How to date China Guang Cai porcelain from the bottom?

The initial stage of burns

The appearance and development of Guang Cai porcelain is related to Guangzhou's geographical location and foreign trade. Guangzhou is an important entry and exit port for China's foreign trade. In the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684), the maritime ban was lifted, foreign merchant ships increased, and foreign Chinese porcelain was either ordered in Guangzhou or processed by samples, which promoted the production and development of Guang Cai porcelain.

From the middle and late period of Kangxi to the early period of Yongzheng, it should be the initial stage of Guang Cai. No matter whether the master, pigment and plain porcelain are from Jingdezhen or processed according to the pattern of Jingdezhen colored porcelain, there is no definite sample of the age, so the characteristics of Guang Cai are not obvious, and there are few physical objects handed down in China, or it is not clear that they are from Guang Cai.

There are two diamond-shaped openings in the neck and abdomen of Guang Cai Guangkou Character Bottle. The two openings above draw landscapes, while the two openings in the abdomen draw small scenes with clear characters, separated only by brocade, revealing a large white ground instead of the usual ground in Guang Cai, with little gold. There are only five golden flowers on the mouth ribbon, which is the characteristic of early Guang Cai porcelain painting.

Mature stage

Around the Qianlong and Jiaqing periods, Guang Cai porcelain had already presented the style of Guang Cai, and was recognized by the society.

It first appeared in some works and was recorded as the basic feature of "brilliant imitation of foreign porcelain, very gorgeous" During this period, the western red, crane spring color, eggplant color and pink green produced in Guangzhou were mainly used. With these colorful materials, Guang Cai porcelain is as colorful as new clothes.

In terms of pictures, in addition to referring to traditional painting porcelain, we often imitate western painting methods or sample processing. After a long time, it will become a unique style of Guang Cai. For example, the foreign landscape plate in Guang Cai is very simple, but the center of the plate is painted in red, ochre and gold, and the brushwork is like pen-and-ink painting, with distinct shades, imitating the painting method of western painting.

This color is produced in Guangzhou, which is called hemp color in Cantonese jargon. In fact, it is a dark red and black ochre, which is mostly used for exporting porcelain. This color is rarely used in Jingdezhen, Jiangxi. This plate should be a variety processed by samples from abroad.

In the book "Folk Treasures" published, Ganlong Guangcai Plate is a Phnom Penh-shaped flower belt, with a circle of flowers at the junction of the wall and the bottom. There are several broken flowers in the center of the plate, and the emblem of the Portuguese royal family is painted above the flowers, which is no different from the heraldic porcelain processed by the sample.

There is also a colorful trophy bottle in this series. The main decoration inside the belly is a trophy painted with dry red and gold, lined with a small flower. Four petals with tendrils are painted outside the opening and at the folded feet. Fine decoration, colorful, sparse layout, clear priorities, set each other off. It's a very fine product, and it should also be a sample product from foreign businessmen.

Prosperity stage

Guang Cai reached the stage of prosperity from Daoguang to Guangxu in the late Qing Dynasty. It not only absorbed the traditional craft, but also absorbed the artistic essence of Europe and America, and completely formed its own unique style.

Its characteristics are gorgeous, resplendent, moist and fresh, full of composition, complicated but not chaotic, just like the "woven gold colored porcelain" which is inextricably linked and white as jade. At this time, the number of pigments has increased from several in the early days to more than a dozen, making the painting more colorful.

In the aspect of decorative fancy design, the original "no fixed pattern" has been transformed into mass production, so that piecemeal, scattered and individual patterns can be combined into continuous patterns or complete compositions.

For example, the composition of "Weaving Golden Feather" and "Scattered Flowers and Birds" has been further developed and fixed, which can be applied to the composition of all products, such as the whole set of tableware, plates, bowls, spoons and dishes.

The pattern of the whole set of tableware is complete and unified, and the layout is neat, which can accommodate seasonal flowers, birds, insects, fish, figures, landscapes and other themes in one product, because bowls, plates, saucers and other products are all made of a gold ring in the center and four squares in width, with flowers, flowers and butterflies woven with gold as the ground, which can be ever-changing.

