyzed.

Residential design is related to thousands of households, and the design of residential stairwells is the most prone to problems in construction drawings. With the progress of building technology and the continuous improvement of living standards, people have higher and higher requirements for the function and comfort of stairwells. Therefore, as an architectural designer, we must attach great importance to it, fully tap the structural potential of stairwells, and design comfortable and applicable stairwells.

Keywords stairwell; Multifunctional; Space environment; Detail structure; architect

introduce

The construction drawing design of architectural engineering is a very specific and complicated design work. Although it is based on preliminary design or scheme design, the construction drawing design emphasizes the accuracy and concreteness of design documents, the feasibility of construction stage and the applicability after project delivery. It is the final document of engineering design and the most difficult design stage.

Any expansion design and scheme design will leave a lot of problems in the construction drawing design stage. All kinds of problems, whether functional, structural or interdisciplinary, must be studied and solved in the construction drawing design stage.

Therefore, as an excellent architect, he must have the comprehensive design ability to find and solve problems, and be good at mastering and using the simplest, most reasonable, most scientific and most applicable design methods to solve all kinds of left-over problems, so as to design construction drawings better.

The following is my analysis of the detailed structure of residential stairwells for your reference.

1, the problem of stair sill height and window height in multi-storey residential buildings

The architectural design of many residential buildings does not pay enough attention to the window opening of stairwells, which not only causes inconvenience to residents, but also fails to give full play to the potential use function of stairwells. In this way, it is often very dark, so it is not convenient to open the window sash for ventilation (see figure 1), and the stairwell is regarded as a simple traffic space, so it is large.

It greatly reduces the use function and comfort of the stairwell, especially the old five and two households with one staircase and three households. Because there is no room facing north, Chinese households rely more on the window opening in the stairwell.

I think it is most appropriate to set a window sill with a height of 500-600mm on the premise of ensuring safety and equipment setting (see Figure 2). First, it can provide the most practical and direct convenience for pedestrians, especially the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled, so that they can easily touch and see.

Secondly, it can provide a good perspective to the maximum, and the lighting and ventilation are good.

Thirdly, it can also buffer the fatigue of pedestrians going upstairs and downstairs, and can also put flower pots to beautify the stairwell environment, which is more important in an aging society.

It is suggested that stairwells of multi-storey residential buildings with conditions should be provided with windows with low sill height, and the window size should be 1200x 1800mm or 1500x 1800mm. This thin and tall window is also beautiful from the elevation, which is much more beautiful and applicable than the horizontal flat window. Architectural design should fundamentally change the traditional views and practices of stairwells. Don't mistake the stairwell for a simple traffic space, we should design a stairwell that is comfortable to use, feels good, has a beautiful environment and is more applicable [1]. Architectural design must take this link seriously, which is also the most basic professional responsibility and professional skills requirements of architects.

2. Two height problems of entrances and exits of residential units.

2. 1 location of the second folded plate of the staircase section at the entrance and exit of the residential unit

There are many folding plates in the second stair section of the residential staircase section located at the second door of the unit, which is referred to as the lower folding plate design for short. I don't think it's good to do this, which will cause a sense of local space depression here, especially when residents move and buy large pieces of furniture, which is not conducive to handling. It is suggested that the upper folding plate should be set, which not only solves the sense of depression, but also increases the horizontal distance from the door to the edge of the stair section for the residents on the second floor, which not only feels very good, but also greatly improves the safety of falling prevention.

There are no technical problems in the upper and lower folding plates of structural specialty, but architects should put forward in advance and think more. There is a big contrast between outdoor and indoor, so we should pay special attention to the local structural treatment of these key parts in the design, always consider people's feelings and physiological requirements, choose the best practices, and reflect the perfect effect [2].

2.2 residential unit entrance stair platform beam height problem

The clear height under the second door beam at the entrance and exit of some residential units is less than 2000mm (see Figure 3), which seriously violates the residential design code. The reason is the height control of the landing beam of the stairs and the decorative thickness of the ground. Usually, the height of the stair landing beam here is 250mm, and the clear height of the structure is also designed to be 300mm, and some of them are made to be 350 mm. Generally, architects often ignore that the decorative plastering under the beam is 20mm thick. In addition, when laying floor tiles or stones, the thickness is 30-50 mm, which makes it impossible to guarantee the clear height of 2000 mm required by the specification. This phenomenon is indeed many.

