What is the circulation industry?

Although it is often into the open business network! However, up to now for the conceptual scope of the circulation industry, I am still very vague! There are too many interpretations of the circulation industry! Said it includes what retail industry ah, wholesale industry ah and .......... But what it actually is I'm still not very clear!

Reading will have this feeling! Such as learning marketing, said marketing and includes logistics ah, financial ah, and anything else. Then learn logistics, and said logistics is not our understanding of the narrow sense of logistics, is to include other what what! In short, did not learn a what section, it feels like the researcher will be the scope of their discipline is constantly expanding! Constantly exaggerating the importance of their discipline! Really got me fuzzy!

Actually, these disciplines are categorized, I guess, in terms of the different perspectives from which they observe things! And then they all observe the same one thing!

One, on the division of labor and definition of disciplines

Any discipline has a clear position, division of labor and function, rather than can be infinitely indiscriminate hat. Therefore, you say "marketing and logistics ah, finance ah, and everything else", this is absolutely not true. Marketing is marketing, logistics is logistics, this is absolutely not together.

Only, between different disciplines, there is a certain attribution. For example, marketing and logistics, can be categorized under the management discipline. At the same time, there is a link between the disciplines, for example, the establishment of marketing channels should take into account the characteristics of logistics, but this is only a link, but can not say that marketing includes logistics. They are two completely different things.

Simply put, marketing is how to find ways to impress the buyer, to sell the product or service, to achieve business purposes. Camp, is to find ways, marketing, is to sell. The key lies in "selling".

Logistics, including commodities, is mainly the flow of physical goods. It emphasizes the "flow", that is, the physical transfer of physical goods. Think about it, the whole country or the world, every day, how many physical in the flow to and fro, this is how much of an interesting and huge project ah. For example, when the U.S. fought Ithaca, it was logistics to move so many weapons, household goods, and other supplies, such as medical care, from all over the world in a limited amount of time.

Wal-Mart has to distribute the goods it purchased from South China to shopping malls all over the world, and how to do it quickly, cost-effectively, accurately, etc., that's logistics. Coca-Cola has to send the beverages it produces in Guangzhou to all parts of South China in a timely and error-free manner, and that's logistics.

Obviously, logistics is not marketing. When a company finds a buyer through marketing, the process of getting the product to the buyer is logistics. Marketing is more about the "method of selling".

Second, the hierarchy of disciplines

Different disciplines are different levels, that is, high level and low level. The same is true of concepts, as well as industries.

The distribution industry is a wide range of industrial division, with its counterpart is the manufacturing industry and other large industrial division.

All industries can be categorized into three major industries, namely primary, secondary and tertiary. The tertiary sector is also known as the service sector. And the service industry can be categorized from different angles, such as according to the service object can be divided into production services, living services, public **** services, etc., and at the same time, according to the classification of service products, such as intermediary services, education services, and so on. And the circulation industry is in accordance with the classification of service functions, it is the tertiary industry or services in the sub-categorization.

Of course, the reference to the circulation industry is not consistent with that of foreign countries, which is related to the four links of production, circulation, distribution and consumption in the Chinese economic system. In the western economic system, generally not so divided.

Three, the circulation industry of multiple meanings

Circulation industry, as the name suggests, is engaged in the flow of goods or services and trading industry. In other words, the whole process of goods or services from the enterprise after production, from the enterprise to the consumer, is the circulation. The former is production, the latter is consumption, and the middle is circulation.

In China, the circulation industry is further divided into three categories: generalized, broad and narrow, selected according to need.

The circulation industry in the narrow sense includes only retailing, wholesaling and logistics.

The broad distribution industry includes retailing, wholesaling, logistics, catering, and tourism.

The generalized circulation industry includes the hotel industry, leisure and entertainment industry, auction industry, pawnbroking industry, thrift industry, and monopoly industry, in addition to the scope of the above five major subsectors.

In China's official statistics, the circulation industry currently only includes retail, wholesale and catering.

The logistics industry, which people are more concerned about, currently has a big problem in statistics because it is really difficult to define the division of labor between the transportation industry and the logistics industry.

In the traditional statistical system, due to the "emphasis on production, not circulation", therefore, the understanding of circulation and statistics are quite incomplete, therefore, to get accurate data on the circulation industry is almost impossible.

At the same time, because the circulation industry reflects the quality and level of the economy, the contribution of a city or region's GDP is not very obvious, therefore, at present, the local governments do not recognize its importance.

Here is some theoretical knowledge of the circulation of goods.

