Characteristics of the Development of Ancient Chinese Poetry

Poetry is a literary genre that reflects social life in a highly concentrated way, it is full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination, the language is condensed and figurative, with distinctive rhythms, harmonious rhythms, rich in musical beauty, the statements are generally arranged in rows, focusing on the beauty of the structural form.

China's modern poet and literary critic He Qifang once said: "Poetry is a literary style that reflects social life in the most concentrated way, it is full of rich imagination and feelings, often expressed in a direct lyrical way, and in the degree of refinement and harmony, especially in the distinctive rhythms, its language is different from the language of prose. " This defining statement summarizes several basic features of poetry: first, highly concentrated and generalized reflection of life; second, lyrical speech, full of rich thoughts and feelings; third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; fourth, language with musical beauty.

As far as literary genres are concerned, classical poetry is a language art that takes Chinese language as its carrier and reproduces life with the harmony of language rhythm. Classical poetry is one of the two major genres of Chinese poetry according to the time of its creation. Chinese poetry is divided into classical poetry and modern poetry. Classical poetry is divided into classical style poetry and classical metrical poetry. Modern poetry is divided into modern metrical poetry and modern style poetry. What is Classical Metrical Poetry? As far as literary genres are concerned, Classical Metrical Poetry is a linguistic art that uses the Chinese language as the carrier, and reproduces life with the highest harmony of linguistic rhythm and expresses feelings and aspirations. Classical metered poems include close poems (Rhythmic Poetry, Rhythmic Poetry, and Rhythmic Poetry), lyrics, and songs. Classical metered poetry has strict rules, and there are clear requirements on the number of words, the number of lines, the level, the pairing, and the use of rhyme. What is Classical Style Poetry? As far as literary genres are concerned, Classical Style Poetry is a linguistic art that uses the Chinese language as the carrier and reproduces life with the general harmony of linguistic rhythms and expresses feelings and aspirations. Classical style poems include Shijing (Classic of Poetry), Chushu (Chu Rhetoric), Yuefu (Lefu), and Gu Shi (Ancient Poetry). Classical style poetry is relatively free, not bound to the battle, level and oblique, rhyme is wider, length is not limited, the sentence has four words, five words, six words, seven words and miscellaneous words. Those who use both three, five and seven words are generally counted as seven words.

Chinese poetry is often called "poetry" or "poetry and song". Chinese poetry has a long history, and the early poems include Shijing, Chushi, and Han Lefu. According to Zhao Yi's statistics, there are 217 quotations from Zuo Zhuan (左传). The Tang, Song and Yuan dynasties were the heyday of poems, which were generally called Tang poems, Song lyrics and Yuan songs. However, ancient poems and proximate poems had already appeared before the Tang Dynasty, and there were also many poems composed after the Tang and Song dynasties. Poetry has certain metrical requirements, and it has been proved that many poems could have been sung, but most of the music has been lost. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, there was a rise in chapter book novels and operas, many of which contained poems.

Poetry not only expresses the author's thoughts and feelings, but also reflects the society and culture, rich in imagination, the language has a rhythmic rhyme, and the traditional poetry often has certain requirements on the structure and format. Poetry is characterized by the fact that it can be read, recited, or performed in combination with other art forms. Poems often use specific images and techniques to make words mean more than they appear to, or to evoke emotions.

Poetry is the expression of the heart in response to a situation, the expression of emotion in response to art - from the Preface to the Three Hundred Poems of Wu Gui, by Zhao Yu. Poetry is the world's oldest and most basic form of literature, a literary genre that expounds the mind, while poets need to master mature artistic skills and follow the requirements of certain syllables, tones and rhythms to use condensed language, abundant emotions and rich imagery to express social life and the world of human spirit in a highly concentrated manner. According to Confucius, poems have four functions: Xing (兴), Guan (观), Qun (群) and Gao (怨). Lu Ji, on the other hand, believed that "Poetry is beautiful because of its emotions". In ancient China, what is not musical is called poetry, and what is musical is called song, and later the two are collectively called poetry.

Poetry is a large literary style. It requires a high degree of concentration to summarize and reflect social life, full of rich thoughts and feelings and imagination, sophisticated language and strong figurative, and has a certain rhythm and rhyme, generally arranged in lines it appeared in a variety of literary genres in the earliest. Poetry is divided into narrative and lyric poetry according to the presence or absence of a storyline; metrical and free verse according to the presence or absence of meter; and rhymed and unrhymed poetry according to the presence or absence of rhyme.

