What impact did the doctrines of Confucius and Siddhartha Gautama have on mankind?

The essence of Confucius' thoughts and doctrines is more centrally found in the book "The Analects of Confucius", which consists of 21,000 words in 20 articles. The Analects of Confucius is a record of Confucius' words and deeds, and also a record of the words and deeds of his disciples, and a memorial of his words and deeds by Confucius and his re-transmitted disciples. This book has had a profound and great influence on Chinese history. Its ideological content, way of thinking, and values have all long been incorporated into the blood of our nation, precipitated in our lives, and molded into our national personality. The book "The Analects of Confucius" focuses on the core connotation of Confucianism ---- Ren. Ren" is the center of all theories, and all the norms of "ren" and "joy" are but means to achieve the final perfection of "ren". "All the norms of ren and music are but means to serve the realization of the final perfection of morality.

The Analects of Confucius, as a representative of Chinese culture, was introduced to Korea and Japan as early as the Qin and Han dynasties, and was designated as a compulsory subject for Japanese students in the Japanese "Order of the Great Treasure," and was translated into Latin by the missionary Matteo Ricci in 1594, and then into Italian, French, German, English, and Russian, and widely disseminated in the Western countries.

Confucius centered his thought on the concept of "benevolence", which means "loving others". He put forward the arguments of "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you" and "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you", advocated the way of "loyalty and forgiveness", and thought that the implementation of a "benevolent government" would be a good idea. He also thought that the implementation of "benevolent government" should be regulated by "rites": "To restore oneself to the rites is to be benevolent". He was skeptical about the religious superstitions of ghosts and gods since Yin and Zhou, thinking that "if you don't know how to be born, how can you know how to serve the ghosts" and "if you don't know your fate, you can't be a gentleman". Also focus on the combination of "learning" and "thinking", put forward "learning without thinking is confusing, thinking without learning is dangerous" and "learning from the past to understand the new He put forward the ideas of "learning without thinking is confusing, thinking without learning is perilous" and "learning new things by learning new things". He was the first to create the trend of private lectures, advocating teaching according to ability, "teaching without class", "learning without boredom, tireless in teaching", and emphasizing that "a gentleman who learns the way will love people, while a small man who learns the way will be easy to make". Politically, he put forward the idea of "correcting the name", believing that "a ruler, a minister, a father, a son" should all live up to their "name", and put forward the idea of "do not worry about scarcity but worry about equality, do not worry about poverty but worry about and put forward the view that "do not worry about being poor, but worry about not being even; do not worry about being poor, but worry about being uneasy". Since the Western Han Dynasty, the teachings of Confucius have become the cultural orthodoxy of feudal society for more than 2,000 years and have had a profound impact.

When it comes to governing the country, Confucius attaches great importance to people's suffering, calls for benevolent government, and hopes that the ruler will treat the people with benevolence and righteousness, saying that "a tyrannical government is fiercer than a tiger", and emphasizes that no matter what the decrees and regulations are, the ruler should first set a good example by himself, and that "if his body is correct, he should not act without orders; if his body is not correct, even though he has been ordered not to act". He also emphasized that no matter what laws and regulations are in place, the ruler should first set a good example. In interpersonal interactions, Confucius emphasized loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" is to be faithful and honest to others, and to do one's duty; "forgiveness" is to do unto others, "Do not do unto others what you would not have them do unto you". "A gentleman's man is beautiful, not a man's evil". Confucius advocated self-love and love for others. Confucius was cautious about the fate of heaven, and believed in the power of man himself. He believed that "nature is similar, but habits are far apart", and that everything depends on one's own efforts. Of course, there are some ideas in the Analects of Confucius that are contrary to the trend of history, such as his political tendency towards retrofuturism, his over-emphasis on hierarchy and order, and his introverted personality values, etc. All of which undeniably bring negative impacts on the development of Chinese society and need to be corrected with modern consciousness. But the flaws do not obscure the good, in the pre-Qin era when human civilization was just dawning, our ancestors had such a profound wisdom of life, which is enough to make us, the descendants, proud of it.