I. Explanation of terms.

1. Scale of commodity circulation

In terms of the circulation of commodity value, the scale of commodity circulation refers to a certain period of time the total amount of commodity exchanges or the total amount of commodities bought and sold (the scale of the commercial flow); in terms of the circulation of the use value of commodities, refers to a certain period of time the amount of commodity turnover.

2. Circulation possibility boundary

refers to a certain period of time when all the production into the circulation of the scale, that is, the theoretical scale of commodity circulation.

3. The capacity of commodity circulation

The capacity of commodity circulation refers to the quantity and quality of social labor occupied in the circulation of commodities in a certain period of time.

4. Commodity circulation channels

Commodity circulation channels refers to the process of commodity circulation by commodity producers, distributors and consumers, such as the composition of the distribution institutions of the organizational series.

5. Commodity distribution dominance

Commodity distribution dominance refers to the control of commodity distribution channels, and make the composition of the channel for their own marketing strategy.

6. The main channel of commodity circulation

The traditional main channel refers to the state-owned commodity circulation enterprises; the real main channel refers to the group of enterprises that realize more than 50% of the commodity circulation (for a certain type of commodity).

7. Commodity Circulation Link

Commodity circulation link refers to a number of transit stations in the process of commodity circulation due to the transfer of ownership of commodities and the physical movement of commodities.

8. Commodity circulation market system

Commodity circulation market system refers to the market system and its scope of action that constrains and influences commodity circulation activities.

9. Market

The original market refers to the lack of a fixed time and fixed place for the occasional exchange of goods. The narrower meaning refers to a place where goods are exchanged. Multiple meanings include (1) the market is the place of exchange of goods; (2) the market is the field of circulation of goods; (3) the market is the sum total of the exchange of goods and the relationship between buying and selling of goods; (4) the market is the link between the producers to make economic contacts.

10. regional market

Regional market is the scope of economic links and market transactions to the division of the formation of a larger space of the market, by the economic region inherent in the economic forces of organic organization.

II. Short Answer.

1. What is the scale of business flow and the scale of logistics expressed in terms of?

(1) the scale of commercial flow: the total value of social commodity sales, can be expressed in the total retail sales of social commodities, total exports of commodities, total sales of means of production. (2) the scale of logistics: the macro flow of goods, can be used to express the volume of freight, freight turnover, freight turnover is more appropriate to express.

2. The actual scale of commodity circulation is smaller than the theoretical scale of the reason

Products produced, not all into circulation, the formation of "product precipitation". That is, the average rate of production and sales of social products is always less than 1.

3. The reasons for the precipitation of products

(1) selling: the buyer gives the price is lower than the normal price or equilibrium price; expected to increase prices. (2) stagnant sales: no buyer stagnant sales; can not find a buyer stagnant sales. (3) Normal reserves: the level of normal reserves is also determined by the development of the distribution industry. (4) own consumption: such as agricultural products.

4. Factors Determining the Scale of Commodity Circulation

The factors determining the scale of commodity circulation are production capacity, circulation capacity and consumption capacity. At different times, different factors play a dominant role.

5. Evaluation Indicators of Commodity Circulation Capacity

(1) the number of commodity circulation institutions and personnel; (2) the quantity and quality of infrastructure and equipment for commodity circulation; (3) the regional distribution of commodity circulation institutions and the setting up of outlets; (4) the level of operation and management of the commodity circulation enterprises, the quality of the personnel, and the level of the circulation technology; (5) the amount of capital occupied in the field of commodity circulation and the difficulty of financing.

6. Connotation of circulation force

Circulation force is the productivity of circulation. Circulation productivity should be the ability of society to transport products to the field of consumption (including life and production). Specifically, it is the quantitative relationship between the living labor and material labor spent in circulation and the products that have been transferred to the field of consumption within a certain period of time. The less live and materialized labor is spent and the more products are transferred to the sphere of consumption, the greater is the productivity of circulation, and the opposite is true.

7. Characteristics of Commodity Circulation Channels

(1) Commodity circulation channels are composed of various types of institutions, organizations and people involved in the process of commodity exchange, each of which is a channel member. (2) It is through the organized activities of these institutions that commodities can be transferred from the field of production to the field of consumption. (3) The starting point of the channel of distribution of goods is the producer and the end point is the user or individual consumer. (4) When a commodity is transferred from the sphere of production to the sphere of consumption, the ownership of the commodity is transferred at least once, and it is through this transfer that the business objectives of the enterprise can be realized.

8. Types of Dominance in Commodity Flow

Producer dominance, wholesaler dominance, retailer dominance and consumer dominance.