Poetry in modern Chinese is interpreted as a literary genre that expresses feelings and aspirations. As stated in Mao Poetry - The Great Preface, "Poetry is where the will is. In the heart is the will, and speech is poetry". Song Yan Canglang "Poetry" cloud: "Poetry, chanting feelings also". In ancient China, what is not musical is called poetry, what is musical is called song, and in modern times it is collectively called poetry. There is only one kind of art that is expressed in words, and that is poetry.

In ancient China, what was not musical was called poetry, what was musical was called song, and in modern times it is generally called poetry. It expresses social life and the spiritual world of man according to the requirements of certain syllables and rhymes. The origin of poetry can be traced back to ancient times. There were relevant documents recorded during the period of Yu and Shun. The Book of Poetry is the first collection of poems in China, which is rumored to have been compiled by Confucius. In recent years, there are still debates in the academic circles about this issue. Ancient Chinese poetry has gone through the development of Han, Wei and six dynasties of music, Tang poetry, Song lyrics and Yuan music. The Book of Han - Rituals and Music: "The saying of peace is difficult to form, it is sent in poetry and chants, bells and stones and strings." Han Xunyue "Han Ji - Huidi Ji" as "poetry game". Tang Han Yu "Yunzhou Xitang poem" preface: "Although, the work of the hall, meaning that it is called, and rasping no poetry, is not to cite the public morality and receive the state people in the road also." Ming Wang Griddle, "Zhenze long language - official system": "Tang and Song Hanlin, extremely strict place, see more than in poetry." Lu Xun, "Letters to Dou Yinfu": "Although there are two kinds of poetry, the eye and the mouth, the latter is better." Kong Yu, Suo County Literary and Historical Materials-Yuan's Lu Garden: "Yuan's (Yuan Keli) Lu Garden is located in the Mingfeng Gate. ...... Whenever there is a good day or a festival, the literati and celebrities in the state gather here. The poems recited were later aloe into a special collection called Penglai Jisheng."

In ancient times, information technology was not developed, so it was very inconvenient for people to transmit information from this area to that area, so they compiled the written poems into songs, and the poems were transmitted from people's mouths; the poems originated from the social life of the ancient times, and it was a form of rhythmic and emotional language due to the labor and production, the love of the two sexes, and the primitive religion. Shangshu - Yushu: "Poetry speaks of the will, songs sing of the word, sound is based on the eternal, the rhythm and the sound." The Book of Rites - The Record of Music: "Poetry speaks its will; song chants its voice; dance moves its face; all three originate in the heart, and then musical instruments follow." In the early days, poetry and song were combined with music and dance. Poetry is the lyrics, in the actual performance is always with the music, dance and singing, later poetry, song, music and dance are developed separately, independent of the body, poetry and song collectively referred to as poetry.

Poetry is the oldest and most literary literary style, which originated from the labor trumpets (later developed into folk songs) and ritual chants in the ancient times. Poetry was originally a general term for poetry and song, and poetry combined with music and dance was collectively known as poetry. Chinese poetry has a long history and a rich heritage, such as, "The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Han Lefu" as well as the works of countless poets. Poetry in Europe was started by poets such as Homer and Sappho in ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in ancient Rome.

The development of poetry has gone through the development of "The Classic of Poetry" → "Chu Rhetoric" → "Han Fugue" → "Han Lefu Poetry" → "Jian'an Poetry" → "Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties Folk Songs" → "Tang Poetry" → "Song Lyrics" → "Yuan Qu" → "Ming and Qing Dynasty Poetry" → "Modern Poetry".

1. Poetry can be divided into two categories, archaic and proximal poetry, according to meter. Ancient and modern poems are concepts formed in the Tang Dynasty, which are divided from the point of view of the sound of the poem.

(1) Ancient-style poetry: including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Rhetoric, and Lefu poetry. "Song", "song line", "citation", "song", "chants " and other ancient poetic genres of poetry also belong to the ancient style of poetry. Ancient style poems do not emphasize on the pairing, and the rhyme is more free. The development trajectory of the ancient style poetry: The Classic of Poetry → Chu Rhetoric → Han Fu → Han Lefu → Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties folk songs → Jian'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati quintuple poems → Tang Dynasty's ancient style and new music.

