Ask for several articles about the Olympics, communication with parents, tea culture and so on.

Yesterday, the Standing Committee of CPPCC inspected the construction of key Olympic projects and the environmental governance in this city. When inspecting the Water Cube project, the person in charge revealed to the members that the Water Cube will start to light up at night at the end of this year, and at the same time, a large screen will be installed in the Water Cube, facing the Fourth Ring Road, and citizens can watch the live broadcast of the event through the big screen.

Bird's Nest: It only takes 8 minutes to evacuate 90,000 spectators.

At the construction site of the Bird's Nest, the main stadium of the Olympic Games, members inspected the construction situation. As many members are in close contact with the Bird's Nest for the first time, they all take photos with the Bird's Nest as the background.

Zhang Hengli, deputy general manager of National Stadium Co., Ltd. said that the Bird's Nest can accommodate 965438+0,000 spectators at most, of which 80,000 seats are fixed seats and 1 65438+0,000 seats are temporary seats. * * * is divided into three floors, and the evacuation system of each floor is independent. In an emergency, it is equivalent to evacuating a stadium with 30,000 people.

"There are two layers of film on the court, which is enough to ensure that all spectators will not get wet." Zhang Hengli also said that the steel structure of the Bird's Nest has been coated with five layers of antirust paint, and it also has the functions of corrosion prevention, moisture prevention and fire prevention, with a service life of 25 years. The Bird's Nest also has two layers of membranes, the upper layer is ETFE membrane and the lower layer is EPFT membrane, which can provide rain and sun protection for the audience.

Water cube: the service life of the outer membrane is as long as 30 years.

"At present, there are 1200 workers on the construction site." Kang Wei, general manager of Water Cube Co., Ltd. said that the outer wall of Water Cube uses the third generation ETFE membrane, with a service life of 30 years. This film has good ductility, can be stretched by 3 to 3.5 times without breaking, and has good flame retardant effect. "The flame retardant effect is very good, and large-scale combustion will not occur."

Every "bubble" on the outer wall of the water cube is automatically inflated by the computer. Bubbles can be inflated in time when they are short of gas, and each bubble is relatively independent, which is very convenient to replace. The Water Cube also gives full consideration to energy conservation. The natural light can reach 9.9 hours every day, and more than 95% of the water can be recycled.

In addition, ETFE membrane also has self-cleaning function. After two years of experiments, in the northern weather, the general dust will be blown away by the wind. When cleaning is needed, it can be thoroughly cleaned with water from two fire engines in 20 minutes.

Screen: A large screen should be erected on the south side of the Water Cube.

Kang Wei also revealed to the members that it is expected that the Water Cube will start to light up at night at the end of this year, and a large screen will be installed on the south side of the Water Cube to facilitate the public to watch the game through the big screen when passing by the North Fourth Ring Road.

Olympic Forest Park: Mount Tai is the highest point in the park.

Later, the members visited the Olympic Forest Park. The workers are working nervously and the trees on both sides of the road have been planted.

"Now we are standing at the northern end of the central axis. When the weather is fine, we can see the pavilion on Jingshan. " The person in charge of the park construction party said that 80% of the 580,000 trees in the Olympic Forest Park have been built, and all of them will be watered intelligently. All solid wastes and wastewater generated by the Forest Park will be digested in the park, and all ornamental water will also be reclaimed water imported from Qinghe Sewage Treatment Plant. 68 hectares of water surface will have the function of self-cleaning and self-renewal. It is expected that the whole park will be completed by the end of this year.

In addition, on the top of a mountain in the park, members found several super-large stones that looked like giant meteorites, adding a bit of mystery to the park.

According to the person in charge, the largest stone here is Taishan stone, weighing 60 tons, which was just transported by a 250-ton crane a few days ago. Other stones were also transported from Fangshan and Yixian.

Member: I am very excited that the project is going well.

During the inspection, many Committee members were concerned about the progress, usage and post-game utilization of the project and kept asking the person in charge.

"I'm really excited to see that the Olympic project is progressing smoothly." Tang, a member of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, told reporters that he has been paying close attention to the progress of Olympic projects, and he thinks many projects are excellent. This close contact with the Olympic venues also gave him a deeper understanding of the specific situation of the project construction.

There are 1 1 in 25 scenic avenues in Chaoyang.