9. Methods of acquiring dominant power in commodity circulation

(1) Vertical union method, i.e., the various links in the circulation channel are united. (2) Circulation serialization method, i.e., the method of commodity distribution operators to choose with their own special cooperation manufacturers or intermediaries, constitute their own distribution channel. Including the contract method and investment method. The contract method is now more talk about the strategic alliance, partnership; investment method is mutual equity, belong to the asset bond relationship.

10. Functions of the main channel of commodity circulation

The functions of the main channel are to ensure the stability of the market, behavioral orientation, to improve the scale efficiency of commodity circulation and to reduce the management cost.

11. The selection of the main channel of commodity circulation based on

To have a large market share; to have standardized business practices; to have an effective form of organization.

12. The basic concept of building the main channel of commodity circulation

The criterion for determining the members of the main channel should not be the nature of the enterprise, and those that meet the conditions can become the main channel, regardless of whether they are state-owned or non-state-owned circulating enterprises; reduce the members of the main channel, and how many members of the main channel is inversely proportional to the effectiveness of the management; the types of the members of the main channel include large-scale circulating enterprises, large-scale manufacturing enterprises or large industrial and commercial joint ventures; a number of policies for the main channel.

13. Types of circulation links

Commodity business link (business link), the number of commodity business link, to adapt to the characteristics of commodity production and consumption, can not be generalized that more links is good, or less links is good; commodity transit link (logistics link), the number of commodity business link, to adapt to the characteristics of commodity production and consumption, can not be generalized that more links is good, or less links is good. The number of links should be adapted to the characteristics of commodity production and consumption. Circulation link should be the principle of saving logistics costs.

14. Methods of rationalization of commodity circulation links

(1) Network planning of commodity circulation should be carried out; (2) A sound information system of commodity circulation should be set up; (3) Elimination of power economy; (4) Promotion and introduction of advanced logistics technology and management methods.

15. The significance of rationalization of commodity circulation link

Macroly, it is the key to carry out the adjustment of urban or regional industrial structure, optimize the allocation of urban resources, and improve the speed of development of the industry; microcosmically, it involves the operation and management problems of the enterprises, i.e., how the enterprises choose their own circulation channels.

16. The main distribution links of agricultural products

(1) Agricultural products distribution companies; (2) Agricultural products logistics and distribution centers; (3) Agricultural products wholesale markets; (4) Agricultural products retail links; (5) Agricultural products distribution companies.

17. Main Functions of Agricultural Products Distribution Companies

Agricultural Products Distribution Companies are professional wholesalers engaged in the distribution of agricultural products, and are the main channel for agricultural products to enter the Beijing market in the future. Its main functions are (1) intensive function: centralized purchasing, reduce the number of transactions, simplify the circulation of links, reduce the cost of circulation of agricultural products. (2) Gateway function: blocking the important gateway for agricultural products that are toxic, harmful and affect the public's health to enter the retail market. (3) Standardization function: to propose acquisition standards such as quality and safety of agricultural products. (4) Guidance function: provide timely feedback to producers on supply and demand information and price information of agricultural products, etc., and develop order agriculture.

18. Types of agricultural logistics distribution centers

Agricultural logistics distribution centers are logistics hubs for the circulation of agricultural products, undertaking processing, distribution, storage, transportation and other functions. Its main types are ① agricultural distribution company set up logistics distribution center. Mainly for the company's customers to provide logistics and distribution services for agricultural products. ② chain group set up logistics distribution centers. Mainly for the chain group of supermarkets, chain stores to provide logistics and distribution services. ③ Third-party logistics distribution center. Mainly for small and medium-sized supermarkets or other customers who have not set up logistics distribution centers to provide specialized logistics distribution services.

19. Agricultural products site selection program

①Agricultural products within the wholesale market or nearby. ② agricultural products near the production base. ③ planning to determine the specialized logistics distribution area.

20. The main functions of the wholesale market for agricultural products

The wholesale market is the basic channel for agricultural products from the recent production areas (including the suburbs of Beijing) to enter downtown Beijing. The main functions are (1) collection and distribution function: agricultural products from the origin to Beijing are concentrated here, and then transported to the urban retail market. (2) Gateway function: all agricultural products entering the wholesale market must be inspected. (3) Standardized function: agricultural products entering the wholesale market should be graded and packaged standardized products. (4) Vehicle interception function: large vehicles transporting agricultural products into downtown Beijing are intercepted outside the city center.

21. The basic classification of the market system

By the formation process of the market: (1) underdeveloped market: the original germinal state of the market; (2) underdeveloped market: under the conditions of the underdeveloped commodity economy market; (3) the more developed market: under the conditions of the developed commodity economy market.

By the attributes of commodities according to the order of commodity circulation can be divided into wholesale market and retail market.

By trading method can be divided into spot market and futures market.

