Mirror Flower Rim

Mr. Lu Xun commented, "In the social system, there is also inequality, every set of events, to the ideal; unfortunately, for the limitations of the time and place, is still more

Mirror Flower Rim

Mr. Lu Xun commented, "In the social system, there is also inequality, every set of events, to the ideal; unfortunately, for the limitations of the time and place, is still more pedantic."

Ouyang Jian: A Brief History of the Chinese Novel

[td=]

All the assertions of A Brief History of the Chinese Novel are praised by Hu Shih as "very diligent in the collection of materials, very refined, and the system is also very strict" (Preface to History of Literature in the vernacular), and by Zheng Zhenduo as "a foundation, a search of materials, and a thorough understanding of the history of Chinese novels" (Preface to History of Literature in the vernacular). Zheng Zhenduo praised him for "laying down the foundation, searching for all the materials, and then, after pointed examination and precise analysis, passing judgment in a fair manner, without any nonsense and meticulousness" (The Spirit of Lu Xun's Governance), and Ah Ying praised him for "seeing the complicated state of affairs in the brief narrative, and judging the whole text in one or two words, with a simple but moderate approach, which is often true" ("As a Scholar of Fiction, Lu Xun", The History of Literature in the vernacular). Lu Xun as a Scholar of Fiction"). What are the assertions? Ah Ying summarizes it as "exploring the influence of tendencies and elucidating artistic characteristics" ("On the Historical Sketch of the Chinese Novel"), and in the words of Lu Xun's "Historical Sketch," Part XIX, "Ming Novels of Humanity" (above), it is to reveal "imagery" and "literature" (above). "The former refers to a commentary on content or ideas. The former refers to the judgment of content or thought, while the latter refers to the judgment of form or art, constituting the two wings of its value-oriented argumentative judgment.

While being appreciated by scholars, Hu Shi's comment that "there are too few assertions" reveals a unanimously felt shortcoming. On this point, Lu Xun in a letter to Hu Shi also recognized: "The history of novels" actually undertake to read through once, ashamed of. I am ashamed to say that there are too few assertions, as I have said, and so is what Xuan Tong said. I have realized that I am too prone to emotional arguments, so I have tried to avoid this matter, which is in fact a shortcoming." (See Hu Shih's diary, December 31, 1923.) The so-called "few" means fewer words, and more abbreviated assertions; it also means fewer in number, with the assertions of many works in a state of absence. In this regard, people have different understandings.

With regard to the use of few words, although Lu Xun said, "As if the review is too concise, it is very easy to get unintentional misunderstanding, or intentional misinterpretation" (Preface to "Two Heart Collection"), people in the academic world still think that the assertion of "Historical Sketch" is good in the "few". They said that the word "less" was used. They said, the word "simple", reflecting the connotation of the "essence". Exquisite and outstanding, the warning is unique, it is simple and concise, a word in the right place. Such as the seventh "Shishu Xinyao" and its before and after the "Shishu Xinyao" of the discussion of the "Shishu Xinyao", break to "record the words of the Xuanyuanyuan Cold Jun, record the line of the high and simple and magnificent, down to the muse, but also for a laugh"; the eighth "Tang's legendary literature "(on) of the "Liwa biography", concluded that "the line of Jane Ben good writing, Liwa things and near love and sensationalism, so the lingering can be viewed"; the fifteenth "Yuan and Ming passed on the history of the lecture" (next) of the "Dangkou Zhi", concluded that "The book of the creation of things in the line of text, sometimes a few want to Mo prequel of the base, record the scene, but also quite a Shi Luo has not tried, in the entanglement of old works of the same kind of novels, the cover is poor for the best carry on"; twenty-third of the "Qing's satirical novels" on the "Rulin's Foreign History", concluded that "upholding the public heart, pointing out the nitpicking of the current evils, especially in the scholarly world; its text and chi and can harmonize, Wan and more ironic", in a few words, contains an infinite essence, showing the establishment of a literary scholar's vision and modern literary awareness based on the insight and foresight, to the "history of the essence of the highlights of the Strategy" as the point of origin of the continued thinking and The object of endless references.