During the period of "demolition, alteration, clearing and relocation", we will focus on checking all kinds of green landscapes such as opening walls and holes in residential buildings facing the street, private shading, newly renovated buildings, elegant and beautiful street furniture, and perfect barrier-free facilities ... It is reported that 25 landscape avenues in Chaoyang District will be fully completed before the eleventh of this year.

Yesterday, the relevant person in charge of the Chaoyang District 2008 Environmental Construction Headquarters Office said that the construction of 25 landscape avenues mainly involves ten aspects, such as architectural interface, road traffic, green vegetation, municipal facilities, urban lighting, outdoor advertising, street furniture, barrier-free facilities, plaque signs, public art, etc. The construction of each landscape avenue should be organized and implemented in accordance with the steps of "demolition, demolition, regulation and bidding, and then focusing on new things".

Before the renovation, 25 landscape avenues will first complete the renovation project within the scope of "demolition, modification, clearing and withdrawal". And to ensure that landscape construction and road construction, sidewalk paving, municipal facilities construction, urban lighting installation, barrier-free facilities improvement, greening and beautification, traffic sign setting and street facilities setting are carried out simultaneously.

When painting the facade, it is necessary to move the building with air-conditioning seat, first move the air-conditioning seat; Update the irregular window guardrail of the building first; Remove the awning that affects the landscape first; Demolition goes beyond the architectural design style, and private booths are built first; Renovation of plaque at street entrance; Rectify the behavior of opening walls and drilling holes in residential buildings along the street; Remediate the ruins first; Repair the damaged facade first.

According to reports, since the "Good Luck Beijing" road cycling race will be held in Chaoyang in August, the construction project of 12 Landscape Avenue including the Second Ring Road and the North Fourth Ring Road will be completed first before the end of this month.

English signs in public places in Chaoyang District have been changed.

In the future, foreign tourists will not have to worry about not knowing Chinese when they come to Chaoyang District. Yesterday, the reporter learned from the Chaoyang District 2008 Environmental Construction Headquarters Office that the English signs of foreign-related places, tourist attractions, shopping malls, hotels and other public places in Chaoyang District have all been replaced.

According to reports, English signs are set in strict accordance with the English Translation Law of Bilingual Signs in Public Places, and the signs and signs of public toilets on both sides of roads, shopping malls, hotels and restaurants, parks and street-facing units are standardized.

Yesterday, Chaoyang District Joint Inspection Unit inspected the replacement of English signs of public sanitation facilities and equipment in Chaoyang District.

According to statistics, the English signs of 307 public toilets have been replaced, as well as more than 3,000 English signs of large hotels and scenic spots such as the Olympic core area, the Great Wall Hotel and the International Conference Center.

Suzhou embroidery technology holds hands with Olympic licensed products.

Wang Gang, a famous actor, and the head of the franchising work of the Olympic Organizing Committee unveiled the embroidery together.

Yesterday, the launching ceremony of the licensed embroidery of the Beijing Olympic Games with the theme of "Ancient Skills Picking Yinghua Tibetan Embroidery" was held at the Diaoyutai State Guesthouse in Beijing. At the ceremony, the first set of Olympic licensed embroidery was collected by China Sports Museum.

According to reports, this set of six Olympic licensed embroidery featuring equestrian, rhythmic gymnastics, weightlifting, archery, gymnastics and football closely combines the graphic expression of ancient sports in China with the image elements of the modern Olympic Games. The dancing ribbon in embroidery divides and fuses elements of different materials and different times.

Embroidery takes Suzhou embroidery as the raw material, and is known as the first of the "four famous embroideries", with delicate stitches and bright colors. The work is completely hand-embroidered, and each embroidery is completed by several senior embroiderers for several months. This embroidery is 40 cm long and 30 cm wide. The price of each model is 29,800 yuan, and each model is limited to 99 pieces.

China 100 Mayors Olympic Forest Settled in Chaoyang

Yesterday morning, the "Olympic Forest of 100 Mayors in China" was unveiled at Yangshan Greenland on the east side of the Olympic Forest Park. Accompanied by volunteers of Chaoyang District Green Olympics, students of the 43rd National Mayor Seminar planted 50 trees, including Sophora japonica and Pinus bungeana, which kicked off the tree planting activity of "China 100 Mayors Olympic Forest".