At the same time, it is included in a fixed program, which is convenient for batch or complete production. The gold circle in the center can be painted with flowers, birds and stones, as well as badges of foreign trademark or foreign companies, which has strong adaptability, thus promoting the vigorous development of wide-colored porcelain and allowing division of labor in production.

Its representative works, such as colorful flower, bird and butterfly pattern plates made in Qing Dynasty, are full of flowers, birds and butterflies. The painting is exquisite, the color is bright, and it has obvious Guangdong characteristics, so it is called "full-floor style".

The other is the Guang Cai double crane ear bottle with different shapes and superb painters. This is what Guang Cai circles call "gay color". This bottle is not only rich in color, but also rich in gold. It can be described as "resplendent and magnificent" and should be the representative work of wide-colored porcelain in this period.

Guangxu figure flower-and-bird tray, with a width of four squares, takes flowers, fruits and butterflies as the ground, draws flowers and birds under the lamp, facing each other, with a gold ring in the middle and flowers and birds painted inside (foreign trademark can also draw flowers and birds). This fancy can be ever-changing and easy to mass-produce. The industry calls it "weaving gold character feathers".

Participation and innovation

At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, due to the participation of some intellectuals and painters, Guang Cai porcelain painting was innovated, and new painting institutions appeared, such as Guangdong Museum, Yangcheng, Fangcun and Huaguan Porcelain Studio, all of which were handed down in kind.

Guangdong Natural History Chamber of Commerce was founded in the late Qing Dynasty by famous painters such as Gao and Chen. They first opened an art room for painting and colored porcelain in an old house near Baogang, Henan Province, and then jointly established the "Guangdong Natural History Chamber of Commerce", engaged in the research and production of colored porcelain, while making bombs in the kiln of the Natural History Chamber of Commerce and supporting the revolution.

So I painted a lot of colored porcelain at that time. Unfortunately, most of them have been exported, and there are very few left. As far as we know, in the book Gao's Art published by the Hong Kong Museum of Art, there are two works handed down from ancient times: Gao's Mantis Plate and Peony Colorful Bottle.

The Guangzhou Cultural Relics Headquarters has a tall Lion's Plate, and the Guangdong Provincial Museum has a Leng Yue Habitat Plate painted by Pan Lengcan and Chen. Seven sparrows perched on the snow bamboo, and a full moon was painted as the rising moon.

According to the cloud, "Qi Feng painted sparrows, Leng Neng painted bamboos, and Chen Xiu skated" is a very rare commemoration during the Revolution of 1911. The "Porcelain deer herd" painted by monk Gao Jian painted six sika deer in ink. In early spring, deer stand on a land full of soil, fertilizer and grass. The male deer in Lingtou looked up and stared, as if he had found an enemy in the distance, and the fawn stopped eating grass. The expression is vivid and lifelike.

The book reads "Geng Xu (19 10) Gao Jian's works by monks, Guangdong Natural History Chamber of Commerce", and the words "Jian Gong Painting" are printed in red on the lower cover; A colorful birthday tray collected by Guangdong Folk Arts and Crafts Museum depicts an elderly birthday girl struggling to carry a big peach with crutches as a birthday present. Although there are only a few strokes, they are vivid and natural. This poem was written by an old man named Gengzi (1900) Yan Fei in the Natural History Museum.

There is also a seal of "Yangcheng, Fangcun and Huaguan Porcelain Studio" (Figure 13), which is another painted porcelain organization at the same time as the Natural History Chamber of Commerce. Most of the products are landscapes, flowers, birds and figures, and they are rarely decorated with patterns, and their expressions are mostly in the form of traditional Chinese painting.

Later, in addition to several pieces of porcelain painted by Lingnan painters in Guangdong Provincial Museum, Lingnan Art Garden also had some colored porcelain handed down from generation to generation by their proud disciples. As far as we know, Guangzhou Cultural Relics Headquarters has eight sunflower plates in Zhao Shaoang and a big red flower plate in Yang Shanshen.