As for the lack of assertion, Gu Yanwu's statement that "the ancients made history without assertion, but in the preface, that is to say, only the Grand Historian could do it" (《日知錄-史记寓论断 in the preface》), seems to be exactly in line with the traditional historical precedent. Therefore, some people say, do not make value assessment and judgment, only for the facts of the strands and combing, it is the history of the brilliant place. It has also been said that, while it is a disadvantage to be stingy in judgment, it is fortunate to remain calm: "For the fierce fire Lu Xun displayed in his essays, if it were to appear in a scholarly work on the history of the novel, I am afraid that it would have become a different kind of style as Lu Xun himself foresees it to be. It is precisely because Lu Xun's enthusiasm in A Brief History of the Chinese Novel is tempered and revealed again after calm reflection that the credibility and reliability of Lu Xun's thesis appear even more.

But the assertion is too simple, after all, easy to ambiguity; important works of assertion of the absence of the final can not be considered normal. It is important to realize that "A Brief History of the Chinese Novel" deals with all the ancient novels in thousands of years. According to the statistics of the General Synopsis of Chinese Novels and the General Synopsis of Chinese Popular Novels, there are 2,184 kinds of novels in the existing literary language and 1,164 kinds of novels in the existing vernacular language. Not only are there many of them, but some of them are very large. In the face of this reality, one must resolve to read more fiction books. "Too few assertions" is both a feature of "Historical Sketch" and the key to opening its mysteries, from which we can see a contradictory Lu Xun, a dichotomous Lu Xun.

One

Guo Moruo said, Lu Xun and Wang Guowei's thought process and method of study are "amazingly similar": "Both of them were in the era of the alternation of the old and the new, and for the old school have already stored up a considerable amount of savings in their early years, and they were both subjected to a fairly rigorous scientific training. They both wanted to be physicists or medical doctors. Although they did not fulfill their aspirations to become physicists or medical scientists, they used scientific methods to return to their old studies or to create their own works, but they also achieved brilliant results" (Historical Figures - Lu Xun and Wang Guowei). Lu Xun and Wang Guowei did have similarities in introducing foreign concepts (the so-called "scientific training" and "scientific methods") to "return to the old school", but their footholds or starting points were completely different. However, their footholds or starting points were completely different. Wang Guowei's "ancient appearance and decorations are always suspected to be old and self-appointed, but his mind is purely modern, and he has no resistance to the scientific spirit which is the driving force of modern culture" (Preface to the Commemorative No. of Mr. Wang Jing'an, Volume III of Liang Qichao's "Series of Discussions on Nationalism"), and he "takes the concepts of the outside world and the materials of the inside world to corroborate with each other". He "took foreign concepts and inherent materials to verify each other" and concluded that Dream of Red Mansions was "the tragedy of tragedies" and opera was "the most natural literature in China", aiming to maintain the traditional culture with the help of Chinese and Western cultures. Unlike Wang Guowei, who favored the "old-fashioned", Lu Xun's intention in introducing the West was to get rid of the old. He said, "When I read Chinese books, I always feel that I have to be quiet and leave life; when I read foreign books - except for Indian ones - I am always in touch with life and want to do something. Although Chinese books have words to persuade people to enter the world, they are also the optimism of zombies; foreign books, even if they are decadent and misanthropic, are the decadence and misanthropy of living people, so I advocate reading fewer or no Chinese books, and reading more foreign books." ("Youth Must Read") also said, "Our immediate task at present is, first, to survive, second, to be fed, and third, to develop. If there is an obstacle to this advance, whether ancient or modern, human or ghost, is the three graves and five canons, the Song hundred thousand yuan, the celestial sphere of the river map, the golden man and the Jade Buddha, the ancestral pills, the secret ointment, all step over him." (Sudden Thoughts) Lu Xun, who "advocated reading fewer Chinese books or even no Chinese books" and even concluded that "ancient Chinese books are harmful to people" (Letter to Xu Shoushang, January 16, 1919), had to deal with a large number of Chinese books because of the need to teach on a part-time basis to write A Brief History of the Chinese Novel. A Brief History of the Chinese Novel. In order to carry out his own ideas, he was destined to make it impossible to publicize the value of ancient novels. This is one of the reasons why the History of the Chinese Novel is "too few".