According to the introduction of Chaoyang District Greening Bureau, this activity was jointly organized by the National Mayor Training Center and Chaoyang District Government. The purpose of this activity is to show the enthusiasm of cities all over the country to actively participate in the construction of the Beijing Olympic Games and support the green Olympics, and to hold the Olympic Games together. The mayors who participated in the first "China 100 Mayors Olympic Forest" were all students of the 43rd National Mayors Training Course, and they came from more than 40 regions in China, including Chongming County, Penglai City, dongxing city City, and Zhuozhou City, Hebei Province. In the future, more cities and mayors will plant trees in the "National 100 Mayors Olympic Forest" to contribute to the Green Olympics.

More than 1000 driver volunteers were trained yesterday.

Yesterday afternoon, more than 1000 driver volunteers from 58 universities and 8 primary and secondary schools in Beijing participated in the general knowledge training course for Olympic driver volunteers in Beijing Jiaotong University. Li Ning, Dean of Beijing Etiquette College, and Li Yang, founder of Crazy English, a general training expert for volunteers of Beijing Olympic Games and Paralympic Games, gave wonderful speeches respectively.

Volunteer applicants, under the guidance of experts, simulated etiquette behavior on the spot, and strengthened the normative requirements of social behavior from the aspects of daily behavior and visual image etiquette. Li Yang directly taught the essentials of oral communication by simulating the situational dialogue of voluntary service, which stimulated their interest in learning English.

As professional volunteers, driver volunteers will directly provide driving services for foreign guests during the competition. Their positions are important and special, and the requirements for volunteers are very comprehensive. Up to now, four systems, namely, education system, municipal SASAC, municipal authorities and central enterprises, have held training courses on general knowledge of volunteers. A total of 45 16 driver volunteers have participated in training on Olympic knowledge, manners and etiquette, and improvement of spoken English.

The second set of Olympic commemorative coins will be issued on June 20th.

The reporter learned yesterday that following the release of the first set of commemorative coins for the Beijing Olympic Games in September last year, the ordinary commemorative coins and precious metal commemorative coins (the second set) for the 29th Olympic Games will be released on June 20th.

Among them, a set of 3 ordinary commemorative coins; A set of 8 precious metal commemorative coins (group II), including 2 gold coins of 1/3 ounce, 5 gold coins 1 piece, 4 silver coins of 1 ounce and 1 silver coin 1 piece. These are all legal tender in People's Republic of China (PRC).

It is understood that the gold and silver coins issued this time will * * adopt the same front pattern, which is the emblem of the 29th Olympic Games and the traditional dragon face of China, and the country name and "2008" year number will be published. On the back are swimming, weightlifting, China traditional martial arts, dragon boat and horse racing, China Great Wall, Ruyi and China traditional painted pottery patterns.

Communication with parents

The great French writer Mo Bosang once said, "No two people have the same nose." He emphasized that everyone and everything have their own characteristics, and twin brothers must be different. Similarly, no two people in the world have exactly the same idea, and their approach to one thing is exactly the same, which must be "great harmony", "great similarity" and "similarities are different, differences are the same". Parents, husband and wife and brothers will not have exactly the same ideas and practices on one thing, nor will they be completely opposite, and they will inevitably wander between "difference" and "similarity".

The definition of the word "communication" in Chinese dictionaries is: "communicate through communication; Dredge opinions and make them harmonious. " In today's language, it is to seek the * * * nature of things, find out the "balance point" of things and draw the "intersection point" of things. The process is "dredging" and the result is "harmony". Generally speaking, communication between children and parents can follow the following ten principles:

(1) Choose the moment when you and your parents are happy and the most appropriate occasion.

There is a poem: "Laugh at the green hills", which is a psychological reaction. Another poem: "Clouds break the moon and flowers show shadows", which is caused by the weather. Clouds don't break, the moon doesn't come out, and flowers don't shadow. When communicating with parents, we should first pay attention to the "time and space" factor. If the "time and space" is chosen properly, we will have a good start.

(2) Avoid quarreling with parents, because resistance is the poison of communication.

"Debate" and "resistance" are opposites, and there is no "intersection" in opposition. Few parents are willing to be persuaded by their children to admit their mistakes. Even if they win the struggle, the result will not be harmonious. This is not the principle of communication.