Educational contribution

Confucius, the giant of culture, taught by "Poetry", "Book", "Rites", "Music", and demonstrated by his great personality in every word and action, every movement and stillness. It is he opened the history of China's first private lectures, the previous learning in the government, cultural knowledge is the patent of the aristocrats of the phenomenon, transplanted to the people. He firstly put forward the policy of "teaching without discrimination", regardless of the poor, rich and poor, all can be taught in him. In the disciples, poor as Yan Hui, rich as Zi Gong, as expensive as Meng Yi Zi, but the vast majority of the children of the common people, from Wei, Qi, Chen, Wu ...... and other countries, can be said to be full of peaches and plums. The purpose of his teaching is to pass on his doctrine of humanism. That is, self-restoration for benevolence, change the students' temperament, personality achievement, improve the realm of life, and ultimately become a thing. That is to say, to create the pillars of the country and the world. We also adopt the "teaching according to ability" and heuristic methods to cultivate students' "learning from time to time", "learning from the past", "learning without thinking is confusing, thinking without learning is perilous, thinking without learning is dangerous". Thinking without learning is dangerous", "Knowing is knowing, not knowing is not knowing", "Three people must be my teacher", "not ashamed to ask". ...... and other demeanor. More with his teaching spirit, the students into the caring mother like a mother, like a strict father like a guide to the right way, like a friend like a long consultation, not because of their talent and achievement. Such as Zi Lamb's stupidity, Zeng Sen's Lu, Zi Zhang's radicalism, Zi Lu's vulgarity ...... all become great. In particular, Zeng Zi was able to get the whole of the Tao and take the responsibility of preaching the Tao, and became a Zong Sheng. The best of them are: Yan Hui, Min Ziqian, Ran Bo Niu, Zhong Gong. Language: Zai I, Zi Gong. Politics: Ran Qiu, Zi Lu. Literature: Ziyou, Zixia four subjects *** ten people. Confucius*** had three thousand disciples. Those who were proficient in the six arts were seventy-two. Therefore, he was able to promote and pass down the vast traditional culture.

Because Confucius in the lecture, the effort has reached the degree of incomparable, so that the disciples feel, the teacher's heart and soul of good intentions. Therefore, the disciples all revered him from the bottom of their hearts. They followed, served, and defended him; they traveled with him on the road and around the world, suffering hardship and hunger without complaint. When someone denigrated Confucius, they told him, "Don't be self-important". When he was in danger, he sacrificed his life to protect him. When Confucius died, his disciples mourned for their parents and stayed at his grave for three years. Zigong was alone for six years. The spirit of honoring the teacher is still a good story today. It is well deserved for the later generations to honor Confucius as the "Most Sacred Teacher". Many of his educational theories and methods are inexhaustible and valuable resources for today's educators. We all know that Mr. Kong Qiu had three thousand disciples and seventy of them were proficient in the six arts. At that time, there seems to be no school management system, the three thousand disciples of their respective surnames who can not be tested, as for the Temple of Confucius to enjoy the seventy-two disciples, however, these gentlemen are ancient characters, we look across thousands of years of history, as if the fairy mist in the head of the gods, shadow can only be seen roughly, can not be seen to be the slightest. And our ancient publishing industry is really backward amazing, all the literature, all rely on the knife to carve, all the hard work, it is inevitable that there is a mistake, to the blackmail; there are more classes love to pull the so-called senior, will be wrong, haphazardly explain a pass, and even explained the infinite meaning, and even be used as a classic of the irrevocable. Thus, the three boars are ridiculous. If, unfortunately, there are two or more people, each with a different version, then things are even bigger, have to fight each other a bloodbath. So the ancient things, obviously is the same thing, but we can see different or even the opposite title and say. For example, the honorable names of the seventy-two saints of this Confucius Sect. The Historical Records - Zhongni disciples biography" and "Confucius family language - seventy-two disciples to solve", are considered authoritative information, but it is also quite different, such as Zi Sheng in the "Historical Records" on the name of Le Cough, in the "family language" on the name of Le Xin; Zi Tou in the "Historical Records" in the name of Zheng Guo, in the "family language" in the name of Xue Bang. Another example is Zi Rong, who was very much honored by Confucius and married his brother's daughter to him, and was called Nangong Shiyi in the Analects, Nangong Kuo in the Records of the Grand Historian, and then Nangong Tao in the Family Words. And so on, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on, and so on. These phenomena of one person with many names are almost all due to the error of biography. And the "Historical Records" and "family language" listed, are not more or less seventy-two people whole, the Historical Records listed seventy-seven, but also cited Confucius said that "the industry body through the seventy-seven people" as the beginning of the fuss. Who knows whether Confucius said this sentence. The family language is even more ridiculous, the title is clearly written "seventy-two disciples of the solution", in the head of the list, but enough seventy-six people, and finally summarized that: "the above husband's disciples seventy-two people, all of them to ascend to the main room." With eyes wide open, do not even know how to count? Sima Qian said, "China's six arts eclectic in Confucius", but this roster of disciples of Confucius, but I do not know who should be eclectic. Today, compared to the two, to the "Historical Records" to go to the Kong Qiu era is relatively close, and to the actual history of the famous; and "Confucius Family Tales" although the "Confucius Family Tales" name book, but has always been regarded as a pseudo-book as the Three Kingdoms Wang Su due to the former book to repair the compilation of the book, relative to the following, does not seem to be as good as the "Historical Records" enough to rely on. The two are weighted together, and the one closest to the truth is taken.