Take for example the assertion of "Taiping Guangji". Taiping Guangji" is a collection of ancient novels, the book of 500 volumes, citing more than 400 kinds of books, "History" on the Tang novels, mostly by the "Taiping Guangji" preserved, so the cloud: "Today there are quite a number of survivors of the "Taiping Guangji" in the (other books, the era and the author of more than the error of insufficient evidence), the Tang Dynasty, a special work." Specific works include: "Ancient Mirror" (Guangji 230), "Supplementary River General White Ape Biography" (Guangji 444), "Pillow in the Pillow" (Guangji 82), "Ren's Biography" (Guangji 452), "Hunan Grievance," "Record of Different Dreams," "Qin Dreams" (Guangji 282 and 298), "Song of Everlasting Hatred" (Guangji 486), and "Old Father of Dongcheng" (Guangji 486). Biography (Guangji 485), Liwa Biography (Guangji 484), Yingying Biography (Guangji 488), Nanke Taishou Biography (Guangji 475), Xie Xiaoe Biography (Guangji 491), Lujiang Feng Woman (Guangji 343), Ancient Yue Dushi Scripture (Guangji 467), Liu Yi Biography (Guangji ), Huo Xiaoyu (Guangji 487), Liu's Biography (Guangji 485), Shangqing Biography (Guangji 275), Wushuang Biography (486), Feiyan Biography (491), Yang Whore (ibid.), Gnarly Bearded Guest's Biography (Guangji 193), and Yuan Wuyao (Guangji 369), Zhou Qin Xing Ji (Guang Ji, four hundred and eighty-nine), Nie Yin Niang (Guang Ji, one hundred and ninety-four), and so on. It can be seen that without Taiping Guangji, the study of Tang novels is almost at a point of no avail. Lu Xun's Song Dynasty "plain language", now known as "vernacular novels", was not born out of thin air. Luo Ye "Drunken Weng talk record - novels open up" cloud: "the novel, although for the end of the study, especially much heard, not common shallow knowledge of the stream, there is the exposition of the through the reasoning, young Xi "Taiping Guangji", long attack the history of the ages book." Visible, the Song Dynasty "plain language" was nourished by the "Taiping Guangji". Taiping Guangji" in the ancient novels of the high status, edited "ancient novels hook sinking", "Tang and Song Legends Collection" of Lu Xun, should have full cognizance of.

But the history of the 11th "Song of the Chi Chi and legend of the text", the statement of historical events emphasized is: "Song since the Ping a Yu Nei, the collection of all the countries of the books, and the descendant of the king's ministers more than the sea of celebrities, or declared grievances, so all the recruited to the Pavilion, the thickness of the government rations, so as to make the repair of the book! "; The History of the Chinese Novel Changes" is even more blunt: "The purpose of the government, but the use of this cause, adopt celebrities, in order to reduce its political reaction, but not intended for literature and art. From the motive to disparage a cause, often is the practice of later generations, do not want to see in the "history" also see it. And the value of this book, said lightly: "Guangji" pick up rich, with the book to three hundred and forty-four, from Han and Jin to the Five Dynasties of the novelist, this book has been dispersed, often rely on the examination of the see, and the classification of the compilation, got fifty-five, depending on the number of volumes of each, but also know that the novels of Jin and Tang recounted, and what is more, the cover is not only the abundance of barnyard sayings of the sea, and for the literary heart of the statistics is carried. " This "inadvertently" left the ancient novels LinYuShu theory, in fact, is quite derogatory, the evidence that is in the "broken" Tang said Aloe "in:" I think that" Taiping GuangJi "the benefits of two, one is from the six dynasties to the early Song Dynasty novels are almost all included, if the study of a roughly, you can do not have to do not buy a lot of books. Secondly, the monsters, ghosts, monks and Taoists are clearly divided into one category, and there are a lot of them, so that we can get tired of seeing them, and we are tired of talking about foxes and ghosts, and the descendants of Taiping Guangji no longer have the courage to read them." The revulsion expressed in the phrase "to be disgusted by what I see" is in line with the idea of "reading fewer or even no Chinese books".