(3) Socrates' secret.

Socrates, the great philosopher, taught people to argue, not to confront, but to ask the other party to say "yes", from saying "yes" to "no objection" and finally "agree", and to obtain the other party's consent through uncontroversial dialogue.

(d) From the perspective of what parents need to realize their wishes.

The most common mistake we make is always thinking about "what I want" rather than what the other person wants, so we often talk about each other and can't find "intersection". For example, if you want to buy a Nintendo game machine, your parents want you to improve your grades. You said I wanted to buy a video game and needed to adjust my studies. Mom said that your grades are so poor now, can't you play a little worse? Forming an argument in this way may not achieve the goal. If you say first, mom, I must get more than 80% in every subject in the next monthly exam (mom needs it), and mom is very happy, then you say that I have made progress in every subject and need a reward, "What do you want?" Nintendo, maybe the wish will come true.

(5) Relative efforts and behavior coordination.

Relative pay is to have a good performance, and to make parents trust in matters related to your requirements. For example, if you fight for privacy, you don't want your parents to open your letters. You should behave normally. You can go home on time without a "mysterious guest" to associate with you and a "strange" phone call for you. These are all behaviors that can make parents trust you. After doing this, you can get your right to privacy.

(6) Do it again.

Communication may not be achieved once, once it is unsuccessful, find a chance to do it again. Repeated communication can change parents' ideas and eventually achieve success.

(7) "Bypass" is a shortcut between two points.

"Bypass" is indirect communication. In some cases, you can tell your parents about your problems through a third party, perhaps an aunt or uncle. In short, he is a person who has a good relationship with your parents and can talk to them. His story can be combined with persuasion, which can often break the deadlock of communication.

(eight) with the help of the magic of words.

Sometimes I can't speak clearly in person, or my parents don't have time to listen. You can write a letter full of love and words to impress your parents. When parents see your letter or small card, they will have room to think about whether you are right or not. You can also use different festivals, such as Mother's Day, Father's Day and parents' birthdays, to write a small card to please your parents, which is very helpful for communication. This is called "vertical one-way communication"

(9) first "win" and then "fight".

Sun Tzu, a great strategist in our country, said, "The soldier who wins the war wins first and then seeks the war", which means that the soldier who wins the war is well trained in advance, knows himself and knows himself, and has won the battle before fighting the enemy. Communication also requires hard work, first get on well with parents, do something conducive to communication, and understand parents' preferences. At that time, everything will be fine.

(10) Make tea with boiling water.

Everyone who likes tea knows that to make a good cup of tea, besides good tea, you must also use boiled water. If the water doesn't boil, the tea leaves won't fall down, so they won't taste. Therefore, boiled water should be used to make tea. If there are several pots of water, don't "mention which pot won't open", so you will definitely not make good tea. Communication should apply this principle of making tea, and don't make tea with "closed" water. What is boiled water? It is to "do what he likes", express it in the way he likes, and say what he likes to listen to, and communication will be easy to achieve.

tea culture

1, the connotation of tea culture

Tea culture in a broad sense is divided into natural science and humanities of tea, which refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth related to tea created in the process of human social and historical practice; In a narrow sense, paying attention to the humanity of tea mainly refers to the spiritual function and social function of tea.

Because the natural science of tea has formed an independent system, the tea culture that is often said now focuses on humanities.

Tea culture includes tea history, tea works, tea legends and people's knowledge of drinking tea. It also includes the special role and significance of tea in interpersonal communication and cultural exchange ... These profound and unique cultural landscapes are increasingly enriching and enriching the historical corridor of tea culture and becoming an important part of China traditional culture and beautiful scenery. It is true that China was the first country to discover and use tea.

2. The origin of the word "tea" and the habit of drinking tea

In ancient historical materials, there are many names of tea, but "tea" is the correct name, and the word "tea" was generally written as "tea" before the middle Tang Dynasty. The word "tea" has the nature of polysemy, which means tea, and it is one of them. Due to the development of tea production, the popularity of drinking tea is getting higher and higher, and the frequency of using tea characters is getting higher and higher. Therefore, in order to express the meaning of tea more clearly and intuitively, folk writers subtract a dash from the word "tea" and it becomes the word "tea" we see now.

