Wild mushrooms kill some people every year. Why do people love them so much?

Poisonous mushrooms are hard to distinguish.

The scientific name of mushroom is mushroom, also known as macrofungi. There are many kinds, more than 36 thousand kinds. In the Dietary Guidelines for China Residents (20 16), mushrooms are classified as fungi and algae. This kind of food contains protein, polysaccharide, β -carotene and minerals such as iron, zinc and selenium, and is also widely distributed in forests, grasslands, plains and roadsides. The growth of the same mushroom is seasonal and needs a certain temperature and humidity to grow. In China, June-September is the peak of mushroom growth every year, and its survival time is short, ranging from several hours to several days.

There are more than 1000 kinds of edible mushrooms and more than 400 kinds of poisonous mushrooms known in China, among which more than 40 kinds of mushrooms are very toxic and may be fatal to people. Amanita, such as gray pattern, and the deadly white poison umbrella are both highly toxic wild mushrooms. People who eat by mistake will have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and other symptoms, and in severe cases will be unconscious, leading to death. The toxins contained in the deadly poisonous umbrella are mainly toxic peptides and toxic peptides, which are high in fresh poisonous mushrooms and mainly damage internal organs, especially the liver and kidneys.

▲ Grey pattern amanita (picture from the Internet)

▲ deadly white poison umbrella (picture from the network)

Poisonous mushrooms are so dangerous, how to identify them? It is found that poisonous mushrooms are usually brightly colored, and mushroom umbrellas often have bright spots such as red, purple and yellow, and the bottom is red and the shape is abnormal. You can smell that strange smell with your nose. Moreover, on the umbrella handle with poisonous mushrooms, there are often fungus wheels, and the roots are full of sacs. When tearing the umbrella handle by hand, it is not easy to tear. However, in the wild, because there are many kinds of wild mushrooms, it is difficult for non-professionals to identify them only by experience and characteristics such as shape, smell and color. Some non-toxic mushrooms are often mixed with toxic mushrooms, which are similar in appearance and easy to be eaten by mistake. Poisoning by eating poisonous mushrooms happens all over the world every year.

Cultural tradition has a far-reaching influence on the phenomenon of eating wild mushrooms.

Over the years, in order to prevent mushroom poisoning, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and other poisoning-prone areas have carried out extensive popular science education on wild mushroom poisoning and made great efforts. However, the number of people poisoned by wild mushrooms remains high. Occasionally, a series of popular science measures were carried out during the year, and the number of poisoned people decreased. With the same popular science measures next year, the number of poisoned people will increase again. "

"When I went deep into the grassroots, I found that the cognition and behavior of ordinary people who really eat food are difficult to change. In the investigation, we saw a very contradictory scene. On the one hand, every year from May to June, 65438+ 10, popular science activities are in full swing, and poisoning deaths are broadcasted in a rolling way. On the other hand, eating food in mountainous areas is determined to be eaten, not only by ordinary people, but also by relevant science popularization personnel.

Effective popular science works need to fully understand audience cognition.

In the eyes of people who eat mushrooms, TV is the most commonly used channel for them to get information. They trust rural sages or neighborhood committees who know the local situation very well, but they don't agree with popular science personnel. "More than 80% of our audience think they have enough knowledge, ability and resources to eat safe wild mushrooms, and 80% of our audience think they have never picked them indiscriminately. When the audience feels that they have enough knowledge, we will talk about it, and they will be very annoyed. "

Therefore, communication is not an isolated act, which requires a professional and profound insight into the cognitive laws of the audience. The risk of Wild Mushroom reminds us that if the target of popular science is not the real high-risk group, if the communication channel is not the channel that the audience depends on, and if the content does not touch the key factors that affect the audience's cognition and behavior, the basic effect of popular science communication will be minimal.

Science popularization personnel need to establish local poisoning case libraries in areas, towns and villages where wild mushroom poisoning is high, and they can choose local cases to carry out science popularization according to local conditions every year to enhance the influence of science popularization.

At the same time, strengthen the strength of schools and families, enhance the family penetration and participation in popular science activities, and take the lead in blocking the high-risk behavior of eating wild mushrooms at the child level and blocking the food culture. In addition, it is suggested to establish a free hotline for high-risk groups, such as mountainous rural areas, in order to enhance the trust of relevant institutions, position themselves as equal helpers, rather than high-ranking educators, and criticize the ignorance of the audience.

Effective communication needs to fully understand the audience, whether it is the risk of wild mushroom poisoning or other risks, it needs to change from one-way knowledge propaganda to two-way communication centered on the audience, and the goal of communication has also changed from one-way notification to influencing cognitive and behavioral changes.