As a collection of ancient novels, the Taiping Guangji is valuable not only for its rich offerings, but also for its categorization and compilation. It is the first time to classify the heritage of novels, making a great contribution to the taxonomy of novels. The categorization of the Taiping Guangji not only facilitates reading, but also reflects the compiler's unique vision by pointing out, through its unique classification, that the essential characteristic of novels about gods and monsters is the importance attached to "things," i.e., nature. Li Fang's "Table of Taiping Guangji" says: "The six books are divided into nine streams, all of which are the way of the sages, and are sufficient to enlighten the wise and illuminate the ancient and modern worlds. The classification of "Taiping Guangji" compilation, "History" said "fifty-five parts", is inherited from the mistakes of the predecessor. Taiping Guangji" five hundred volumes, according to the subject matter is divided into ninety-one major categories, the following is divided into more than 150 sub-categories, **** about seven thousand (then), in addition to the 164th volume to the two hundred and twenty-two volumes of the "famous sages", "honesty and thrift", "justice", "righteousness", "the world", "the world", "the world", "the world", "the world", "the world", "the world" and "the world". righteousness", "knowledge of people", "insightfulness", "wisdom", "wisdom", "sensitivity", "skill", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", "skillfulness", and so on. ", "capacity", "tribute", "ambassadors", "official", "power and honor", "general", "primus inter pares", "chivalry", "righteousness", "chivalry", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice", "justice". "Heroism", "Righteousness and Chivalry", "Museum", "Essays", "Talent and Fame" and "Confucianism". The volumes of "Friendship", "Extravagance", "Deceit", "Sycophancy", "Flattery" and "Deceit" in the 235th to 275th volumes, "Flattery", "Error", "Rule of Life", "Small-mindedness", "Wit", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom", "Wisdom" and "Wisdom". "witty," "cynical," "sneering," "scornful," "scoundrel," "frivolous," and "cruelty," "women," "emotions," and "children's servants and slaves" are all things that are written about in the world other than The world of gods and monsters. It includes 55 volumes of "Immortals", 15 volumes of "Female Immortals", 5 volumes of "Taoism", 5 volumes of "Founder", and 5 volumes of "Inhuman". 6 volumes of "Foreigners", 12 volumes of "Foreign Monks", 3 volumes of "Interpretation of Evidence", 33 volumes of "Retribution". 11 volumes of "Symbolism", 15 volumes of "Numbers", 2 volumes of "Inductions", 1 volume of "Prophecies", 7 volumes of "Dreams". "Dreams" 7 volumes, "Witchcraft" 1 volume, "Illusions" 4 volumes, "Demons" 3 volumes. "Gods" 25 volumes, "Ghosts" 40 volumes, "Nightmares" 2 volumes, "Spirits" 1 volume. "Demons", 9 volumes. "Monsters", 6 volumes. "Spirits", 1 volume. "Rebirth", 12 volumes. 2 volumes of "The Life Before Enlightenment", 2 volumes of "The Life Before Enlightenment", 2 volumes of "The Grave", 3 volumes of "Thunder", 1 volume of "Rain". "Rain" 1 scroll, "Mountain" 1 scroll, "Stone" 1 scroll, "Water" 1 scroll, "Treasure" 6 scrolls. "Treasure" 6 scrolls, "Trees" 12 scrolls, "Dragons" 8 scrolls, "Tigers" 8 scrolls. "Beasts and Beasts" 13, "Foxes" 9, "Snakes" 4, "Birds and Fowls" 4. 9 volumes of "Water Tribe", 7 volumes of "Insects" and so on, all of which are works with the nature of gods and monsters. It is very insightful for Taiping Guangji to list "immortals" and "gods" separately. The word "immortals" is actually "xian", and the word "gods" is just a combination of the word "immortal" and the word "god". Xian, from people from the mountain, that is, the mountain cultivation and get the "way" of the people, "Shuo name - release long young" said: "old and not dead is said to be immortal." And "God", is born from the world of all things change, they are distinguished, has a special significance. Especially important is that the mountains, rocks, water, is all living things (including human beings) necessary living environment, is the premise of the existence of all life, the establishment of this list, in itself, is a big breakthrough. Grass and trees (also divided into wood, grass, grass flowers, wood flowers, fruits, vegetables, grains, Thea sinensis, chi, moss, fragrant herbs, etc.), animals and beasts (also divided into cattle, horses, camels, mules, donkeys, dogs, sheep, boars, cats, rats, mice, rats and wolves, lions, rhinoceros, elephants, wolves, deer, rabbits, apes, macaques, orangutans, marmosets, and special columns for the purpose of foxes and tigers), birds (also divided into phoenixes, luan, cranes, swans, parrots, eagles, harriers, migratory birds, peacocks, swallows, partridge, magpies. Chickens, geese, herons, geese, birds, birds, crows, lords, etc.), as well as water and insects and other categories of separation, inclusive of a large number of creatures as the main character of the story, it can be said that the essence of the ancient Chinese novels of the gods and monsters, encompasses all, and truly "to exhaust the feelings of all things," establishing the "Taiping Guangji" in the history of Chinese culture in a monumental position. Although Lu Xun talked about the classification of "Taiping Guangji", he did not catch the essence of the problem; his contempt for "things" made him lose touch with the true value of "Taiping Guangji".

