What are the methods of production of various enzymes? Briefly summarize.

Enzyme Engineering (Enzyme Engineering)) is also known as enzyme technology. With the rapid development of enzymology research, especially the promotion of enzyme applications, so that the basic principles of enzymology and chemical engineering, thus forming the enzyme engineering . Enzyme engineering is the technology of mass production and application of enzyme preparations. It is from the application of the purpose, the theory of enzymology and chemical engineering combined with the study of enzymes, and in a certain reaction device using the catalytic properties of enzymes, raw materials into products of a new technology, on the development of the enzyme engineering itself, including the following main content:

2.1 enzyme production

Enzyme sources, microorganisms, animals and plants, but the main source is the Microorganisms. Since microorganisms have more advantages than plants and animals, - generally choose excellent enzyme-producing strains to produce enzymes through fermentation. In order to increase the enzyme concentration in the fermentation broth, excellent strains are selected, genetically engineered bacteria are developed, and fermentation conditions are optimized. Industrial production requires special performance of new enzymes, such as high-temperature-resistant α-amylase, alkali-resistant protease and lipase, etc., therefore, the need to study and develop strains that produce special performance of new enzymes.

2.2 Enzyme preparation

The separation and purification of enzymes is the core of the current biotechnology "post-treatment process". Using a variety of separation and purification techniques, from microbial cells and their fermentation broth, or animal and plant cells and their culture broth in the separation and purification of enzymes, made of highly active enzyme preparations of different purity, in order to make enzyme preparations more widely used in all aspects of the national economy, must improve the activity of enzyme preparations, purity and yield, the need to study the new separation and purification techniques.

2.3 Enzyme and cell immobilization

Enzyme and cell immobilization research is the central task of enzyme engineering. In order to improve the stability of the enzyme, repeated use of enzyme preparations, expanding the scope of application of enzyme preparations, the use of a variety of immobilization methods for the immobilization of enzymes, the preparation of immobilized enzymes, such as immobilized glucose isomerase, immobilized carbamoylase, and so on, to determine the immobilized enzyme of a variety of qualities

quality, and immobilized enzymes for the application of the development of all aspects of the research. At present, immobilized enzymes still have strong vitality. It is highly valued in biochemistry, chemical engineering, microbiology, polymer, medicine and other fields.

The immobilized cell is developed on the basis of immobilized enzyme. With a variety of immobilization methods on microbial cells, animal cells and plant cells for immobilization, made of a variety of immobilized biological cells. The study of the enzymatic properties of immobilized cells, especially the kinetic properties, and the research and development of immobilized cells in various aspects of the application of today's enzyme engineering is a hot topic.

The immobilization technology is an important milestone in the modernization of enzyme technology, and it is a breakthrough technology to overcome the shortcomings of natural enzymes in industrial applications and to give full play to the characteristics of enzyme reactions. It can be said that there is no modern enzyme technology without the development of immobilization technology.

2.4. Enzyme molecular modification

Also known as enzyme molecular modification. In order to improve the stability of the enzyme, reduce antigenicity, extend the half-life of medicinal bacteria in the organism, using a variety of modification methods to modify the structure of the enzyme molecule, in order to create a natural enzyme does not have some excellent characteristics (such as higher stability, no antigenicity, resistance to hydrolysis of protease, etc.), and even create a new enzyme activity, expand the application of the enzyme, so as to increase the value of the enzyme application, to achieve greater economic and social benefits. and social benefits.

The enzyme molecular modification can be carried out from two aspects:

(1) the enzyme molecular structure of the protein engineering technology to transform the genes, the expectation of obtaining the primary structure and spatial structure is more reasonable with excellent characteristics, high activity of the new enzyme (mutant enzyme).

(2) Chemical or enzymatic modification of the primary structure of enzyme proteins, or chemical modification of the enzyme molecules in the side chain group chemical modification. In order to change the enzymatic properties. This type of enzyme is particularly useful in basic research in enzymology and medicine.