Although the building drawings indicate the living height of the ground, there will be problems such as disjoint structural design and deviation in construction, so the height is not enough.

After investigation, the clear height under the beam of the second door of many residential staircases is only1850-1900 mm. With the continuous improvement of living standards, people's height is also increasing, and more and more teenagers are over1800 mm. Architects must attach great importance to this problem and take it seriously, first of all, effectively control the height of slow platform beams. According to the needs of the project, we can also consider designing a wide flat beam or flat slab structure, which is technically no problem and ensures the size space of key parts. When the architectural specialty passes the condition diagram, it should be carefully calculated and checked to ensure the height. When the specialty crosses the circle, it should also be carefully checked and compared on the spot during construction. We must not ignore everything after the design of this major is completed.

3. Two problems of stair step in residence.

3. 1 Perception and sanitary structure of the side end of stairs in residential buildings

At present, there are more and more ways to set up stone slabs on stair treads. In many residential stair treads, only the positive tread plate is selected, and the side tread plate is not selected. It leads to poor aesthetics, and the phenomenon of urine wall appears when dragging stairs, which leads to stairwell pollution and affects aesthetics.

The correct way is the front and side design, which is beautiful, hygienic and applicable, and the construction is not troublesome and does not increase the cost.

In addition, the inclined shed on the back of the stair section should also have a different decorative color from the main wall, which should change with the wall between the stairs to reduce the visual fatigue of pedestrians and the boredom caused by going up and down the stairs, thus benefiting people's physical and mental health.

Small changes can bring great good results. Why don't architects do it? Architectural design should start from the small things around us.

3.2 Stair step height marking in residential construction drawing

Stair is a very important part in the design of building construction drawing, because it is not only a necessary place for normal traffic, but also an important building structure for fire prevention, evacuation and space conversion. Stairs are also an important part of measuring building comfort.

However, many construction drawing designs do not pay enough attention to stairs, only consider their fire prevention and evacuation, and lack sufficient understanding of the depth and breadth of stair design.

Take the division of stair tread height as an example. A large number of designs only give a total height for the construction party to share equally. This is irresponsible. If a large number of steps are divided equally in this way, it can only be two scattered numbers after the decimal point. The drawings are not good-looking, and the formwork construction will not be done at all. In the end, it can only be handled by the construction unit itself.

The correct way is to remove the decimal point, fully refine and naturally continue. For example, the height of a residential building is 2900, and the division of each step should be expressed as (161x 8)+162 =1450. There can be no equal writing, and even the standard integer height should be written in detail.

The height of any stair step should be carefully studied and scrutinized, and the detailed structure of stairs should be checked frequently when evaluating architectural design. Stair score is one of them, and it is also a concrete embodiment to measure the design depth of building construction drawing. Architects must pay attention to these details.

Concluding remarks

The above problems are not technically difficult in building structure practice and professional cooperation, but only require designers to have serious and responsible professional responsibility and solid professional skills. As an excellent architect, he should make his architectural design achievements meet people's use requirements to the maximum extent, be scientific, reasonable and applicable, and fully embody the highest concept and purpose of architectural design serving people [4]. Residential architectural design is the best way to test the architect's understanding of architectural design concepts.

Residential building design is different from public building design. Space is limited. We must care about it, we can't ignore it and waste it. Residential building design is related to thousands of households, so it is very important to pay attention to it. As an excellent architect, you don't have to design any grand masterpieces. It would be great to be able to do the most common, commonly used and relevant residential design around you.

refer to

[1] Discussion on Stair Design of Multi-storey Residential Buildings in Zhou Dynasty [J]. Shaanxi. Shaanxi architecture, 1998.02.

[2] On the staircase design of residential buildings [J]. Beijing. Popular science and technology, 20 10.06.

[3] Study on several problems in the design of double running stairs in Ospin multi-storey residence [J]. Journal of Nanyang Institute of Technology, Anhui Province, 20 1 1.02.

[4] Cheng Shucheng Stairs [CIP]. Beijing. National Technical Measures for Civil Building Engineering Design, 2009: 162- 166.