The Song Dynasty literati such as Hong Mai's "Yijian Zhi", concluded that "most of them emphasize the case, less narrative, and the "God Record" is slightly the same. In fact, "Yijian Zhi" is not "only the name of the author and the number of books in the world", its great value has always been highly respected. Chunxi thirteen years (1186) Zhang Sen mission to the Golden State, the palm of the surprise asked "Yijian" since the "Ding Zhi" had been more renewed or not, and cited Lotte, Dong Po to self-comment ("Bin Retreat Records" Volume VIII), can be seen in the north of the influence of the "Yijian Zhi". Lu You "title" Yijian Zhi "after" cloud: "pen nearly anti-"Li Sao", the book is not "Zhi Nuogao", not only can make up for the history, the end of the foot trespassing Wenhao." (Jiannan Poetry Scripts, Volume 37) Wang Qizhi wrote Yijian Biezhi (Yijian Biezhi) in twenty-four volumes, with a preface that said, "There are many books on weirdness, but when Yijian Zhi is published in Poyang, it is all over the top." Lu Xinyuan, "Yi Jian Zhi" preface, even more praise, said: "Since the book of the strange, no ancient in the "Classic of Mountains and Seas", according to the rationale of the situation, the rate of more ridiculous, along its stream, Wang Jia's "Gleanings", Gan Bao's "Search for God", Jing Shu's "The Garden of Dissimilarity", Xu Huan's "God of the Audit", the Cheng style of the "Miscellany of the Chopping Block", the most popular at the time, but more than several hundred things, or less or only more than ten things, there is no book of such a huge volume. The book of the many also. Although it contains, quite similar to biographies, decorated said plagiarism, borrowed to talk about the help, support for the support of a preface has been said by the support. As for the literature is meaningful, endless, really not the descendants. ...... believe in the ability of the literati and the abundance of novels." The General Catalog of the Siku Encyclopedia says, "All the books are about gods and monsters, so they are named after Yijian of Liezi." Hong Mai compared himself to Yijian, who was at the same time as Dayu and Boyi, and compared his book to the Shanhaijing, which was dedicated to the specialties of mountains and rivers and rare birds and animals, and "Zhuan to Hatsui Xie Chongqi" ("Preface to Yijian's C Zhi"), reflecting Hong Mai's difference with orthodox concepts. History of the book but emphasized that it "for the late years of the book, first published in the end of the Shaoxing, the pen in the beginning of Chunxi, more than ten years, where into the A to Dec 200 volumes, support A to support Dec three A to three Dec prepared one hundred volumes, four A and four B ten volumes, the number of volumes, several with the "Taiping Guangji" and so on, but now only the A to D eighty volumes of support A to support the E fifty volumes of three volumes of a number of volumes of the Zhi, but also to pick the notes of the fifty volumes and twenty volumes of the deposit. Strange things, this edge of the Hitchhiker's see precious, and the author of the preface, is very busy with the partner from the self, eighties and nineties in a hurry to become a book, or fifty days for ten volumes, delusion of people because of a little easy to say the old to cast, to the full number of volumes of the person, but also do not have time to delete and run, and straight into the record (Chen ZhenSun, "ZhiZhai book book to solve the problem" eleven clouds), cover the intention to take the surplus, can not be as the biography of the said 'extremely ghosts and gods things change! ' also." This kind of "in a hurry to become a book", "no time to delete and moisturize" as a pretext, ignoring that even according to Lu Xun's standards, many of them have a euphemistic plot, the length of Man long masterpieces, such as "Gorge Mountain Pines", "solution of the Sanniang" (Volume 17 of the A Zhi), "Zhang Wengjue" (Volume B of the B Zhi, Volume 4), Banyan Tree Heron's Nest" (B Zhi Volume 6), "Wuyi Taoist" (B Zhi Volume 12), "Blue Sister" (C Zhi Volume 13), "Qu Shi Releasing Carp", "Wang Dailang's Horse" (C Zhi Volume 19), "Wang Engaged in Wife" (D Zhi Volume 11), "Zhang Zhennu" (D Zhi Volume 18), "Haishan Different Bamboo" (Zhi Ding Volume 3), "Sun Magistrate's Wife" (Zhi W Volume 2), "Mirror in the River of Jiazhou" (Zhi W Volume 9), and "Mr. Dongkou" (Zhi Ki Volume 4). Mr. Dongkou" (Zhi Gui Volume 4), "Biography of Yi Chien" (Zhi Supplement Volume 2), and "The Taoist of Huating" (Zhi Supplement Volume 12), is extremely unfair.