①Chu Rhetoric: a form of poetry created by Qu Yuan of the State of Chu during the Warring States period, characterized by the use of the Chu dialect, sound and rhyme, with a strong color of the Chu region. Liu Xiang of the Eastern Han Dynasty edited the "Chu Rhetoric", the whole book of seventeen, mainly Qu Yuan's works, and Qu Yuan's works and "Li Sao" as a masterpiece, and later people also called "Chu Rhetoric" for "Sao Style".

②Lefu: Lefu is since the Qin Dynasty, the court set up the management of music institutions, large-scale expansion of the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, collected a large number of poems from the private sector, collectively known as the Han Lefu. Later on, lefu became a genre of poetry. (In 1976, a button bell was unearthed in the mausoleum area of the first Qin emperor, with the inscription "Lefu" in gold, and in 2000, a sealing clay of the "Lefu Seal" was unearthed at the Qin site in Xi'an, further confirming this historical fact, which did not begin during the period of the Han Emperor.)

(2) Proximity Poetry: Proximity Poetry, also known as Modern Poetry, as opposed to Ancient Poetry, is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is divided into two kinds, with strict regulations on the number of words, lines, leveling and rhyming, etc. The first one is a kind of poetry, and the second one is a kind of poetry.

1) One kind of poem is called "Jiejie" (绝句), which consists of four lines each, five lines for short, and seven lines for short.

②A type of poem is called "Rhythmic Poetry", each eight lines, five lines of the abbreviation of the pentameter, the abbreviation of the seven lines of the abbreviation of the seven lines of the abbreviation, more than eight lines is known as a row of rhythms (or long rhythms).

Rhythmic poems are extremely strict, with fixed lines (in addition to the rhyming meter), fixed words, fixed rhymes (fixed rhyming positions), fixed sounds (fixed levels and tones of the words in the poem), and fixed pairs (the two lines in the middle of a rhythmic poem must be in contrast to each other). For example, in the Rhythmic Poetry, which originated in the North and South Dynasties and matured in the early Tang Dynasty, there are eight lines in four couplets in each poem, and the number of words in each line must be the same, which can be four or five rhymes; the middle two couplets must be paired, and the second, fourth, sixth, and eighth lines must rhyme, and the first line may or may not be rhymed. If in the poems on the basis of a fixed pattern to be laid out to continue to more than ten lines, it is called row, in addition to the first and last two couplets, the upper and lower sentences are required to fight, there are also relative to the intervals, known as the "fan pair". Another example is that the stanzas are only four lines and two couplets, also known as the absolute poem, truncated lines, broken lines, and there are certain requirements for leveling, rhyming, and coupling. From top to bottom, it is divided into the first couplet, the third couplet, the neck couplet, and the last couplet.

(3) words: also known as poems, long and short sentences, songs, songs, words, music and so on. Its characteristics: the tune has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, the word has a fixed sound. The number of words can be categorized into long tunes (91 words or more), middle tunes (59~90 words), and small orders (58 words or less). Words can be divided into monotone and diatonic, diatonic is divided into two sections, the level and number of words in the two sections are equal or roughly equal, monotone has only one section. A section of a word is called a section or a piece, the first section is called the first section, the first section, the first piece, and the second section is called the second section, the second section, the next section, the next piece.

(4) Qu: It is also known as the word Yu, Lefu. Yuanqu includes loose songs and miscellaneous dramas. Prose song rose in Jin, flourished in Yuan, the style is similar to the word. Characteristics: the number of words can be fixed outside the liner notes, more use of colloquialisms. Prose song includes two kinds of songs: Xiao Ling and Suo Nu (set of songs). Sets are coherent sets of songs, at least two songs, more dozens of songs. Each set of numbers is the first song of the first song as a full set of song names, the full set must be the same Gong tone. It has no bingbai kojie, and is only for singing.

2. According to the content to be classified: can be divided into narrative poetry, lyric poetry, farewell poetry, border poetry, landscape and garden poetry, wistful poetry (ahistorical poetry), aphorisms, eulogies, satirical poems.