The germination of the word "tea" simplified from "tea" originated in the Han Dynasty. In ancient printing in China, some words of "tea" have been subtracted and changed into the shape of "tea". Not only the font, but also the pronunciation of "tea" was established in the Western Han Dynasty. For example, Chaling in Hunan was once the territory of Liu Xin in the Western Han Dynasty, commonly known as "Tea City", and was one of the subordinate counties of Changsha 13 at that time, and was called "Chaling County". The word "tea" in Yan Shigu's annotation of Han Geography is "tea": loud and rebellious, arrogant and rebellious. This inverted phonetic notation is the pronunciation of the word "tea" now. Judging from this phenomenon, the pronunciation of the word "tea" was established earlier than that of the word "tea".

China is vast in territory and abundant in natural resources, with many nationalities and different languages. The same thing has many names, and there are many ways to write the same name.

There are many names about tea in ancient historical materials. By the middle Tang Dynasty, the sound, shape and meaning of tea had tended to be unified. Later, due to the wide spread of Lu Yu's Tea Classic, the shape of "tea" was further established until today.

In the ancient literature of China, there are long records about eating tea, and the names are different from place of origin. China's tea spread abroad as early as the Western Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wu sent envoys to zhina Peninsula, he brought with him not only gold, brocade and silk, but also tea. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, China tea was exported to Turkey together with silk and porcelain. In Yongzhen Garden, Tang Shunzong, the most sincere Zen master in Japan returned to China and brought China's tea seeds back to Japan. Since then, tea has spread from China to all parts of the world, making many countries begin to grow tea and have the habit of drinking tea.

3. The formation and development of tea culture

China tea culture has a long history, and Bashu is often called the cradle of tea industry and tea culture in China. According to the historical data of tea before the Six Dynasties, the tea industry in China originated from Bashu. The formation of tea culture is closely related to the early politics, customs and tea drinking in Bashu area.

(1) Tea culture enlightenment before the Three Kingdoms.

Many books set the discovery time of tea at 2737-2697 BC, and its history can be extended to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. Hua Tuo recorded the medicinal value of tea in the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Bitter tea is good for a long time". In the Western Han Dynasty, the tea-producing county was called "Chaling", that is, Chaling in Hunan. In the Three Kingdoms Wei Dynasty, Guangya first recorded the making method and drinking method of cake tea: picking leaves between Jing and Ba to make cakes, and the old man made cakes from leaves and made them with rice paste. Tea appears in the form of substance and permeates other cultures to form tea culture.

② The germination of tea culture in the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties.

With the rise of literati drinking tea, poems and songs about tea are coming out. As a general form, tea has left the diet and entered the cultural circle, playing a certain spiritual and social role.

③ The formation of tea culture in Tang Dynasty

"Since Lu Yu was born in the world, the world has learned new things." In the middle Tang Dynasty, the appearance of Lu Yu's Tea Classic made tea culture develop to an unprecedented height, which marked the formation of tea culture in Tang Dynasty. The Book of Tea summarizes the natural and humanistic contents of tea, discusses the art of tea drinking, and integrates Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into tea drinking, thus creating the spirit of China tea ceremony. Later, a large number of tea books and poems appeared, including Tea Narration, brew tea, Tea Picking and Sixteen Soups. The formation of tea culture in Tang Dynasty was related to the rise of Zen Buddhism. Because tea has the function of refreshing the brain, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst, temples advocate drinking tea, planting tea trees around the temples, making tea ceremonies, setting up tea halls, selecting tea heads and holding tea events specially. China tea ceremony was formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is divided into court tea ceremony, temple tea ceremony and literati tea ceremony. The Book of Tea is a milestone. Over the past hundred years, tea people in all dynasties have tried and explored all aspects of tea culture countless times. It was not until the birth of Tea Classic that tea parties became popular, so it was of epoch-making significance.

④ The prosperity of tea culture in Song Dynasty.

The great development of tea industry in Song Dynasty promoted the development of tea culture. Among the literati, professional tea tasting societies have emerged, including the Tang Society composed of officials and the Thousand People Society composed of Buddhists. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, who loves tea, set up a tea office in the palace, and the tea used in the palace has been graded. Tea ceremony became a kind of ceremony, giving tea became an important means for the emperor to win over ministers and take care of relatives as soon as possible, and it was also given to foreign envoys. As for the lower classes, tea culture is more lively, and some people migrate. Neighborhood should respect tea and guests, respect "Yuanbao Tea", respect tea at the time of engagement, tea at the time of marriage, and tea in the same room. The rise of folk tea fighting has brought about a series of changes in cooking points.