The neglect of the Yijian Zhi is also inconsistent with the aim of the Shiliao to promote vernacular fiction. Luo Ye "Drunken Weng Chat Records - novels open up" cloud: "Smoke and powder strange rumors, so embedded in the chest between the time; wind and moon know, only in the lips on top of the kiss. There is nothing in Yijian Zhi that I do not read, and everything contained in Candy Ying Collection is understood. The first thing I've ever done is to get my hands on a new one, and I'm going to do it. There is nothing other than "Dongshan Laughing Forest"; citing Jonas, we must return to "Green Window New Story"." Its words "Yijian Zhi" nothing to understand "has long been a" speaker "to take the source of the material is carried forward. Such as "Ding Zhi" Volume IX "Taiyuan Yi Niang", the narrative Yi Niang was captured by the Jin soldiers, cut his own throat and died, but still do not forget her husband as an official in Jiangnan, when his soul came to Jiangnan with her husband, and found that her husband had found a new love, and then took revenge in anger. The novel "Ancient and Modern Novels - Yang Siwen Yanshan meets the old man", is based on the derivation of the laying out of the text and the cloud: "Speaking, wrongly said. The mission to enter the country, there is no reason to come out to walk around and buy wine to eat? According to the Yijian Zhi, at that time, the law was not established, and the envoys listened to outsiders." And, "the first carved pat case surprised" Volume 30 "Ambassador Wang Wei line ministries, Senator Li unjustly reported to the living" cloud: "This is another thing in the Song Dynasty," Yi Jian Zhi "on: said Wu Jiang County, twenty miles away from the village of Yin Dushi, there is a rich man Wu Zei, had been a will be Shi Lang, called Wu will be Shi. Born a son, the small word cloud Lang ...... ";" two quarter beat the case "Volume 20" Jia Lian visited the fake line of government ultimatums, Shang Gong father yin Regent Jiang patrol "cloud:" the official saw said, not overwhelmed by the shock for a long time, but also heard to teach the service of the flat stomach, asked: ' I have read 'Yi Jian Zhi', see Sun Jiuding encounter ghosts, also served this medicine. I think this medicine is all flat, why did it work?'" are real evidence, or Lu Xun because he did not get the visual inspection of "ancient and modern novels" and "the first quarter of the beat", "two quarter of the beat", so this is not very attentive also.

Two

Promoting Peking University to open the novel course, when Hu Shi's "authentic vernacular novels". His "Ruminations on Literary Improvement," published on January 1, 1917, said, "People today still despise the vernacular novel as a literary tract, not knowing that Shi Nai-an, Cao Xueqin, and Wu Cornuoren are all authentic literature, and parallelism and poetry are real tracts." (New Youth, Vol. 2, No. 5) This new concept of literature, the historical "not in the hall of shame" of the novel, turned into a serious study - "novelology" object, and The trend of culture at the time of its coincided with the momentum is not to be underestimated.

Lu Xun's original preference for barnyard novels in his heart, by virtue of the editing of the school's "Ancient Novels and Sinkings", he had to Peking University lectures in the bottom of the air. From the general tendency, Lu Xun and Hu Shi is the allies of the vernacular language movement, but Hu Shi advocated the "authentic theory", he was reluctant to hold the attitude of "response". There are eight places in the text of A Brief History of the Chinese Novel where Hu Shi's opinions are quoted: one is about the reason why Jin Shengxuan published Water Margin, one is about the "good and harmonic dramas" of Journey to the West, four are about the biography of Cao Xueqin, and two are about the main theme of Mirror Flower Fate. Among them, only the "Mirror Flower Rim" the reason for the fate of the pen, quoted Hu Shi "is a discussion of women's issues of the novel, his answer to this question is that men and women should be subject to equal treatment, equal education, equal electoral system," the viewpoint, and then added: "its in the social system, there is also inequality, and every set of The social system, there are also inequalities, every set of events, to the ideal; unfortunately, for the limitations of the times, still more pedantic, such as the gentleman country people's feelings, very much admired by the author of the sigh of envy, but because of the let and the fight, the hypocrisy has been very much, the living and breathing of this land, it is also laborious." He later said in "how do I do up the novel": "in China, the novel is not considered literature, do the novel can never be called a literary scholar, so no one wants to go out on this road. I also have no intention of lifting the novel into the 'Literary Garden', but want to use his power to improve society." Lu Xun's special character and ambivalence doomed him to be unable to pick up on the "authentic theory" and give up his literary advocacy of opposing "concealment" and "deception". In the treatment of specific writers - especially those generally won praise Shi Nai-an, Cao Xueqin, Wu Corns, his approach is to describe but not to write, strands and constantly.