(1) Ancient poems.

Generally, they are nostalgic for ancient figures and deeds. The poems are often twisted together with historical facts and realities, either lamenting personal encounters or attacking social realities. For example, Su Shi's "Nian Nujiao - Red Cliff Huai Gu" laments personal encounters, contradictions between ideals and realities, and the fact that he is over half a hundred years old and has no success in his endeavors. Xin Qiji's "Yongyoule - Jingkou Beigu Pavilion Huaigu" expresses dissatisfaction with the court and attacks the social reality. Some poems about history are only calm and rational thinking and evaluation of history, or only objective narratives, in which the poet's own encounter is not included, and the poet's feelings are only a voice outside the picture. For example, Liu Yuxi's "Wuyi Lane" expresses the poet's sense of the vicissitudes of history by comparing the present with the past.

(2) Aria.

The characteristics of aria poetry: the content of an object as the object of description, to seize some of its features to describe. Ideology is often a symbol of the will of the object. From the object to the person, from the real to the virtual, write the spiritual character. Commonly used metaphor, symbolism, anthropomorphism, contrast and other means of expression.

(3) Landscape idylls.

Cao Cao pioneered landscape poetry, Tao Yuanming pioneered idyllic poetry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and in the Tang Dynasty, there was a school of landscape and idyllic poetry, represented by Wang Wei and Meng Haoran. Landscape idyllic poetry is characterized by the depiction of natural scenery, rural landscape, and the peaceful and quiet life of a hermit. The poems are timeless and beautiful, the style is quiet and elegant, and the language is clear and concise.

(4) War poetry.

From the pre-Qin Dynasty, there have been poems with the theme of border and war, and the development of the Tang Dynasty, due to the frequent wars, the rulers emphasized the military over the literature, and the scholars invited to the border to gain fame and fortune much easier than by the imperial examination, coupled with the atmosphere of the Tang Dynasty that is positively using the world, and the vigorous and enterprising times, so the strange feelings of the magnificent border poems were greatly developed, forming a new school of poetry, and its representatives are Gao Shi, Cen Sen, and Wang Changling. Wang Changling.

(5) Traveling poems and poems about women's grievances.

Ancient people or long-time eunuchs outside, or long-term displacement, or long garrison border, will always cause strong homesickness and nostalgia, so this kind of poems are especially, they or write about the thoughts of the detained travelers, or write about homesickness of friends and relatives, or write about the conscripts homesickness, or write about the girlfriends in the bosom of nostalgia. They are written about the sadness of the scenery, the feelings of the time, the feelings of the objects, the feelings of the dreams, or the feelings of the metaphors.

(6) Farewell poems.

In ancient times, due to the inconvenience of transportation and underdeveloped communication, it was often difficult to see friends and relatives for several years, so the ancients attached special importance to parting. On the occasion of parting, people often set up a wine farewell, willow send-off, and sometimes have to recite poems to say goodbye, so the feeling of parting has become an eternal theme of the ancient literati. Because of the different circumstances of each person, the specific content and ideological tendency of the farewell poem is often different. Some of the direct expression of the feelings of parting, some of the use of a spit in the chest of the accumulated anger or to show that the will, some of the heavy in the writing of parting sadness, some heavy in the exhortation, encouragement, comfort, and some of both.

To summarize, there are nine main types: 1 satire 2 love 3 philosophy 4 farewell 5 landscape 6 ambition 7 imagination 8 story 9 thought.

The classification of poetic styles is a complex issue. Now, just on the general view, we will briefly talk about the poetic styles of the Han, Wei, Six Dynasties and Tang and Song dynasties.

The poetry of the Han, Wei, and Sixth Dynasties, generally known as ancient poetry, includes the ancient rhetoric of the Han and Wei Lefu, the folk songs of the North and South Dynasties Lefu, and the poetry of the literati of this period. Lefu was originally the name of an official office. Lefu song lyrics were collected by the Lefu organs and set to music for it to be sung. The chapter "Wenxin Diao Long - Lefu" says: "All music words are said to be poems, and the sound of poems is said to be songs." From this we can see the relationship between the three concepts of poetry, song and music: poetry refers to the poet's song, song refers to the music that goes with the poem, and music refers to both. Later on, the works written by copying or imitating the old music genre, though without music, can also be called music. In the Middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and others started a new music movement, creating new themes and writing about current events, and thus called it new music.