Among the saints and philosophers of the past and present, Siddhartha Gautama was the most influential. The sangha he founded faithfully carried on his legacy, so that the area of Buddhism's indoctrination became ever wider, and in its most prosperous period, Buddhism spread westward throughout almost the entire Middle East, reaching Egypt and Europe; eastward throughout Southeast Asia and Indonesia; southward throughout the island of Ceylon; and northward throughout the Han Chinese land, Tibet, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, and other regions. Throughout the long history of human civilization, Buddhism has served as the main culture and has even been honored as the state religion, playing an extremely important role in the politics, economy and culture of the regions where it has spread. In recent times, Buddhism has spread to Europe, America, Australia, and Africa, and is practiced by more than 400 million modern people. Although the Buddhism that has been spread in various regions and eras has been changing in response to the times and opportunities, and has formed many different styles of sects, all of them worship Sakyamuni as the master of the religion and the "principal teacher", and all of them take the Four Noble Truths, the Twelve Causes and Reasons, the Three Dharma Seals, and the Three Schools of Thought and Six Degrees of Mercy, etc., which are said by Shakyamuni as their basic doctrines. Shakyamuni's thought is based on the theme of eternal issues and has a connotation that transcends time and space. From the perspective of modern culture, although Shakyamuni's words and teachings are ancient and simple, the wisdom they contain still shines brightly, and has the valuable value of responding to the times and opportunities, providing many profound insights to modern people.

The essence of Shakyamuni Buddha's teachings and its inspiration to modern culture is summarized in the following six points:

One of the sober civilization self-consciousness

As a civilization creator of mankind, it can be said that so far still lonely snail in the universe of the small earth, is still in the blind creation of the half-obscurity stage. Only know focus on the immediate utility, but for their own status in the universe, how to create civilization in the end of the purpose and their ultimate destination and other directional fundamental issues, but little consideration, the lack of sober civilization self-consciousness. Lack of civilization consciousness, will be difficult to self-control civilization creation activities, unable to independent civilization creation results, resulting in their own creation of civilization alienation into their own harmful and powerful alien force, and by their own creation of the alien force of bondage, driven. Desperately developing the economy, the result is to make themselves into economic animals, everything is controlled by economic forces; everyone lives and struggles for themselves, the result is to lose themselves in the industrial machine; trying to conquer nature to serve me, the result is to suffer from environmental pollution, ecological balance and other merciless vengeance of nature. Shakyamuni Buddha's greatness lies first of all in his clear-eyed scrutiny of the existence of human beings themselves, with the whole universe as the coordinates, calmly reflecting on the situation of human beings themselves and their status in the universe, unabashedly revealing that human beings are born, old, sick, dead, all the sufferings of the defects of the attack and all sorts of social ills, pointing out that there is a fundamental problem of the human being to arouse the attention of the problem and to solve it. Regardless of the answer, only this kind of civilization's consciousness, this kind of attention to the life of the great principal and the revelation of the defects of life, will always be worth cherishing by mankind.

Second, the moral education of "do not do all evils, do all good deeds"

Compared with other Indian religions of the same time, Buddhism attaches great importance to moral education. Sakyamuni Buddha after forty-nine years after his incarnation, hither and thither, painstakingly to the then society of many ethnic groups of the masses of people to preach, is to persuade people to give up the evil and repair the good, according to the reasonable moral norms of control of speech and behavior, at least to do a good person with morality. Shakyamuni's theories of karma, karma, cultivation and other doctrines are all attributed to ethical practices, which can be summarized in the eight words of "Do no evil, do good", known as the "Seven Buddhas' General Precepts". Shakyamuni Buddha's moral education, based on the "law of karma" and "karma and cause and effect" as the theoretical basis, does not rely on the will of God, does not rely on the social contract, but focuses on the individual in this world, the next life and the ultimate benefit and happiness, so it has a very good social edification benefits, and it is very effective in improving the moral level, harmonizing interpersonal relations, and improving the quality of life of the people. It has long played and still plays a great role in raising people's moral standards, harmonizing interpersonal relationships, and promoting social stability.