Hu Shih, in July 1920, wrote "The Water Margin" (《水浒传》考证), saying, "The Water Margin is a marvelous book. In Chinese literature occupies a more significant position than the Zuo Zhuan and the Historical Records; this book is worthy of a Yan Ruofu to do some verification work for him, and is worthy of a Wang Niansun to do some exegesis work for him. Although I am not good enough to do this kind of great work - I can only let future scholars do it - I would like to make an effort to open up a new direction and a new path for the future 'specialists of the Water Margin'. A new road." Lu Xun naturally do not want to repeat this high profile, but Hu Shi "Water Margin" is not a day from the mid-air fall, "Water Margin" is from the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty (the early twelfth century of the Western Calendar) to the middle of the Ming Dynasty (the end of the fifteenth century) this four hundred years of 'Liang Shan Po story' of crystallization " is an opinion that Lu Xun could not help but adopt in his lectures. Hu Shi cites Song History XXII, 351, and 353, and concludes, "These three historical sources can prove that Song Jiang and the other thirty-six were all historical figures, great thieves at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty. 'With thirty-six people roaming across Qiwei, tens of thousands of official troops did not dare to resist' - look at these words to see the prestige of Song Jiang and others at that time. This kind of prestige spread far and wide and remained in the folklore, and the more it was passed on, the more magical it became, so that it became a kind of 'Myth of Liang Shan Po'." It is the fifteenth part of the "Historical Strategy", "Yuan and Ming passed on the history" (below) of the book. Its 5,000-word length strand of "Water Margin", the first cited "Song History" twenty-two, three hundred and fifty-one, three hundred and fifty-three, all Hu Shih had quoted, but commented that: "Gu at that time, although there was such a proposal, but the actual implementation of the Jiang, and even see the kill." Also cited "Yi Jian B Zhi" (six) Xuanhe seven years of the Ministry of household Cai Ju Hou thing, said "B Zhi" into the Qian Dao two years, to Xuanhe six years, but more than 40 years, very close to the ear, the meddling condemnation of solid novelists say, kill the drop is not allowed to create a false, Shanluo Jian'er end game, cover such as this is only." The core is to prove that "the water margin" story is also popular since the Southern Song dynasty legend, Song Jiang also has its own" ear. Later, citing the Song dynasty survivors Gong Sheng and "Song Jiang thirty-six people praise" preface, also cited by Hu Shi, said: "So there are strange stories, born in the folk, turn and change to become a story, but also by the good people to pick up and decorate, and the book to come out. Song survivors Gong Sheng and made "Song Jiang thirty-six people praise", the preface has been cloud 'Song Jiang thing in the street talk, not enough to pick up, although there are as high as Li Song generation writing, the scholar also do not see the deposed' (Zhou Mi, "Decision Xin Miscellaneous Knowledge" sequel to the first)." Hu Shi according to this has played:

We look at this passage, visible one, the Southern Song folk have a "Song Jiang story" popular in the "street talk"; two, Song and Yuan have been as high as Li Song a class of literati "writing" this story. Transcription" of this story, so that "the scholar also do not see deposed"; Third, that story must be a "heroic legend", so Gong Sheng and "young man when he was strong, want to store the picture praise ". The occurrence of such stories and circulate for a long time, not for no reason. There are probably several reasons: First, Song Jiang and other really can spread folk deeds and fame; Second, the Southern Song Dynasty, the loss of the Central Plains in the hands of foreigners, so the people at that time want to look forward to the heroes of the psychology; Third, the Southern Song Dynasty, political corruption, tyranny and treachery so that the people resent the North under the rule of foreigners suffered more, so the people of the North and the South have developed a kind of hatred of the evil politics of evil officials of the mentality, from this psychological born of the heroes of the worship of grass and swamps. The first is the "I'm not sure what I'm talking about.