Poetry after the Tang Dynasty can be roughly divided into two categories: proximity poetry and ancient poetry in terms of meter. The modern style poems are also called modern style poems, and they have a certain meter. Ancient style poems are generally called ancient style, which are written according to the ancient style of poetry, and the form is relatively free from the constraints of the meter.

From the point of view of the number of words in a verse, there are the so-called quatrains, pentameter and heptameter. Quatrains are four-character stanzas, pentameter is five-character stanzas, and heptameter is seven-character stanzas. After the Tang Dynasty, quatrains were rare, so they were usually divided into only two categories: pentameter and heptameter. Five-character poems are abbreviated as wugu; seven-character poems are abbreviated as qigu; and those in which three, five, or seven characters are used in combination are usually counted as qigu. The pentameter poems are referred to as pentameter, with a limit of eight lines of forty characters; the heptameter poems are referred to as heptameter, with a limit of eight lines of fifty-six characters. Those with more than eight stanzas are called long stanzas. Long stanzas are usually pentameter. Only four lines are called stanzas; five stanzas*** twenty words, seven stanzas*** twenty-eight words. The stanzas can be categorized into two types, the metrical stanzas and the ancient stanzas. The absolute is subject to the limitations of level and oblique meter, while the ancient absolute is never subject to the limitations of level and oblique meter. The ancient absolute is generally limited to five.

Previously

-oral ballads.

Pre-Qin - two major sources of poetic development:

1. Source of realism: Western Zhou to Spring and Autumn Poetry.

2. Romanticism source: "Chu Rhetoric" in the late Warring States period (representative writer: Qu Yuan).

Han Dynasty - Han Lefu "On the Evil", "Stranger in the Land", "Southeast Flight of the Peacock".

(Late Han Dynasty) Literati quintet of poems "Nineteen Ancient Poems" ("Wading in the River to Pick Hibiscus").

Wei, Jin, and North-South Dynasties:

1. Jian'an Literature:

Three Cao (Cao Cao , Cao Zhi, and Cao Pi ).

The Seven Sons of Jian'an (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Ch'ung, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Ying Jie, Liu Zhen).

(Literary Characteristics: Jian'an Style and Hanwei Style).

2. Zhengshi Literature: Representative writers: Ruan Ji and Jikang.

3, two Jin literature: Western Jin: Zuo Si.

Eastern Jin Dynasty: Tao (Tao Yuanming: created the idyllic poetry school); Xie (Xie Lingyun: created the landscape poetry school).

4. North and South Dynasties period (the greatest achievement was the development of folk songs).

South Dynasty folk songs: literary features: narrow subject matter (love), colorful style, and the use of puns.

Representative work "West Island Song".

North Dynasty Folk Songs: Literary Characteristics: Wide range of subjects, robust style, and straightforward language.

Mulan Diction (represents the highest achievement of Northern Dynasty folk songs).

Literati Poetry Creation: Representative poets: Bao Zhao, Xie Wu, Geng Xin.

Sui, Tang, and Five Dynasties - The Four Masters of the Early Tang Dynasty: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Binwang, and Chen Zi'ang.

The Tang Dynasty: Poetry Immortal (Li Bai) and Poetry Sage (Du Fu), the "Twin Stars" of Chinese poetry.

School of landscape and idyllic poetry: Wang Wei and Meng Haoran.

Border Poetry School: Gao Shi, Cen Sen, Li Chip, Wang Changling.

Middle Tang: Han and Meng (Han Yu, Meng Jiao - stylistic features of poetry: strange and dangerous).

Yuan Bai (Yuan Zhen, Bai Juyi - stylistic features of poetry: plain and straightforward language).

Li He (known as the "Ghost of Poetry" - stylistic features of poetry: treacherous poetry).

Late Tang Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu, Wen Tingyun poetry style characteristics: elegance.

Song Dynasty - Song Poetry - Song poetry emphasizes the interest of reason Jiangxi Poetry School: Huang Tingjian, Chen Shidao, Chen Heyi, Yang Wanli ("Chengzhai style"), Su Shi.

Song Lyrics (Euphemism: Liu Yong, Li Qingzhao, Magnificence: Su Shi, Xin Qiji).

