European etiquette

1. JuGongLi

Gongju ceremony is a etiquette between subordinates and superiors or peers. Take off your hat when saluting, and take it off with your right hand (if you take things with your right hand, you can use your left hand) holding the center of the front brim of your hat. After the right hand hangs down, the body is aligned. Stand at attention, keep your eyes on the subject, tilt your upper body forward about 15 degrees, and then return to its original state. Take off your hat with your hand in the opposite direction to salute, that is, salute the person on the left and take off your hat with your right hand; Salute the person on the right and take off your hat with your left hand.

nod (one's head)

Nodding is the courtesy of peers or peers, and you must also take off your hat. If you meet each other while walking on the road, you can give gifts while walking; If you meet an officer or elder on the road, you must stand at attention and bow, but an officer can nod or stretch out his right hand or touch the brim when walking.

Raise your hand and concentrate.

It is a military etiquette to raise your hand and pay attention to ceremony. When saluting, raise your right hand, keep your fingers straight and flush, touch the right side of the brim with your fingertips slightly outward, keep your upper arm shoulder height, and keep your eyes on each other. You can't let go of your hand until the other party replies, and you should salute the officer or elder as usual every time you meet.

shake?hands;?handshake?(n.)

Handshaking ceremony is the most common etiquette in Europe and America, which is found in many countries in the world. When saluting, stand about one step away from each other, lean forward slightly, extend your right hand, align your four fingers, and extend your thumbs to the recipient respectively. In hotel room service, it should be noted that guests can only hold their hands by reaching out first, and it is forbidden to shake hands with others with one foot inside and one foot outside, especially when four people cross hands. Women who meet for the first time generally don't shake hands, but bow and bow. The tighter you shake hands with men, the deeper your friendship, and the lighter you shake hands with women.

Kiss your hand

Kissing hands is a popular etiquette in the upper class in Europe and America. When you meet a noble woman or lady in the upper class, if the woman reaches out and droops first, she will gently lift her fingertips and kiss. But if the woman doesn't reach out, she won't kiss. When kissing hands, if the woman is in a higher position, she should bend one knee and do a half-kneeling posture before shaking hands and kissing. This kind of etiquette is the most important thing in British and French society.

Kissing ceremony

Kissing ceremony is a kind of etiquette to show intimacy and caress between superiors and subordinates, elders and juniors, friends and lovers. It is usually a gentle kiss on the recipient's face or forehead. When you are happy, happy or sad, you usually kiss to express your love and sympathy.

7. Hugging ceremony

Hugging ceremony is a kind of etiquette to express intimate feelings between acquaintances and friends in Europe and America. When they meet or say goodbye, they hug each other to show intimacy. Hugging ceremony is usually carried out at the same time as kissing ceremony.

In the Middle Ages, aristocratic etiquette was basically advocated by France and French courts, and was generally imitated by other courts.

Nobles, whether enemies or friends, should greet each other when they meet. Ask men (if they are not wearing full-body armor) to hold their right chest with their left hand, take off their hats with their right hand, bow slightly and nod at the same time. The woman's rule is that her legs are slightly bent, her hands are slightly raised on both sides of the skirt and she nods. If the two sides are on horseback and the man's manners remain the same, the woman only needs to nod.

If a person is wearing full-body armor, as long as he is not on the horse, he must take off his hat, press his left hand on his right chest and nod at the same time (you don't have to bend down, because the heavy body armor in the Middle Ages is integrated with the chest and waist, so you can't bend down). If you are riding a horse, you don't have to take off your hat or press your chest, just nod your head. In addition, when a male aristocrat riding a horse meets a standing aristocrat, if the other person is higher than his title or a woman, the male aristocrat must dismount and salute as long as he is not wearing armor. If the rider is wearing armor, just nod.

In all cases, when saluting, the tip of the weapon must point to the ground (the drawn sword may not be put into the sheath, but the tip must point to the ground), and the archer must put the arrow into the arrow box, hold the bow in his right hand, and then salute.

At that time, manners did not allow kissing a lady's hand. It is only in etiquette that nobles kiss hands when they meet the king and queen: nobles kneel on one knee and bow their heads to kiss the hands of the king and queen to show their respect. Kings and ordinary nobles also kiss their hands when they meet cardinals who are in charge of their country's educational affairs: they bend down and kiss the big gem ring worn by the middle finger of the bishop's left hand to show their bishops' status (this kind of ring is available to every bishop and given by the Holy See).

When eating in the middle ages, the host had to sit down before the guests could sit down. After drinking the first glass of wine, the host and guests can toast each other. In the Middle Ages, guests and hosts were not allowed to wear full armor, and iron gloves, upper arm armor, forearm armor, front and rear breastplates and helmets were not allowed to enter restaurants, because such wearing clearly showed that they should be wary of assassinations around them, which was an insult to the reputation of others. But weapons can be carried. The better the appetite, the more the host thinks the party is a success. It is allowed to talk while eating and drinking (/kloc-it was gradually considered impolite after the 7th century). Both sides should drink until the end of a toast, and there is no saying that we should take a sip now. During the meal, both the host and the guests can sing, but they are not allowed to make any noise. If there is a quarrel or trouble, no matter who is responsible, the guests should leave at once. After the meal, guests must express their gratitude to the host in words, and pay tribute to the whole set of etiquette mentioned in the previous paragraph when leaving the table.

When attending mass in the church, people enter the church in the order of court status and rank. If the status and rank are the same, men have priority over women, and the elderly have priority over young people. After mass, men are obliged to hold holy water for any lady, and the order of going out is still arranged according to title and age, but in the case of the same status and title, women have priority.