But Lu Xun only implement to "now high Li made although lost, but enough to see the end of the Song Dynasty has been written on the book", on the historical reasons, value judgment, do not say anything. According to Li Song for the three dynasties of the Southern Song Dynasty painting court famous painter, he "writing" is the image of the painting, Lu Xun, but mistakenly "to the Water Margin story as a novel" (this error is also out of Hu Shi: "can be proved that at the time of the Song and Yuan dynasties, there is a Li Song, Gao Ru, and others (This mistake is also attributed to Hu Shi: "It can be proved that during the Song and Yuan dynasties, there were people such as Li Song and Gao Ru who 'wrote' the story of Liang Shan Po, so it can be seen that at that time there must have been a lot of more detailed Water Margin stories in addition to the Xuanhe Remainder. After determining that "the story of Song Jiang's thirty-six men in the Liangshan Mountains" is the distant ancestor of "Water Margin", Hu Shi "concluded that the story of the thirty-six men in the Liangshan Mountains recorded in "Xuanhe Remains" must have been a popular folk novel of the Southern Song Dynasty" and analyzed that Gong Sheng and the preface praised Song Jiang for his "excellent knowledge and excellence," and that Song Jiang "had been the best of the best". There are people", "and look at the tone of his praise, there are hope that the grass heroes out to re-support the meaning of the Song dynasty", "this is the Yuan dynasty 'water margin story' so very developed reason! This is the reason why the 'Water Margin Stories' were very developed in the Yuan Dynasty." But about the "Xuanhe Remains", Lu Xun only said that "Xuanhe Remains" by the banknote summary of the old books and become, so before the concentration of Liangshan Lok Juyi beginning and end, or also at that time written by a kind of", and follow the text of the road analysis and Gong Sheng and the "Zan" of the difference, the problem leads to the "Water Margin" of the book and the version went up: "The intention of this story, then contained in the Song dynasty, the story of the water margher story 'so very developed. The intention of such stories, then contained in the population must be very much, although or already have a variety of books, but the loss of the brief, or much misrepresentation, so there are people up and gather and take away the, decorated for the book cover, so that the more organized, can be viewed, is the later part of the "Water Margin"." Then strands of the version of the differences, concluded: "If a hundred and fifteen back to the simple version, the achievement of the first when the traditional version, to its use of words and phrases, and the traditional version of every difference, if the deletion of the deposit, without the trouble of making changes also. And simple this author, stop title Luo Guanzhong, Zhou Lianggong heard in the old man also the first cloud Luo's, than Guo's this out, began to Nai-an, because of the doubt Shi is acting for the traditional book of the name of the trust, when it is a later, not the ancient book of all." Throughout the classical masterpiece "Water Margin" of the "imagery" and "rhetoric", almost never a word, but in the discussion of Guo Wuding this "in the Kou to Wang Tian and Liao Guo", involving "Water Margin Written by the "strong man": "However, the story of breaking Liao considerations are not created in the Ming, Song Dynasty, foreign enemies by Ling, the national government is slack, turn to think of the grass, cover is also humane, so or make wild words to comfort themselves." With Hu Shi "Water Margin" story is four hundred years old people and literati to play a belly of old grudges place. The Song and Yuan people used this story to play out their old grudges, so they turned a bandit fortress into an organ of justice for heaven. In the early Ming Dynasty, people used this story to play up their old grudges, so they wrote that Song Jiang and others were framed by the government for their deaths after they had accomplished a great deal in pacifying the four bandits. In the middle of the Ming Dynasty, people - the so-called Shi Nai'an - borrowed him to play his belly of old grudges, so cut off the things after the recruitment of peace, and made a pure resistance to the government of the book "theory, compared to the undoubtedly much inferior. Lu Xun, "Water Margin" assertion of the essence of the counter in the twenty-seventh "Qing's chivalrous novels and public cases," said "three chivalrous and five righteousness" for the townspeople to write the heart, it seems to be more than the "Water Margin" after rhyme, but also only its appearance, not the spirit of the "words, but in the discussion of" Water Margin "the But in the "Water Margin" part of the text, absolutely no such idea, and absolutely no such argumentation. This is no other, do not want to repeat the high tone of Hu Shi ear.