Yuan Dynasty - Four Great Masters of Yuan Qu (Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu ).

Qing Dynasty - Qing Poetry (Gong Zizhen) and Qing Lyrics (Nalan Seide).

China's earliest general collection of poetry, the Book of Poetry.

System: "Wind, Elegance`, Ode".

The essence of realism in the "National Style".

Methods of expression: Fu (narrative), Bi (metaphor), Xing (rising).

Sentences are mainly in four lines, with double rhymes.

Chinese Romanticism--Chu Rhetoric.

Characteristics of Ch'u Rhetoric:

1. Romanticism with rich imagination, beautiful rhetoric and gorgeous style.

2. "All of them are written in the Chu language, made in the Chu voice, record the Chu land, and name the Chu objects", which has a strong local color.

3. The phrases of Chu Rhetoric are varied and full of changes, and the length is generally long.

4, commonly used tone auxiliary "Ruoxi" (the end of the sentence: to strengthen the overall tone, in the sentence: table pause)

The founder: patriotic poet - Qu Yuan.

Representative work: "Li Sao": "Li Sao", as the peak of the art of Chu Rhetoric and representative, in the history of literature and the "Classic of Poetry" and "Wind and Sao", exemplary for generations to come.

Qin Dynasty: The Qin Dynasty practiced a policy of cultural dictatorship, burning books and burying scholars, and died in the second century, leaving almost no literature to speak of. In addition to the few surviving inscribed texts extolling the virtues of the Qin Emperor, Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance" is one of the few outstanding prose chapters of the period.

Lefu Poetry of the Han Dynasty:

Lefu: an organization that collected folk songs, organized them, and set them to music.

Content: Inheriting the realist tradition of the Book of Songs "Shangxiao" and "Stranger's Mulberry".

Language: simple and natural, lively and vivid.

Syntax: mainly in five lines, "Nineteen Ancient Poems" represents the highest peak of five-line lyric poetry in the Han Dynasty.

Xie Lingyun - started the school of landscape poetry.

Christian Tang:

Christian Tang Four Heroes: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Luo Binwang, Lu Zhaolin

Chen Zi'ang established a new poetic style that was high and majestic, robust and powerful.

The Song of Ascending to the Terrace of Youzhou

Nothing has been seen before, nothing will be seen after. I think of the longevity of heaven and earth, and I feel a sense of pathos!

Zhang Ruoxu's "Moonlit Night of Spring River Flowers" is a "lone piece of writing".

The Shengtang: music, songs, poems, and stanzas, each in its own style; realism and romanticism complemented each other; the Border Plug School and the Landscape and Rural Poetry School, each presenting a different color.

The highest achievement: Li Bai and Du Fu.

Li Bai (Poetry Immortal) adopted the essence of "Qu, Zhuang" and the spirit of "Confucianism, Immortality and Chivalry", and formed a unique style of Romantic poetry. The ambition to build a career, the bitterness of unrecognized talent, and the magnificent mountains and rivers, all of which are reflected in his poems.

Du Fu (Sage of Poetry), with his heart of worry for the country and the people, recorded the social phenomena in the process of the feudal society of the Tang Dynasty from extreme prosperity to extreme decline in the form of poetry. The main creative spirit of his poems was "the poor years of worrying about the people", which also formed his somber and staccato style.

The Late Tang Dynasty: The decline of the society made Tang poetry like a sunset.

Song Dynasty:

The emergence of the word: In the late Tang and Fifth Dynasties, the word became a new poetic form parallel to the poem. Wen Tingjun, Wei Zhuang's words have been successful. The words of Li Yu, the later lord of the Southern Tang Dynasty, had high artistic attainments, and after the Song Dynasty, the works were stripped of the playful and obscene atmosphere of court life, and the feelings of the country's destruction and the hidden pain of personal tragedy filled the room.

Song lyrics:

Two major genres of Song lyrics: the euphemistic and the bold.

The four great poets of the Southern Song Dynasty: Lu You, You Jang, Fan Chengda, and Yang Wanli.

Yuan Dynasty:

Representative writers of Yuan dynasty compositions: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu, Zhang Yanghao, and Zhang Kejiu.

The history of Chinese poetry is roughly as follows: songs to poems, poems to lyrics, lyrics to songs.