⑤ Popularization of tea culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

At this time, various teas such as steamed green, fried green and baked green appeared, and drinking tea was also changed to "making tea". Many literati in Ming Dynasty left masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Tang Bohu's Tea Making Scroll and Tea Tasting Map, Wen Zhiming's Huishan Tea Party, Lu Yu's Tea Cooking Map and Tea Tasting Map. With the increase of tea, the skills of making tea are also different, and the styles, textures and patterns of tea sets are also diverse. In the late Ming Dynasty, people made a new breakthrough in the realm of drinking, paying attention to the realm of "perfection"

In the eyes of those literati, the ultimate perfection of things is Tao, which exists in things. Bird put forward his own theory of "tea ceremony" for the first time in the book Tea Classic: "Time is refined, time is dry when it is hidden, and time is clean when it is soaked. Fine, dry and clean tea ceremony. " In his view, there is a "god with intrinsic meaning" in tea, that is, "meta-god", and the external one is called "meta-body". The two are interdependent and inseparable. Shen Yuan is the essence of tea, and Yuanti is the essence of color, fragrance and taste. As long as we are simple and natural, simple and realistic, modest and moderate, we can get the true meaning of tea. The tea ceremony in Bird pursues the beauty of tea soup and the truth of tea taste, and strives to enter the perfect realm of seeing the color, tasting the taste, smelling the fragrance, listening to the sound and rubbing the tea set.

Zhang Dafu went further on this basis. He said: "The world tastes tea without tasting its nature, loves mountains and rivers without feeling their feelings, learns without thinking, and learns Buddhism without breaking its Sect." What he wants to tell us is that tea tasting should not be limited to the appearance and taste of water, but should go deep into the essence, that is, to achieve a kind of spiritual pleasure, a pure and refined state of mind, so as to achieve a fairyland of detachment and noble feelings, and a realm of unity between heaven and earth. This can be said to be the development and transcendence of China's tea ceremony spirit by Ming people. By the Qing Dynasty, tea export had become a formal industry, and there were countless tea books, tea events and tea poems.

⑥ The development of modern tea culture

After the founding of New China, the annual output of tea in China increased from 7500T in 1949 to more than 600,000t in 1998. The substantial increase of tea material wealth has provided a solid foundation for the development of tea culture in China. 1982 Hangzhou established the first social organization with the purpose of promoting tea culture, 1983 Hubei established Luyu Tea Culture Research Association, 1990 Beijing established China Tea People Association. 1998 China international peaceful tea culture exchange hall was built. With the rise of tea culture, there are more and more teahouses all over the country. The fifth International Symposium on Tea Culture has attracted Japanese, Korean, American, Sri Lankan, Hongkong and Taiwan Province. Various provinces, cities and tea-producing counties have held "tea festivals" in succession, such as the Rock Tea Festival in Wuyi City, Fujian Province, the Pu 'er Tea Festival in Yunnan Province, the tea festivals in Xinchang, Zhejiang Province, Taishun, Yingshan, Hubei Province and Xinyang, Henan Province, all of which take tea as the carrier to promote all-round economic and trade development.

4. Tribute tea of past dynasties

Tribute tea is a specific phenomenon in the history of tea development in China, and it is also a unique product of feudal society in China. Tribute tea makes millions of tea farmers miserable, but it objectively promotes the development of tea-making technology and is also an important content in tea culture.

① the origin of tribute tea

The origin of tribute tea is closely related to the establishment of feudal system. Tribute tea, like other tributes, is essentially a symbol of the effective rule of the monarch in feudal society and the need of feudal etiquette system. According to historical records, the appearance of tribute tea can be traced back to the period of Zhou Wuwang more than 0/0,000 years before BC. Wu Wang cut Zhou, Bashu tribute tea and other things. This phenomenon has a very obvious political color, and tribute means the establishment of the relationship between monarch and minister. In the feudal society of China, tributes were mainly used to meet the material and cultural needs of the monarch and the upper class, which was called "serving the country".