By circulation space can be divided into rural market, urban market, regional market, domestic market and international market.

By the degree of competition in the market: the market is divided into a perfectly competitive market, a perfectly monopolized market, a monopolistically competitive market, and an oligopolistic market.

By participating in the market commodity transactions between the supply and demand sides of the power contrast, the market can be divided into seller's market, buyer's market and equilibrium market.

Three, thesis statement.

1. The relationship between the ability of commodity circulation and urban development

City is the center of business, logistics, information, capital and human flow; the more developed the circulation, the more prosperous the city, the more competitive, vitality and radiation. A city's core competitiveness = productivity × circulation. Under the condition of relatively stable production, circulation power becomes the determining factor. Circulation force less than 1, not only the local production capacity can not be realized, and internal and external exchanges blocked, which greatly weakened the competitiveness of the city; circulation force is greater than 1, not only can make up for the lack of local production capacity, and through the promotion of internal and external exchanges, complement each other's strengths, the combination of configurations, which can greatly improve the city's radiation and influence. The development of urban economy relies on the general appreciation of factors such as land, property, labor and infrastructure brought about by business prosperity. The development of a city should not only pay attention to the development of production, but also must pay attention to the input and cultivation of circulation force. Therefore, the modern circulation industry developed or not has become one of the important symbols to measure the level of economic development of a city.

2. Influence of commodity circulation channels on commodity circulation

(1) Whether the diversification of the form of commodity circulation channels has a decisive influence on the social needs of various commodities can be successfully and economically complete the circulation process. (2) The length of the commodity circulation channels, the circulation of commodities has an important impact on the time, the scope of circulation. (3) The width of commodity circulation channels, the flow of commodities, flow and flow rate will have an important impact. 14. What is the length and width of commodity circulation channels? A: The length of the commodity distribution channel refers to the number of institutions or links in the circulation of a commodity through the process. Wide and narrow channels of distribution of goods refers to the number of distribution organizations operating the same type of goods.

3. Factors affecting the selection of commodity distribution channels

(1) commodity factors. If the perishability of the commodity, perishable, suitable for direct circulation channels; if the volume and weight of the commodity bulky, suitable for direct circulation channels; if the commodity technology and service requirements are high, suitable for direct channels; if the degree of commodity standardization is low, suitable for direct channels. (2) Market factors. If the nature of the market is the market for means of production, the circulation channel is generally shorter; if the market capacity is large, it is suitable for indirect circulation channel; if the market is geographically wide, it is suitable for indirect circulation channel. (3) Producer factors. Including the producer's circulation policy, whether it is willing to control the circulation channel. (4) Circulators' factors. It is mainly the circulator's pursuit of scale efficiency. (5) Consumer factors. Such as buying habits, changes in lifestyle.

4. Content of commodity market and factor market

(1) Commodity market: commodity market is the earliest market in the development of the market system; commodity market is the basis for the development and formation of the market system. The commodity market plays a decisive role in the operation of the market system. Commodity market can be divided into consumer goods market and means of production market. Consumer goods market refers to the market for the means of living or final products; the market for the means of production refers to the market for the provision of the means of production to satisfy the consumption of production. According to the different purchasing characteristics of the consumer goods market, the consumer goods market can be divided into daily-use consumer goods market, purchase consumer goods market, high-grade durable consumer goods market.

(2) Factor market: refers to the market formed by the circulation of factors of production. Including the labor market, financial market, technology market, information market, real estate market and so on. Financial market: the financial market is the supply and demand for funds to use financial instruments, take a variety of financing methods to carry out independent trading activities, to realize the place of capital financing, is the sum of economic relations between the creditors and debtors of funds. The labor market is a place for the circulation and exchange of labor. Financial market is an important part of the market system, is the hub of all kinds of market operation. The financial market is adapted to the requirements of the development of commodity economy and the emergence and development of the credit system is the product of the high degree of development. Financial markets include the following: interbank lending market, treasury bond market, corporate bond market, stock market and so on. Technology market refers to the place of transferring technical commodities in the form of knowledge, which is the sum of technical exchange relations reflecting commercialization. The trading activities in the technology market include transfer of technological achievements, technology introduction, technology contracting, technology consulting and technology training. The information market refers to the sum of exchange relations of information as commodities in accordance with the principle of equivalence. Such as economic information center, science and technology information center, information service center. Real estate market property and land sales, exchanges, leases, auctions, mortgages and other trading activities of the place and the sum of its economic relations. The main forms of real estate transactions are sale, lease, swap, mortgage.

I think more detailed. ;What do you think, Mr. Owner?

I hope my answer can satisfy you~