Extended data:

develop

From the middle of18th century to the beginning of19th century, China porcelain sold well in the world, and the export volume of wide-colored porcelain was also expanding, and the production developed rapidly. Guang Cai porcelain was gradually separated from the firing of copper tire enamel and became an independent industry. In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778), the guild organization-Lingsitang was established.

Guang Cai products are also divided into two categories: artistic porcelain and daily-use porcelain. The painting techniques of appreciating art porcelain are mainly Chinese painting, with exquisite techniques and delicate brushwork. Most of the contents are figures and flowers, as well as stories about western scenery, figures and foreign oil paintings. Household porcelain includes bowls, plates, pots, cups, etc. The coloring method is simple, bold and full of folk decorative flavor.

The production process of Guangzhou colored porcelain is divided into new sample design, line drawing, color filling, edge sealing, color fighting, furnace room and other processes. Composition design pays attention to integrity, unity and harmony, which is the greatest feature of Guang Cai. With the use of new pigments, the painted colors are richer and brighter.

At the beginning of19th century, Guang Cai began to imitate China's satin brocade pattern to decorate porcelain. This technique was called "weaving the ground", and later developed into "weaving the ground with golden water", which was widely used in various porcelains, became a basis of Guang Cai's patterns and colors, and formed the characteristics of "weaving golden colored porcelain" in modern Guang Cai.

Since the use of milk gold as the background color, the color has become more gorgeous, the ground is covered with gold, resplendent and magnificent, and gradually formed a unique style of "accumulating gold and accumulating jade" in Guang Cai. The masters of Lingnan School of Painting have deep roots with Guang Cai. /kloc-At the end of 0/9 and the beginning of the 20th century, Lingnan painters Ju Chao, Ju Lian, Gao Hechen actively participated in the technical research and practice.

Gao Hechen also founded a painted porcelain art room and a porcelain painting factory, which further improved his skills. Liu Qunxing, a senior high school student, created 150 pieces of "Twelve Kings Hit the Ball" porcelain rocket launchers and won the 19 15 Panama World Expo Award.

The style of Guangzhou Zhijin colored porcelain is different from that of Jiangxi colored porcelain represented by Jingdezhen. Guang Cai's style features are as follows: Guang Cai is a technique using China brocade patterns, which is famous for its gorgeous colors, rigorous composition and meticulous painting.

; Guang Cai hooks, traces, weaves and fills with various colors and gold and silver water, just like countless gold and silver colored silk weaves on white jade, which is so dazzling and magnificent. There is a poem that sums up the characteristics of Guang Cai very vividly: "Colored pens are needles, painters are lines, and needles are intertwined vertically and horizontally. Why should brocade embroider spring pictures? Spring flowers fly on silver porcelain. "

After hundreds of years of continuous development and innovation of artists from generation to generation, Guangzhou Zhijin colored porcelain has produced more than 90 ~ 100 dazzling and elegant supporting dinners, tea sets, large leather cups, dishes, pen holders and so on. Guangzhou Zhijin Colored Porcelain Factory was established in 1956, producing 100 various colored patterns.

Among them, the antique "Twin Phoenix in the Morning", "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace", "Goose Egg Keeping the Contract", "Children's Day with Flowers" and "Playing in the Water and River Fun" are the most famous. "Cai Feng 15 pear-shaped safflower tea set" won the ceramic appraisal Excellence Award of the Ministry of Light Industry, and "15 white orchid tea set" won many awards such as the national tourism product Excellence Award.

Guangzhou Zhijin Colored Porcelain Craft Factory, established in 1956, produces more than 100 colorful patterns, among which the antique "Shuangfengyang", "Autumn Moon in the Han Palace", "Goose Egg Keeping the Moon", "Children's Day Flower" and "Playing in the Water" are the most famous. "Cai Feng 15 pear-shaped safflower tea set" won the ceramic appraisal Excellence Award of the Ministry of Light Industry, and "15 white orchid tea set" won many awards such as the national tourism product Excellence Award.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Guang Cai