With the increasing demand for tribute, the tribute system has gradually become stricter. From "digging with the mountains and paying tribute to the soil", it finally developed into the management of officials. There are so-called "nine fu" and "great tribute". Dagong is "tribute, tribute, tribute, currency, materials, goods, services and goods". Tea is a tribute.

During the Western Han Dynasty, tribute tea gradually became clear. For example, in Yue Yue by Wang Bao, there are sentences such as "Five Sheep Buy Tea" and "Boil all the tea", which indirectly reflect the tea drinking situation of the upper class; The barnyard grass unearthed from the tomb of the Western Han Dynasty in Mawangdui, Changsha, reflects the status of tea in aristocratic life. Later, there were literary works reflecting the use of tea by the royal family in the Western Han Dynasty, such as "Biography of Flying Swallows", which said: "After the collapse of Xian Di, the second thing was to cry at night. When the waiter asked, Fang Jue said, I dreamed of the emperor, and the emperor gave me his seat and told me to have tea. Play the emperor's cloud from left to right, not only to serve the emperor, but also to sip this tea. "

During the Three Kingdoms period, Sun Hao, the emperor at the end of Wu, said, "Every time you give a feast, you can't sit at the table, and the rate is limited to seven liters. Although I don't know the entrance, he watered it all. Obsidian only drinks three liters. When the ceremony is different, it is often reduced, or a pot of tea is given as wine. " (Chen Shou's Three Kingdoms Wu Zhi) These teas are undoubtedly tributes. Later, it was recorded that "Qiao Gong tea was printed and dried, with a name of 300 Jin" (Yan Yi of Materia Medica by Song Kouzong) and "Wenshan was born in the imperial court" (Wu by Qian Shan, Liu Song).

② Local positive contribution

In addition to the compulsory tribute system, there are also local initiatives to recommend and contribute. This phenomenon is also an important reason for the further expansion of tribute tea. Please check the following information:

"Yixing tribute tea is not ancient, but before that, the ancient physician was Li of Zhang Zhou. Monks in the mountains have people who offer good tea, and they receive tourists to taste it. Lu Yu, a savage, thinks that the fragrance is sweet and spicy, and he is crowned in other places, which can be recommended to the world. Habitat narrative started from it and began to enter 12 thousand, which is also its origin. Because it is a tribute to the land and a tribute to Changfubang. "

"Zhejiang tea is good, but since Song Zuo, I have never been to the Imperial Palace. Li Pu was the messenger of Jianghuai. When he was loyal, Pu praised the beauty of Zhejiang tea for his achievements. As the saying goes, he came to the imperial palace, but the Jianzhou tea cake was not repaired. Our company bought a few thousand pounds with envy and begged for it. " (Xu Ming Zhong Xian's Xing Wu Tales)

Among the three materials, the first two show that the establishment of the tribute baking system in the Tang and Song Dynasties is directly related to this bottom-up form of tribute, and also show that a local product can be famous all over the world through the form of tribute.

③ Overview of tribute tea in past dynasties.

Gongcha has a long history in China, and it didn't die out until the end of feudal system in Qing Dynasty. For thousands of years, tribute tea has had a great influence on the whole tea production and tea culture.

The spread of tea culture

In the history of tea, the spread of tea culture from the mainland to the frontier nationalities mainly benefited from two specific tea policies, namely "tea monopoly" and "tea-horse exchange" (also known as tea-horse exchange).

"Monopoly tea" means tea monopoly, which is the exclusive control of tea sales by the government. Quecha originated in the Tang Dynasty. When he was in Tang Wenzong, Wang Ya was a commonplace, serving as a tea seller. In the ninth year of Daiwa (AD 835), the tea seller was ordered in October, but in October, Wang Ya was killed and died as soon as he was born.

In the early Song Dynasty, it was very necessary to increase tea tax because the country was short of tea. Secondly, in order to get rid of the long-standing drawback of the tax system of free operation of tea since the Tang Dynasty, two important national policies, tea monopoly system and tea horse market, were gradually introduced.

China tea culture has a strong nationality because of its specific connotation. The more national the culture, the more cosmopolitan it is. In the process of continuous enrichment and development, China tea culture has also spread to neighboring countries, constantly affecting the food culture of these countries.