What are China's ancient philosophical thoughts?

(1) holds that Tao is the origin of all things in the world and the highest philosophical concept. It is pointed out that "Heaven sends Tao and Tao sends nature" denies the absolute authority of "Destiny" personality God.

(2) Put forward dialectical thought, pointing out that everything has two contradictory aspects, and both contradictory aspects can be transformed into each other. Advocating "keeping quiet" can "defeat the strong with the weak"

(3) Politically, we should "govern by doing nothing", and oppose the use of power to intimidate people, taking the world as the foundation.

(4) It is conservative to advocate the negative thought that "chickens and dogs hear about each other and die of old age".

2. Confucius said:

(1) Confucius' thought of "self-denial and courtesy" embodies his conservative side and violates the law of social development.

(2) His thoughts meet the needs of the rulers to consolidate their rule, and "benevolence", "virtue" and "propriety" are conducive to stabilizing the feudal order and gradually become the mainstream of China's traditional ideology and culture.

(3) Later Confucian scholars carried forward the idea that Confucianism adapted to the development of autocratic monarchy, and improved the status of Confucianism and Confucius, the founder of natural Confucianism.

(4) After the political order was stable in history and the rule was consolidated, Confucius was valued; When the society was in turmoil, Confucius was first criticized.

3. The theoretical basis of Mencius' theory of "benevolent government" is "the theory of good nature". Mencius said, "Everyone has compassion." He believes that goodness is the unique nature of human beings and the fundamental symbol that distinguishes human beings from animals. He also emphasized the importance of educating people and the influence of objective environment on people.

4. The basic requirement of Mozi's virtue is "universal love", that is, being able to love everyone indiscriminately, which is the general principle of Mozi's social and political thought; "Not attacking", that is, opposing attacking and cutting, was Mozi's proposition to solve the extremely prominent merger problem among countries at that time.

Zhuangzi advocated indifferent to fame and fortune, advocated self-cultivation, and quietism. Laozi and Zhuangzi have always been regarded as the ancestor of Taoism, and as a system of China culture, they have greatly enriched the traditional culture. Laozi is profound and reserved, and Zhuangzi is willful and Wang Yang. In Laozi, later generations either talked about the way of using troops or "the skill of the monarch in the south"; In Zhuang, I was surprised by its strange words or worship of it. But one thing is the same: Lao Zi and Zhuangzi are both pioneers of health preservation in China, and both aim at self-cultivation and retirement. During the Warring States period, the society was in turmoil, and the old religious ethics could not maintain people's beliefs. Protecting one's health was a universal social trend of thought. Laozi's "for the world" and "the way to live long" attach importance to and pursue the value of life; Zhuangzi's thoughts, such as "The truth of the Tao lies in treating the body", "Good has no near name, evil has no near punishment, and the governor thinks that the body can be protected, the family can be raised all the year round", all show the thoughts of Laozi and Zhuangzi, emphasizing the existence of life, and people should not be enslaved by things outside. They seldom really talk about it. To sum up, it is "quietness" and "emptiness" that dominate the whole process of health care of Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and "emptiness and quietness" to wait for unpredictable changes, to maintain tacit understanding and harmony with nature, to be content with natural arrangements, to conform to the laws of nature, to forget all the bones of limbs, and to "do what you don't know and do what you don't do"; Call me a cow and call me a horse. "with the beast", with heaven and earth; We should have an empty heart, be aware of the changes in the forms of life and death poverty, and not let them disturb the inner harmony; "Stop communication and close the door", don't be moved by foreign things, sit back and relax, don't be clever, don't play with wisdom, abandon wisdom, don't be disturbed by five tones, and don't be confused by five colors; The combination of emptiness and quietness can achieve "forgetting me" and "losing me", that is, abandoning the false self and maintaining the nature of "truth" and "simplicity", which can be called "reality" and "god". As Laozi said, "weak will", "empty mind", "Changde will always be returned to the baby", "being gentle with special spirit can be like a baby" and "there is nothing to be stingy about managing people and nature". They all ask people to abandon all desires and distractions; As simple and chaotic as a baby, innocent, pay attention to cherish the spirit; As Zhuangzi said, "Breathe out the old and bring forth the new, bear neck and bird stretch out", "Breathe to the heel", concentrate your mind, adjust your breath, and absorb the fresh and natural breath. Just like bears, birds and beasts, "separate heaven and earth, throw away right and wrong and secular" and approach the so-called "Tao", which conforms to the law of health preservation and is Peng Zushou's favorite.