Any dispute with others can be found with your good friend and asked for a satisfactory explanation. If the other party refuses to provide an explanation or the explanation makes you dissatisfied, you can ask for a duel. If the opponent realizes the mistake at this time, he can take the initiative to openly admit the mistake and cancel the duel; If the opponent is not going to admit his mistake, he must take part in a duel. It is not allowed and disgraceful to ambush and assassinate each other on the side of the road. Only nobles and priests have the right to propose a duel. Nobles and priests can't duel with lower classes than knights (alternate knights, businessmen, farmers, craftsmen, citizens and small landlords without titles are all such classes), and nobles can't take the initiative to duel with priests. Only the priest puts forward a duel to the nobility (in this case, the priest will send knights from the Cross Army to participate in the duel on behalf of the priest).

Both sides of the duel must use the same weapon, so as the opponents of the duel, the other side has the right to decide which weapon to use. In a duel, as long as one side is unable to fight or voluntarily gives up resistance, the other side can declare victory. Because dueling is generally related to the reputation of one's family, the loser often knows that he will persist to the death.

Knight etiquette

That is, the rituals and etiquette of the knight class. As a special social class, knights must be distinguished from other classes by their special etiquette. Especially the ritual part of etiquette plays a very important role in the knight system. Etiquette is a reflection of social concepts, and Christianity is the dominant thought in medieval western Europe, so it left a deep Christian mark on knight etiquette and knight concept.

(1) the baptism ceremony of the son of a knight. According to the feudal legal tradition, chivalry can be inherited. Therefore, the son of a knight, especially the eldest son, is eligible to be a knight candidate at birth, thus forming the baptism ceremony when the son of a knight is born. Rituals are generally divided into three processes. Secular bathing. As soon as the knight's son was born, he immediately bathed the baby under the command of his father, in order to remind the knight's father of his oath as a knight candidate a long time ago. After bathing, the baby is tied and wrapped, with his hands on his sides, his legs together and put on a gorgeous robe. Religious baptism. This kind of baptism not only makes the baby become a Christian, but more importantly, "when he is picked up from the sacred baptism tray, he not only becomes a Christian, but also becomes a Christian knight in his heart." (Noe: Bradford B. bruton: Knight and Knight System in the Middle Ages, p. 297. After the religious baptism, there will be celebrations such as singing, dancing, banquets, entertainment, etc., and a contest meeting is often held for the knight's newborn. Participants often give gifts to babies.

(II) Ceremony of Knight Attendant Becoming Knight Attendant A teenager who is determined to become a knight will hold a ceremony at the age of 14 to obtain the status of knight attendant. A knight's retinue is the retinue of a powerful knight. Whether in wartime or in peacetime, knight attendants always accompany the main knight. In fact, attendants are divided into different grades according to their intimacy with their masters and their responsibilities. Its level is divided into: personal waiter, ceremony waiter, table waiter, reception waiter, catering waiter and so on. The ceremony of a knight's servant becoming a knight's attendant is generally like this: the teenager is brought to the priest by his father, and each person holds a sacred little candle in his hand. The priest prayed and blessed that the sword and belt would be owned by the boy. Later, he wore a sword symbolizing the status of a knight's attendant.

(3) Knight Awarding Ceremony The Knight Awarding Ceremony is a ceremony to confirm the knight's identity. Throughout the Middle Ages, it has always been an authoritative ceremony in the knight system, becoming the most important moment in every knight's life. The knighthood ceremony has been discussed in detail, so I won't go into details here. It should be pointed out that the ceremony was held in two situations: first, before the battle or after the fierce battle, it was common in 14 and15th century. For example, in 1337, the war between Britain and France was about to break out. On March 1 1, the British held a ceremony to honor 20 knights. Second, the king or the big feudal Lord is on the road. The first record of this happened on September 3 1, 1354, and Charles IV awarded Francis a knight's medal. At that time, the Kaiser rode on a horse, patted Francis' neck with his hand and said, "Be a good knight and be loyal to the empire." Then, two nobles around Charles fitted spurs for him.

If the knight's ceremony is a part of the standardization of the knight system, then the knight's etiquette is a part of the daily life of the knight system, involving the knight's food, clothing, housing and transportation. For example, knights should dress neatly and keep their manners in front of lords and ladies; Don't scratch your body or lean against the post when standing; Don't sit down until you let him sit down. The knight's attendants are not allowed to sit with the knight, even if the knight is his father. When eating, "you can't dip meat directly in the salt dish, wipe your nose on the tablecloth, and pick your teeth with a knife"; When traveling, "walk with dignity, don't throw branches or stones at animals, don't ask dogs to bite people, and be polite to people"; Usually, "you should attend religious activities in the church, flatter women and obey the master's orders" (Note: Jospe R. Streyer's Dictionary of the Middle Ages, new york,1982,660 and 66 1 page). ), etc. Although the historical materials involved in this aspect are vague and broken, we can still get a glimpse from the western etiquette since modern times. It can be seen that although the ceremony and etiquette of knights have secular elements, people experience more Christian atmosphere. Religion permeates the life of knights and greatly influences the ideology of the knight class. "If a person is not a Christian, he cannot become a knight without being baptized"; Without faith, you can't perform the duties of a knight well.

Therefore, religious fanaticism prevailed in the knight period, and knights were called Christian knights. A number of knights' flowers, such as Teutonic Knights, Hospital Knights and Templar Knights, which once belonged to the Pope, have become role models for the knights. In short, by combing the tangible system level, the author thinks that the knight system in medieval Western Europe refers to the unique organizational system, legal norms, moral standards, living habits and many other aspects of the knight class based on military fiefs, characterized by knight service, guided by Christianity and led by small and medium feudal lords.