Three, the cold wisdom of truthfulness

Not to be confused by any illusion, not to bring any subjective preconceptions, not to be constrained by any doctrine and authority, not to be mixed with any feelings, to be extremely pure and clear heart "truthfulness of the true nature of the universe and life, was emphasized by Shakyamuni in order to be born to be free of the secret of life and death, and it is the essence of the teachings of Shakyamuni, and it is a very important part of the teachings of Shakyamuni. This was emphasized by Shakyamuni as the key to liberation from death and life, and is the essence of Shakyamuni's teaching. Shakyamuni Buddha's truthful knowledge of reality is not like most religions and philosophies in the world, which first presuppose an ontology, an essence, or a Brahma or a God, but rather, it is from rational discernment that he summarizes the universal law, the law of karma, from the chaos of all phenomena, and then applies the law of karma to realistically and comprehensively look at the human being and the universe as well as to analyze the basic structure of the world, thus arriving at the conclusion that "all actions have nothing to do with anything. This leads to the conclusion that "all actions are impermanent" and "all dharmas have no self", which attributes the root cause of the sufferings of all beings in life and death to the delusion and insistence on the understanding of not being able to realistically view the impermanence of all actions and the selflessness of all dharmas. To realize the reality of the impermanence of all actions and the non-self of all dharmas is the key to transcending birth and death and enjoying the eternal bliss of nirvana. Shakyamuni uses the law of origination to calmly examine human awareness, pointing out that awareness is generated by the root, situation, and knowledge of the three karmas, and consists of two symbols: phase and name, phase and name, and the logical thinking and rational understanding of which they are the tools, have limitations and relativism, and can only grope their way to the path to the absolute truth at best, but cannot see the original face of the absolute truth for themselves.

But all sentient beings have the "natural wisdom" that can see the absolute truth. Starting from rationality and realizing the impermanence and non-self, we can transcend rationality and develop the natural wisdom to see the true face of the world ("self-evidence"). This can be called stepping on the bridge of rationality to reach the other shore of supra-rationality. And to see the true nature (to see the Way), that is, to see Nirvana, that is, to go beyond the impermanent existence of birth and death and to enter the Nirvana realm of immortality and eternal bliss, is the key path. Shakyamuni's wisdom of this thought, solved the philosophical long litigation difficult to resolve the ontology, epistemology, the limits of rationality and other major issues, and affirmed the intuitive potential of my people. The method, way and conclusion of Shakyamuni Buddha's truthful knowledge of the real are profoundly inspirational to today's philosophy and many cutting-edge sciences, and have the potential to promote the leap of science and the unification of natural science, humanities and human science.

Fourth, "self-knowledge of their hearts", "self-purification of their hearts" of the main

With the modern human culture is different from the aberration of the material, Shakyamuni Buddha paid special attention to the human heart, he produced all the evils, the cause of old age, disease, death and other sufferings of the root causes attributed to He attributed the root cause of all evils and sufferings, such as old age, sickness and death, to the pollution and obscurity of the mind, and took "self-purification of the mind" as the prescription for eradicating all evils, curing all illnesses, and the way to transcend birth and death; and "self-knowledge of the mind" as the key to seeing the absolute truth, opening the secret mechanism of the universe, and even a shortcut to solving the fundamental problems of human civilization; Self-conquest of one's own mind and autonomy of one's own mind are the most powerful "mahatma" or "majestic man". Shakyamuni Buddha has observed the human heart in great detail, analyzed in detail the structure, hierarchy and various functions of the mind, revealed the incredible potential of the human heart, put forward a series of techniques for self-knowledge of the mind, self-purification of the mind, and the development of the potential of the mind, and described the wonderful functions of the human heart after its potential has been completely developed. Shakyamuni Buddha's deep understanding of the human heart is inspirational to a number of contemporary disciplines such as psychology and other studies of man himself.

Fifth, the spirit of compassion and refinement

Advocating great compassion and encouraging people to engage in worldly and worldly endeavors with a spirit of refinement and courage is an important aspect of Shakyamuni's thought. Compassion and refinement are two of the most important spiritual beauties that solemnize humanity and beautify the world. Compassion is a yin function, and the expansion of compassion enhances the affinity between people, adds warmth to the earth, and eliminates anger, hatred, and jealousy, which are harmful to the individual's body and mind, and which can breed such evils as fighting, retaliation, cynicism, and brutalization. The function of refinement is yang, and it is the necessary motivation for the achievement of all endeavors. Advocating refinement can inspire people to strive for excellence and to create value in their lives. Sakyamuni Buddhism teaches human beings to expand compassion and refinement infinitely; compassion unconditionally covers all sentient beings in the entire universe; refinement is endless and self-improvement, and this spirit helps to cultivate a noble personality with a strong contagious power.

Shakyamuni Buddha's own activities as a monk and a teacher ultimately stemmed from his wish to "dignify the land and bring happiness to all sentient beings," and he called on people to take this goal as the orientation of their lives, dedicate themselves to this ideal, and show the value of their lives in realizing this ideal.

Shakyamuni Buddha is not only the spiritual teacher of hundreds of millions of Buddhists, but also a saint worthy of the respect of all mankind, his legacy is the spiritual wealth of all mankind, and it should be in the cultural construction of all mankind to play its due role in the enlightenment of wisdom, purification of the human heart, and solemnization of the country.